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Медицина общая

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Abbreviations

https://t.me/med1917

ABG Alveolar Bone Gra ABW Alar Base Width ACF Anterior Cranial Fossa ACR American College of Rheumatology ACS Acute Coronary Syndrome AECG American-European Consensus Group

(for Sjögren’s Syndrome)

AHI Apnoea Hypoxia Index AK Actinic Keratosis ANA Anti-Nuclear Antibody AOB Anterior Open Bite AP Anteroposterior AS Ankylosing Spondylitis ATLS Advanced Trauma Life Support AVM Arteriovenous Malformation BCC Basal Cell Carcinoma BCLP Bilateral Cle Lip and Palate BMI Body Mass Index BP Blood Pressure CBCT Cone Beam Computerised Tomography CBT Cognitive Behavioural erapy CEBM (Oxford) Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine CEJ Cemento-Enamel Junction CFNG Cross-Facial Nerve Gra

xxiii

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xxiv Abbreviations

https://t.me/med1917

CHOP Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine

Sulphate, Prednisolone

CLP Cle Lip and Palate CNS Central Nervous System COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid CT Computerised Tomography CUP Carcinoma of Unknown Primary CVA Cerebrovascular Accident CXR Chest X-Ray (Radiograph) DAS Dicult Airway Society (UK) DO Distraction Osteogenesis DOAC Direct Oral Anticoagulant DXT Deep X-Ray erapy (Radiotherapy) EAM External Auditory Meatus ECS Extra-Capsular (Nodal) Spread EJN External Jugular Node EMG Electromyography ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate FDI Federation Dentaire Internationale

(Tooth Notation System)

FEES Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of

Swallowing

FZ Fronto-Zygomatic (Suture) GA General Anaesthesia GCS Glasgow Coma Scale H&N Head and Neck HBO Hyperbaric Oxygen HFM Hemifacial Microsomia HHT Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia HOCF High-Output Cardiac Failure HPV Human Papilloma Virus IAN Inferior Alveolar Nerve ICP Intracranial Pressure ID Inferior Dental [Canal/Nerve; see (IAN)

AlveolarNerve]

IMPA Incisor-Mandibular Plane Angle LA Local Anaesthesia

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

Abbreviations xxv

https://t.me/med1917

LAHSAL Lip-Alveolus-Hard Palate-So Palate-

Alveolus-Lip (Cle Classication)

LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase LMA Laryngeal Mask Airway LMWH Low Molecular Weight Heparin LOC Loss of Consciousness MAL-PDT Methyl Aminolevulinate Photodynamic erapy MCF Middle Cranial Fossa MDT Multidisciplinary Team MIO Maximal Incisal Opening MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRND Modied Radical Neck Dissection MRONJ Medicine-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw MS Multiple Sclerosis MTR Malignant Transformation Rate NAI Non-Accidental Injury NF Necrotising Fasciitis NG(T) Nasogastric (Tube) NICE National Institute for Health and

Care Excellence

NICH Non-Involuting Congenital Haemangioma NMSC Non-Melanotic Skin Cancer NOE Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid NPA Nasopharyngeal Airway OA Osteoarthritis OKC Odontogenic Keratocyst OMENS Orbits-Mandible-Ear-Facial Nerve-So Tissues

(Classication for Hemifacial Microsomia)

OMFS Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery OP Occlusal Plane OPG Orthopantomagram ORIF Open Reduction Internal Fixation ORN Osteoradionecrosis OSA(S) Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (Syndrome) OSMF Oral Submucous Fibrosis PET-CT Positron-Emission Tomography-Computerised

Tomography

PNS Post-Nasal Space

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xxvi Abbreviations

https://t.me/med1917

PODIA Pain, Opening, Disc Location, Anatomy and

Perforation

PRS Pierre Robin Syndrome PsA Psoriatic Arthritis QOL Quality of Life RA Rheumatoid Arthritis RBS Rose Bengal Staining RCP Royal College of Physicians (UK) RCS Royal College of Surgeons (England,

Edinburgh,Glasgow or Ireland)

RCT Root Canal Treatment or Randomised

ControlledTrial

RDI Respiratory Disturbance Index RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours RF Rheumatoid Factor RICH Rapidly Involuting Congenital Haemangioma RPM Revolutions per Minute RR Respiratory Rate RTA Road Trac Accident SAD Supraglottic Airway Device SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCM Sternocleidomastoid (Muscle) SIRS Systemic Inammatory Response Syndrome SLNB Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy SNA Sella-Nasion-Point A (Orthognathic Measurement) SNB Sella-Nasion-Point B (Orthognathic Measurement) SND Selective Neck Dissection SORG Strasbourg Osteosynthesis Research Group SRP Septorhinoplasty TMJ Temporomandibular Joint TNM Tumour, Node, Metastasis (Oncology Staging

System)

TORS Transoral Robotic Surgery TPN Total Parenteral Nutrition 2WW Two-Week-Wait (Urgent Suspected Cancer)

Referral

UCLP Unilateral Cle Lip and Palate USS Ultrasound Scan

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

Abbreviations xxvii

https://t.me/med1917

VF Videouoroscopy VTE Venous romboembolism WCC White Cell Count WHARFE Winters Classication–Height of Mandible–

Angulation of the Second Molar–Root Morphology–Follicle Development–Path of Exit(Assessment for Ease of Wisdom ToothRemoval)

WLE Wide Local Excision ZMC Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex

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https://t.me/med1917

Airway

DIFFICULT AIRWAY SOCIETY (DAS) INTUBATION GUIDELINES

ese guidelines provide an overview of approaches that can be used to deal with unanticipatedly dicult endotracheal intubation in adults.

●

Plan A – laryngoscopy and intubation

●

Plan B – supraglottic airway device (SAD)/combi tube/LMA (three attempts allowed)

●

STOP and THINK:

●

Wake patient?

●

Intubate via SAD?

●

Proceed without intubation?

●

Need for tracheostomy/cricothyroidotomy for procedure anyway?

●

Plan C – remove SAD, replace with bag valve mask and wake patient up (if cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate)

●

Plan D – SURGICAL cricothyroidotomy

DOI: 10.1201/9781003156895-1 1

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

2 Classiﬁcations and Lists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

https://t.me/med1917

INDICATIONS FOR SUBMENTAL INTUBATION

e following list outlines common indications for submental intubation where the endotracheal tube is placed between mandible and tongue above the oor of the mouth.

●

Skull base fractures/nasal bone fractures without need for prolonged intubation

●

Complex orthognathics

●

Transfacial oncology surgery without the need for prolonged intubation (*contraindicated if tracheostomy is more appropriate*)

INTUBATION GUIDELINES IN TRAUMA

ese guidelines stratify the risk of airway compromise in trauma patients and when to intubate in the emergency setting.

●

Immediate – (OBSTRUCTED) hypoxia with obstruction which cannot be relieved OR cannot get face-mask seal

●

Urgent – (IMPENDING) to PREVENT obstruction/aspiration

●

In hospital – (CONTROL) oxygenation/intracranial pressure (ICP)/surgery

LARYNGOTRACHEAL INJURY CLASSIFICATION ‘GROUPS’ AS PER SCHAEFERCLASSIFICATION

is classication provides a framework for the evaluationofacute lary ngeal injuries . Ahigh er extent of la ryngeal str ucturesinvolveda s a result of trauma correlates with establishing the airway surgically.

1. Minor, no fracture

2. Undisplaced fracture, oedema, mucosal tear

3. Massive tear and vocal cord immobility

4. ree or more fracture lines, massive mucosal trauma

5. Complete separation, proceed to tracheostomy [below cricothy-

roid membrane as per Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)]

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

Airway 3

https://t.me/med1917

MALLAMPATI SCORE

is scoring system allows rapid assessment and planning for a dicult intubation in the critical care setting. Based on visualisation of the glottis during direct laryngoscopy, a higher score correlates with unfavourable exposure of the glottis and a more dicult intubation.

1. Can see down to TONSILLAR PILLARS

2. FAUCES

3. BASE UVULA

4. HARD PALATE only

FURTHER READING

Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, etal. Difﬁcult Airway Society

intubation guidelines working group. Difﬁcult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difﬁcult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(6):827–48.

Goh EZ, Loh NHW, Loh JSP. Submental intubation in oral and

maxillofacial surgery: Asystematic review 1986–2018. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(1):43–50.

Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, etal. Guidelines for the

management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(2):323–52.

Kragha KO. Acute traumatic injury of the larynx. Case Rep

Otolaryngol. 2015;2015:393978.

Stutz EW, Rondeau B. Mallampati score [Updated 2023 Jan

29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2023. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585119/

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

https://t.me/med1917

Facial Trauma

FRONTAL SINUS

Gonty’s Classiﬁcation Frontal Sinus Fractures

is classication categorises injuries to the frontal sinus on the basis of anatomical site. Posterior table involvement together with the presence of concomitant naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, a higher degree of comminution and cerebrospinal uid (CSF) leakage will likely necessitate surgical management requiring cranialisation.

1. Anterior table (one-third) a. Anterior table only b. PLUS supraorbital rim c. PLUS NOE fracture

2. Anterior and posterior table a. Linear

i. Transverse

ii. Vertical

b. Comminuted

i. Just anterior and posterior tables

ii. PLUS NOE fracture

3. Posterior table (less than 1%)

4. rough and through (comminution of whole frontal area)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003156895-2 5

t.me/Dr_Mouayyad_AlbtousH

6 Classiﬁcations and Lists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

https://t.me/med1917

NASO-ORBITAL-ETHMOID (NOE)

Ayliffe Classiﬁcation of NOE Fractures

is classication describes the anatomical pattern of nasoorbito-ethmoidal fracture segments, from the simplest to the most complex conguration, in turn corresponding with the complexity of surgical repair.

0. Undisplaced

1. Platable

2. Graable

3. Detached medial canthal tendon, needs canthopexy

4. Severe enough to need lacrimal duct reconstruction

Markowitz–Manson Classiﬁcation ofNOEFractures

is classication describes NOE fractures in terms of pattern of fracture and integrity of the medial canthal tendon. Avulsion of medial canthal can occur depending on the degree of comminution and whether this extends into the medial orbital wall. ese injuries will require canthopexy in addition to open reduction internal xation (ORIF).

1. Single loose fragment, would require ORIF

2. Comminuted central fragment, ligament attached, would require ORIF

3. Fractures into bone bearing medial canthal ligament, therefore detachment, management with transnasal wire/other canthopexy

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