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Dental and Orthodontic Issues
Children with clefts are likely to have missing teeth, malpositioned and
malaligned teeth, and malocclusions. All these conditions are treatable,
but the original condition and sometimes the treatment itself can cause
articulation problems, if only temporarily. The SLP who gets a new
referral of a patient with a cleft needs some basic knowledge of the
following: (1) dental development in children; (2) the terminology that
dental specialists use with regard to the primary dentition and the
permanent dentition; and (3) how likely it is that a given dental
abnormality, malocclusion, or treatment device may contribute to a
speech problem.
Normal Development of Dentition
The primary dentition (milk teeth, deciduous dentition) consists of 20 teeth.
The lower central incisors erupt first, and then the remaining teeth
erupt according to the sequence shown in Figure 6-1. Most children
have all their primary teeth in place by the age of 2.5 years. By the age
of 6 or 7 years, the mixed dentition phase begins, during which the
primary teeth are gradually replaced by permanent teeth.
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FIGURE 6-1 The primary dentition and the timing of normal
tooth eruption. (From Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft
palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis: Mosby, 2010.)
There are usually 32 teeth in the permanent dentition; this number
depends on whether the third molars or wisdom teeth (the most posterior
teeth on each side of each dental arch) erupt (Fig. 6-2). In general,
eruption of the mandibular permanent teeth is slightly ahead of
eruption of the maxillary teeth.
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FIGURE 6-2 The permanent dentition in an adult dental arch
and terms used for orientation (distal, medial, labial,
buccal). (From Wheeler RC: Textbook of dental anatomy and physiology.
Philadelphia: Saunders, 1940, p 7.)
Occlusion
The main points for describing how the maxillary and mandibular
dental arches fit together are the first molars. That is, the orthodontist
categorizes the occlusion according to how the upper and lower first
molars are positioned in relation to each other. The maxillary arch is
normally slightly wider than the mandibular arch and to some extent
fits over it (Fig. 6-3). The maxillary teeth are expected to have about a
half-tooth overlap with their counterparts in the mandibular arch, and
the molar occlusion is such that the inner cusps (the cusps nearer the
tongue) of the upper teeth fit into the central grooves between the cusps
in the lower teeth. In normal occlusion, there is a slight overjet and
overbite of the anterior maxillary teeth in relationship to the anterior
mandibular teeth, as shown in Figure 6-4. Table 6-1 is a list of additional
terms used in the description of occlusion (Figs. 6-5 through 6-10).
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FIGURE 6-3 Normal occlusion and malocclusion classes as
specified by angle. (From Proffit WR: Contemporary orthodontics (3rd ed). St.
Louis: Mosby, 2000, p 4.)
FIGURE 6-4 Relationship between the upper and lower incisors
in overjet and overbite. (From Hall DJ, Warren DW: Orthodontic problems in
children. In Bluestone CD, Stool SE [eds]: Pediatric otolaryngology, vol 2. Philadelphia:
Saunders, 1983, p 966.)
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TABLE 6-1
Common Terms Used to Describe Dental and Occlusal Anomalies
TERM DESCRIPTION
Crossbite Maxillary teeth inside, or lingual to, mandibular teeth
Anterior crossbite (see
Fig. 6-5)
Maxillary incisors behind mandibular incisors; may describe single teeth or all
incisors
Canine crossbite Crossbite of the canine teeth
Lateral crossbite, also
called buccal or lingual
crossbite (see Fig. 6-6)
Crossbite of the teeth in the lateral segment or segment nearest the cheek
Neutrocclusion, class I
molar relationship (see
Fig. 6-3)
The sagial (front-to-back) relationship of the jaws is normal but there may be
malalignment of individual teeth or a discrepancy in jaw position in the transverse or
horizontal plane
Class II molar
relationship (see Figs.
6-3 and 6-7)
Maxillary teeth more anterior to the mandibular teeth than normal with a larger
overjet; often accompanied by excessive vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors over
the mandibular incisors; also called closed bite, deep bite, or overbite
Class III molar
relationship (see Figs.
6-3 and 6-8)
Maxillary molars posterior to mandibular molars; usually accompanied by anterior
crossbite or underbite, although sometimes the anterior mandibular teeth are tipped
backward, or retroclined, so that they fit behind the anterior maxillary teeth*
Anterior open bite (see
Fig. 6-9)
Open space between the anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth; often the result of
finger habit or habitual open-mouth breathing
Posterior open bite
(see Fig. 6-10)
Open space between the maxillary and mandibular teeth (molars or molars plus
bicuspids)
*
As one may suspect, nondentists often confuse the terms that should be used to
describe only the molar relationship (class I, class II, class III) with the terms used to
describe the relationship between the anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth
(overbite, overjet, underbite, crossbite).
From Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft palate speech (4th
ed). St. Louis: Mosby, 2010.
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FIGURE 6-5 Patient with an anterior crossbite. (From Peterson-
Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis:
Mosby, 2010.)
FIGURE 6-6 Patient with a canine and buccal crossbite. (From
Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft palate speech [4th ed]. St.
Louis: Mosby, 2010.)
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FIGURE 6-7 Patient with a class II malocclusion. (From Peterson-
Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis:
Mosby, 2010.)
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FIGURE 6-8 Intraoral and profile views of a patient with a class
III malocclusion. (From Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft
palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis: Mosby, 2010.)
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FIGURE 6-9 Two patients with anterior open bites, one more
severe than the other. (From Peterson-Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell
MP: Cleft palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis: Mosby, 2010.)
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FIGURE 6-10 Patient with a posterior open bite. (From Peterson-
Falzone SJ, Hardin-Jones MA, Karnell MP: Cleft palate speech [4th ed]. St. Louis:
Mosby, 2010.)
Open Bites
Anterior open bites (see Fig. 6-9) often occur in young children and are
usually not related to clefts. The most common causes are
nasopharyngeal airway obstruction (e.g., due to hypertrophic adenoids)
and thumb sucking. Both of these are examples of “function changing
form,” rather than form causing problems in function. When the
nasopharyngeal airway is obstructed, the child becomes an obligate
oronasal breather. A chronic mouth-open posture in a child can lead to
overeruption of the posterior teeth, eventually propping the mouth
open. Thus, even if the nasopharyngeal airway obstruction is resolved
by natural adenoid involution, the anterior teeth may be prevented
from meeting. Another consequence of a chronic mouth-open posture is
a physical change in the palatal vault: Because apposition of the tongue
surface against the palatal vault is not normal (due to the fact that the
child keeps the mouth open to breathe), inward or medial collapse of
the lateral palatal segments, hypertrophy or overdevelopment of soft
tissue, or both, can occur (Fig. 6-11).
There is also posterior open bite, in which the posterior teeth of the
maxillary and mandibular arch do not meet. In theory, this could lead
to lateral air emission in articulation. Unilateral posterior open bite is
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