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M. Falcão and C. Vasconcelos
The wires can then be xed outside the abdomen using two Kocher, performing a kind of temporary gastrostomy. However, the passage of the 15mm trocar can be conventional, and after the laparoscopic gastrostomy, the duodenoscope is intro­duced into the trocar, with the assistance of laparoscopy, immediately following to the gastric cavity, giving greater mobility to the endoscopist, as the stomach is not xed on the abdominal wall. The lateral view endoscope (duodenoscope) is pro­gressed through the pylorus to the papilla. Generally, no change in the position of the patient or the operating table is necessary. To facilitate the progression of the endoscope, the surgeon can guide the progression of the endoscope by moving the trocar outside the abdominal wall [23].
To avoid gas distension of the slender, an intestinal clamp can be placed in the jejunum shortly after the Treitz angle [35]. Once the biliopancreatic intervention is nished, the endoscope is removed from the stomach, and the stitches used to x the stomach to the abdominal wall are cut. The gastrotomy is closed using a suture or stapler [23, 35]. In patients in whom the need for repeat ERCP is anticipated, a gastrostomy tube can be left at the trocar site to facilitate access in subsequent procedures.
51.4 Final Considerations
In summary, the hybrid approach of laparoscopy-endoscopy for access to the bile duct, whether transgastric or transenteric, is feasible and safe; however, complicity and training between surgical and endoscopic staff is necessary, in addition to expertise in advanced laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures.
References
1. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Moore EW.Changes in gallbladder bile composition following gallstone formation and weight reduction. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(1):214–21.
2. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Brewer WH, Moore EW.Gallstone formation after rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treat­ment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86(8):1000–5.
3. Iorgulescu A, Turcu F, Iordache N.ERCP after bariatric surgery—literature review and cases report. J Med Life. 2014;7:339–42.
4. Li VK, Pulido N, Fajnwaks P, Szomstein S, Rosenthal R, Martinez-Duartez P. Predictors of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2009;23(7):1640–4.
5. Buchwald H, Williams SE.Bariatric surgery worldwide 2003. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1157–64.
6. Berti LV, Campos J, Ramos A, Rossi M, Szego T, Cohen R.Position of the SBCBM—nomen­clature and denition of outcomes of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015;28 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):2. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102- 6720201500S100002. PMID: 26537262; PMCID: PMC4795295.
51 Gallstones andCholedocholithiasis
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7. Cotton PB, Eisen G, Romagnuolo J, etal. Grading the complexity of endoscopic procedures: results of an ASGE working party. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:868–74.
8. Olsson G, Arnelo U, Swahn F, Törnqvist B, Lundell L, Enochsson L.The H.O.U.S.E. clas­sication: a novel endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complexity grad­ing scale. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876- 017- 0583- z. PMID: 28274206; PMCID: PMC5343382.
9. Marchesini JCD, Noda RW, Haida VM, Medeiros RCDL, Sadowski S, Galvão Neto M, Marchesini JB, Campos JM. Transenteric ERCP for treatment of choledocholithiasis after duodenal switch. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2017;27(3):e28–30. https://doi.
org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000397. PMID: 28520653.
10. Shimatani M, Takaoka M, Tokuhara M, Miyoshi H, Ikeura T, Okazaki K.Review of diagnos­tic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using several endoscopic methods in patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(6):617–27.
11. Moreels TG.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with altered anat­omy: how to deal with the challenges? World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6:345–51.
12. Lee A, Shah JN.Endoscopic approach to the bile duct in the patient with surgically altered anatomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2013;23(2):483–504.
13. Azeem N, Tabibian JH, Baron TH, Orhurhu V, Rosen CB, Petersen BT, Gostout CJ, Topazian MD, Levy MJ.Use of a single-balloon enteroscope compared with variable-stiffness colono­scopes for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in liver transplant patients with Roux-en-Y biliary anastomosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:568–77.
14. Itokawa F, Itoi T, Ishii K, Sofuni A, Moriyasu F. Single- and double-balloon enteroscopy­assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with Roux-en-Y plus hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis and Whipple resection. Dig Endosc. 2014;26(S2):136–43.
15. Kato H, Tsutsumi K, Harada R, Okada H, Yamamoto K.Short double-balloon enteroscopy is feasible and effective for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Dig Endosc. 2014;26 Suppl 2:130–5.
16. Schreiner MA, Chang L, Gluck M, Irani S, Gan SI, Brandabur JJ, Thirlby R, Moonka R, Kozarek RA, Ross AS.Laparoscopy-assisted versus balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in bariatric post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(4):748–56.
17. Saleem A, Baron TH. Small diameter delivery system allows expandable metal biliary stent placement using a pediatric colonoscope in surgically altered anatomy. Endoscopy. 2011;43:E69–70.
18. Kawashima H, Nakamura M, Ohno E, Goto H, Hirooka Y.Impact of instrument channel diam­eter on therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography using balloon-assisted enteros­copy. Dig Endosc. 2014;26:127–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12262.
19. Yamauchi H, Kida M, Okuwaki K, Miyazawa S, Iwai T, Imaizumi H, Eiji M, Hasegawa R, Koizumi W. A case series: outcomes of endoscopic biliary self-expandable metal stent for malignant biliary obstruction with surgically altered anatomy. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:2436.
20. Moreels TG. Altered anatomy: enteroscopy and ERCP procedure. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;26(3):347–57.
21. Skinner M, Popa D, Neumann H, Wilcox CM, Mönkemüller K.ERCP with the overtube­assisted enteroscopy technique: a systematic review. Endoscopy. 2014;46(7):560–72. https://
doi.org/10.1055/s- 0034- 1365698. Epub 2014 May 16. PMID: 24839188.
22. Mutignani M, Forti E, Dokas S, Pugliese F, Fontana P, Tringali A, Dioscoridi L.Endotherapy for bile leaks from isolated ducts after hepatic resection: a long awaited challenge. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(8):893–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.03.021. Epub 2017 Apr 6. PMID:
28457903.
23. Facchiano E, Quartararo G, Pavoni V, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: technical fea­tures. Obes Surg. 2015;25(2):373–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 014- 1516- 3.
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24. Ahmed AR, Husain S, Saad N, etal. Accessing the common bile duct after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(6):640–3.
25. Grimes KL, Maciel VH, Mata W, Arevalo G, Singh K, Arregui ME.Complications of lap­aroscopic transgastric ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(7):1753–9.
26. Peters M, Papasavas PK, Caushaj PF, Kania RJ, Gagne DJ.Laparoscopic transgastric endo­scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for benign common bile duct stricture after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1106.
27. Frederiksen NA, Tveskov L, Helgstrand F, Naver L, Floyd A.Treatment of common bile duct stones in gastric bypass patients with laparoscopic transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholan­giopancreatography. Obes Surg. 2017;27(6):1409–13.
28. Snauwaert C, Buset M, Laukens P, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted transgastric endoscopic retro­grade cholangiopancreatography for the management of biliopancreatic disorders in bariatric Roux-en-y gastric bypass patients. Eur Gastroenterol J. 2013;1(1):A138–9.
29. Falcão M, Campos JM, Neto MG, etal. Transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancrea­tography for the management of biliary tract disease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass treatment for obesity. Obes Surg. 2012;22(6):872.
30. Saleem A, Levy MJ, Petersen BT, Que FG, Baron TH.Laparoscopic assisted ERCP in Roux­en- Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16:203–8.
31. Richardson JF, Lee JG, Smith BR, Nguyen B, Pham KP, Nguyen NT.Laparoscopic transgas­tric endoscopy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: case series and review of the literature. Am Surg. 2012;78:1182–6.
32. Abbas A, Bick B, Diehl DL, Brauer B, Uradomo LT, McGhan A, Hakimian S, Falcão M, Tarnasky PR, Enestvedt B, Thaker AM, Pawa R, Muniraj T, Sampath K, Moura EGH, Nett A, Suarez AL, Aburajab M, Nosler M, Strand D, Kothari S, Pannala R, Tzimas D, Acker BW, Draganov P. Multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of laparoscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Plenary Session, Oral No. 59. ACG 2016 Annual Scientic Meeting Abstracts. Las Vegas: American College of Gastroenterology.
33. Schreiner MA, Chang L, Gluck M, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted versus balloon enteroscopy­assisted ERCP in bariatric post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(4):748–56.
34. Choi EK, Chiorean MV, Coté GA, etal. ERCP via gastrostomy vs. double balloon enteroscopy in patients with prior bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech. 2013;27(8):2894–9.
35. Romero FXM, Canis JMM, Rigo AL, Pino JCR, Soriano RM, González Argente FX.Innovation in surgical technique laparoscopic Transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogra­phy after biliopancreatic diversion. Cirurgía Española. 2015;9(9):5–9.
M. Falcão and C. Vasconcelos
Chapter 52
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Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
AnnaCasajoana, JavierOsorio, andJordiPujolGebellí
52.1 Introduction
Duodenal switch in patients with morbid obesity is associated with marked meta­bolic improvements and glucose control. It is one of the techniques with more weight loss and higher diabetes and dyslipidemia remission rates [1].
As with other bariatric procedures, there are complications in the follow-up. Among these outstands postprandial hypoglycemia as a medical complication. Hypoglycemia can occur in up to 40% of patients after RYGB or sleeve gastrec­tomy, but it is often paucisymptomatic and therefore probably underdiagnosed [2,
3]. When symptomatic, symptoms of hypoglycemia are fatigue, weakness, confu-
sion, hunger, or/and vagal and sympathetic activation, which presents with perspira­tion, palpitations, tremor, and irritability [4, 5].
Although infrequent, some patients suffer from severe hypoglycemia with neu­roglycopenia that can lead to loss of consciousness and convulsions.
The most common cause of hypoglycemia is the “dumping syndromes,” which are secondary to the removal of part of the stomach in the bariatric surgery proce­dure. This results into a rapid exposure of the small intestine to nutrients. Dumping syndrome has two forms, an early dumping syndrome, in which symptoms develop within the rst hour after ingestion, and a late dumping syndrome, in which symp­toms develop 1–3h after. The two forms are associated with different symptomatol­ogy. The early dumping syndrome is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3- 031- 25828- 2_52.
A. Casajoana (*) · J. Osorio · J. P. Gebellí Bariatric Surgery Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 A. Teixeira et al. (eds.), Duodenal Switch and Its Derivatives in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25828-2_52
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(including any combination of the following: abdominal pain, bloating, borborygmi, nausea, and diarrhea) and/or vasomotor symptoms (such as ushing, palpitations, perspiration, tachycardia, hypotension, fatigue, desire to lie down, and, rarely, syn­cope). The underlying mechanisms involve osmotic effects and autonomic neural responses. Hypoglycemia is not frequent in this form. The late dumping syndrome, also named postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, primarily manifests with hypoglycemia, which is mainly the result of an incretin-driven hyperinsulinemic response after carbohydrate ingestion [5], although other contributing mechanisms have been described [6].
The literature of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after duodenal switch is scarce. This rare complication after bariatric surgery is sometimes refractory to dietary changes and/or medical treatment and might require revisional surgery. This chapter focuses on diagnosis and treatment of the hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after the duodenal switch technique. We report a case of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypo­glycemia refractory to medical treatment after duodenal switch that required a con­version to sleeve gastrectomy.
A. Casajoana et al.
52.2 Etiology
The etiology of this entity is not fully understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism is the rapid exposure of the nutrients to the small intestine after the removal of part (or all) of the stomach. The different techniques, however, present with intrinsic differences. RYGB is associated with the fastest arrival of nutrients to the small intestine (proximal jejunum). This stimulates L-cells to an enhanced incretin response [2, 7]. In duo­denal switch, food arrives more slowly, as the residual stomach is larger, and goes directly into de ileum. This fact markedly affects the glucose absorption routes and results in lower peak levels of glucose and insulin and more stable values (less glucose and insulin variability) [2, 7, 8]. For these reasons, symptomatic postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is more often seen in patients who have undergone RYGB than those with a duodenal switch or other restrictive procedures.
52.3 Diagnosis
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is a diagnostic challenge as there are no consensus criteria. The American Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (ASBMS) pro­posed a postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia statement: symptoms can be unspecic, but Whipple’s triad for hypoglycemia has to be documented: (1) symp­tomatic hypoglycemia, (2) documented low plasma glucose levels, and (3) resolu­tion of symptoms after glucose administration. However, a detailed history and high
52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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level of suspicion are necessary to diagnose postprandial hypoglycemia. A patient journal, with particular attention to dietary history, specic hypoglycemic symp­toms, and their temporal relationship, is imperative for diagnosis [3].
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52.4 Treatment
There are no consensus guidelines for the treatment for hyperinsulinemic hypogly­cemia. Treatment usually involves a combination of dietary modications and med­ical or revisional surgery.
1. Dietary modications: Patients should be advised to reduce the amount of food
ingested at each meal, to postpone uid intake until at least 30min after meals, and to eliminate (from the diet) rapidly absorbable carbohydrates (present in all sweet foods and drinks). Instead, patients are advised a diet high in ber and rich in proteins; consumption of fruits and vegetables is also encouraged. Alcoholic beverages should be avoided as they are rapidly absorbed and increase glucose levels. Patients should also be advised to eat slowly and chew well [9]. A number of studies have evaluated the use of supplements that increase food viscosity, such as guar gum, pectin, and glucomannan, in patients with dumping syn­drome [10].
2. Medical treatment: There are some reports of patients treated x-glucosidase
inhibitors (acarbose), somatostatin analogues (octreotide), and potassium chan­nel agonists (diazoxide) and GLP-1 analogs [3, 10].
3. Revisional surgery: Revisional surgery restoring the gastrointestinal continuity
to treat hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia has been indicated in cases of Roux­en- Y gastric bypass, but not after duodenal switch [11]. There are two main surgical options to restore gastrointestinal continuity after a duodenal switch: (1) side-to- side anastomosis between the alimentary limb and the biliopancreatic limb, as close as possible to the angle of Treitz [1214], and (2) full anatomic restoration performing a new anastomosis between the duodenal stump and the postpyloric duodenum of the sleeve gastrectomy [15].
52.5 Case Report andReversal ofDuodenal Switch into
Normal Anatomy withSleeve Gastrectomy (Fig.52.1; See Video 52.1)
We present a 38-year-old male with a body mass index (BMI) of 53kg/m2 and both hypertension and sleep apnea who underwent a two-stage duodenal switch. One month after surgery, he presented episodes of postprandial hypoglycemia. After repetitive episodes, blood tests revealed high insulin levels, and a tomography excluded a pancreatic insulinoma. The episodes were refractory to diet modication
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1.1. 1.2.
Fig. 52.1 Reversal of duodenal into normal anatomy with sleeve gastrectomy. (1) Duodenal switch anatomy (AB: duodenoiloestomy; D: duodenal stump; Cc’ ileoileostomy. (2) Reversal of duoenal into normal anatomy (AD: Duodenoduodenostomy; CB: new ileoileostomy)
A. Casajoana et al.
and medical treatment. After a consensus meeting between endocrinologists and surgeons, we decided conversional surgery from duodenal switch to sleeve gastrectomy.
We followed these surgical steps: we started with the identication of the duode­noileostomy anastomosis. We next deconstructed the duodenoileostomy and iso­lated the alimentary limb (Fig.52.2). We then dissected 2cm of the duodenal stump (isolated from the previous surgery; Fig.52.2a–c), and we performed a hand- sewn end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy (Fig.52.2d). This is the most challenging step in the surgery. A leak test was performed through endoscopy. We next removed the 20 proximal centimeters of the alimentary limb (Fig.52.3a, b). In the next step, we fol­lowed the alimentary limb to the jejunojejunostomy, and we divided the biliopan­creatic limb near the jejunojejunostomy (Fig.52.3c). We then performed the new side-to-side jejunojejunostomy proximally to alimentary limb and distally to bilio­pancreatic limb (Fig.52.3d, e). Finally, we closed the mesenteric defect. Our patient had no intra- or postoperative complications, and the patient was discharged after 4days. One year later, the patient had a BMI of 24kg/m2 and did not present epi­sodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia.
52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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a
489
b
d
Fig. 52.2 Deconstruction of the previous duodenoileostomy and perform the new duodenoduode­nostomy. (a) Identify the duodenoileostomy. (b) Duodenoileostomy transection. (c) Dissection the duodenal stump. (d, e) Hand-sewn end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy
c
e
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A. Casajoana et al.
a
cb
de
Fig. 52.3 Restoring de alimentary limb. (a) Remove the 20 proximal centimeters of the alimen­tary limb. (b) Divide the alimentary limb. (c) Divide the biliopancreatic limb. (d, e) Perform the new side-to-side jejunojejunostomy
52.6 Conclusions
Patients with duodenal switch procedures can develop hyperinsulinemic hypoglyce­mia as other bariatric procedures. When diet modications and medical treatment are not effective, we recommend a revisional surgery of duodenal switch to restore the gastrointestinal continuity.
References
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52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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3. Eisenberg D, Azagury DE, Ghiassi S, Grover BT, Kim JJ. ASMBS position statement on postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:371–8.
4. Scarpellini E, Arts J, Karamanolis G, Laurenius A, Siquini W, Suzuki H, Ukleja A, Van Beek A, Vanuytsel T, Bor S, Ceppa E, Di Lorenzo C, Emous M, Hammer H, Hellström P, Laville M, Lundell L, Masclee A, Ritz P, Tack J.International consensus on the diagnosis and manage­ment of dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16:448–66.
5. van Beek AP, Emous M, Laville M, Tack J.Dumping syndrome after esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Obes Rev. 2017;18:68–85.
6. Salehi M, Vella A, McLaughlin T, Patti ME.Hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery: cur­rent concepts and controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(8):2815–26. https://doi.
org/10.1210/jc.2018- 00528.
7. Roslin MS, Dudiy Y, Brownlee A, Weiskopf J, Shah P.Response to glucose tolerance testing and solid high carbohydrate challenge: comparison between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, verti­cal sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:91–9.
8. Johansson HE, Haenni A, Anders Karlsson F, Eden-Engström B, Öhrvall M, Sundbom M, Zethelius B.Bileopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch lowers both early and late phases of glucose, insulin and proinsulin responses after meal. Obes Surg. 2010;20:549–58.
9. Tack J, Arts J, Caenepeel P, De Wulf D, Bisschops R.Pathophysiology, diagnosis and manage­ment of postoperative dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:583–90.
10. Vilarrasa N, Goday A, Rubio MA, Caixàs A, Pellitero S, Ciudin A, Calañas A, Botella JI, Bretón I, Morales MJ, Díaz-Fernández MJ, García-Luna PP, Lecube A. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery: diagnosis and management experience from a Spanish multicenter registry. Obes Facts. 2016;9:41–51.
11. Nilsen I, Sundbom M, Abrahamsson N, Haenni A.Comparison of meal pattern and postprandial glucose response in duodenal switch and gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg. 2019;29:2210–6.
12. Almahmeed T, Pomp A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic reversal of biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2006;2:468–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2006.03.023.
13. Halawani HM, Antanavicius G.Laparoscopic reversal of the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: a step by step video case. Obes Surg. 2017;27(12):3327–9. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11695- 017- 2945- 6.
14. Topart PA, Becouarn G.Revision and reversal after biliopancreatic diversion for excessive side effects or ineffective weight loss: a review of the current literature on indications and proce­dures. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:965–72.
15. Dapri G, Cadière GB, Himpens J.Laparoscopic restoration of gastrointestinal continuity after duodenal switch. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:451–4.