Управление в строительстве. Учебное пособие
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Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ:
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛ ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (Ⱥɂɋ)
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ȺɋɈȾ)Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ⱥɋɍ)
Ⱥɂɋ – ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
ȺɋɈȾ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɬ Ⱥɂɋ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɢɟ ɗȼɆ.
Ⱥɋɍ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ Ⱥɋɍ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɬɫɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɚɧɤ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɛɟɫɟɞɭɟɬɟ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɟɪɤɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 90±
ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɢɞɟɹ. Ɉɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ. ȿɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɨɤ ɨɬ 3 ɯ ɞɨ 5 ɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ – ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 50 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ:ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɉɟɪɟɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ
ȼɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢ-
ɰɢɣ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ± 1 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ– ±2 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: «Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɦɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ?» ± ±3 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ±4 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ, ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɰɟɧɵ, ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɫɛɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ –± ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɢ – ±5 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ±6 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ, ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ –±7 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ±8 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ – ±9 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɸɦɟ (ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ) – ±10 ɧɟɞɟɥɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 8 ɞɨ 1 ɧɟɞɟɥɶ. ȼɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ»
ɌȿɆȺ 8 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ – ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɦɭ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɵ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ:
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɦɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɷɲɟɥɨɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
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̖̦̖̬̣̦̼̜̐̌̽ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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̡̨̨̛̬̖̯̬̪̔ ̡̨̨̡̛̦̥̖̾ |
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̡̨̨̛̬̖̯̬̪̔ ̨̨̛̪̬̭̯̱̏̔̏̚ |
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̡̨̨̛̬̖̯̬̪̔ ̭̼̯̱̍ |
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̣̦̼̜̐̌̏ ̵̱̣̯̖̬̍̐̌ ̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ ̨̨̨̪̣̦̌̏̐ |
̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ ̨̨̛̪̬̏̔̚ ̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ ̨̯̖̣̔̌ ̭̼̯̍̌ |
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̸̡̨̨̡̨̨̛̦̥̖̭̾̐ ̨̯̖̣̔̌ |
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̨̨̭̯̖̦̦̏̐ ̸̡̱̭̯̌̌ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 8. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɒɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɺɬ. Ʉ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɧɟɱɟɬɤɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
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̖̦̖̬̣̦̼̜̐̌̽ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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̛̥̖̭̯̯̖̣̌̽̚ |
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̛̥̖̭̯̯̖̣̌̽̚ ̨̪ ̡̨̨̡̛̦̥̖̾ |
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̨̪ ̨̨̛̪̬̭̯̱̏̔̏̚ |
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̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ ̨̪ |
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̨̛̛̭̪̣̦̯̖̣̦̼̜̽ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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̵̸̡̛̛̯̖̦̖̭̜ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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̨̛̺̥̍ |
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̨̨̪̬̭̥̏̌ |
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̨̨̛̭̯̖̯̭̯̱̺̖̏̏̀ |
̛̛̭̣̱̙̼̣̍ ̹̯̼̌̍ |
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̭̣̱̙̍̌ ̡̨̨̛̬̖̯̬̪̔̌ |
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̨̛̺̥̍ ̨̨̪̬̭̥̏̌ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 9. ɒɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
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̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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ϭ |
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̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ |
̣̦̼̜̐̌̏ ̵̱̣̯̖̬̍̐̌ |
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̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ ̸̨̨̛̛̼̭̣̯̖̣̦̏̽̐ ̶̖̦̯̬̌ |
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̨̨̪̣̦̌̏ |
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̨̨̛̭̯̖̯̭̯̱̺̖̏̏̀ ̭̣̱̙̼̍ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 10. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɉɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ: ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɢɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ, ɨɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɫ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɟɩɨɥɚɝɚ-
ɧɢɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɞɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
̖̦̖̬̣̦̼̜̐̌̽ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔
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̸̡̛̦̣̦̌̌̽ ʹ |
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̴̶̡̨̛̱̦̦̣̦̼̜̌̽ |
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̥̖̦̖̙̖̬̔ |
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ʻ̸̨̱̦̌ ̨̡̛̛̭̭̣̖̯̖̣̭̜̔̏̌̽ |
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ʦ̸̛̛̼̭̣̯̖̣̦̼̜̽ |
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ʽ̨̪̼̯̦̖ |
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ˁ̨̛̖̬̜̦̖ |
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̶̖̦̯̬ |
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̨̨̨̛̪̬̭̯̏̔̏̚ |
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̨̨̨̛̪̬̭̯̏̔̏̚ |
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ʪϭ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ |
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ˉϭ ̶̖̣̽ |
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ʪϮ ̥̖̦̖̙̖̬̔ |
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ˉϮ ̨̡̪̬̖̯ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 11. Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵȼ.ɋɤɨɬɬɚ
ȼ ɋɤɨɬɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ)ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ (ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ)ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɟɳɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥɞɚɦɨɦ ɋɦɢɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ:
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ) – ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɝ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɟɥɨ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɰɟɩɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɲɟɝɨ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɢɡɲɢɦ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ).
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ.Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ – ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5–6 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɵɲɟ 10–12 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ Ⱦ.Ɇ. ɋɬɚɥɤɟɪ ɢ Ɍ. Ȼɟɪɧɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ:
1)ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
2)ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ8 |
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ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ |
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ʋ |
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɚ |
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Ȼɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ |
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Ɋɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ |
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Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ |
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Ɉɩɟɪɟɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ |
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ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ |
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ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ |
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ |
Ⱥɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ |
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Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɵ |
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ |
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ |
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Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ |
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ |
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ |
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Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ |
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ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ |
ɋɟɪɢɣɧɚɹ |
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ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ |
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Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ |
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ |
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ |
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ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ |
(ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ) |
(ɝɢɛɤɚɹ) |
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ:
Ɋɢɫ. 12. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
Ʉ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɥɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ɇ. ȼɟɛɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦ. Ɇɚɤɝɪɟɝɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɦɢ: ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ± ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ⱦɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ
Ⱦɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ± ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɞɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɡɲɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1
̶̡̨̛̛̦̭̯̯̱́ ̛ ̡̨̨̨̦̯̖̣̭̯̌̔̌̽̏̚
̛̛̦̭̯̯̱̯ ̸̨̭̯̦̜̌ ̨̨̛̭̭̯̖̦̦̭̯̍̏
̶̡̨̛̦̖̬̼̌
̨̭̖̯̏ ̡̨̨̛̬̖̯̬̔̏
̛̪̬̖̖̦̯̔̚ ̛̛̣ ̖̦̖̬̣̦̼̜̐̌̽ ̡̨̛̬̖̯̬̔ ̴̛̬̥̼
̡̨̨̨̬̱̭̯̏̔̏ ̨̼̭̹̖̏̐ ̨̱̬̦̏́
̡̨̨̨̬̱̭̯̏̔̏ ̨̭̬̖̦̖̔̐ ̨̱̬̦̏́
̡̨̨̨̬̱̭̯̏̔̏ ̨̛̦̹̖̐̚ ̨̱̬̦̏́
̨̛̛̛̭̪̣̦̯̖̣
Ɋɢɫ. 13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɨɦɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɭɡɚɤɨɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ.
Ⱦɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ.