Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 151900 - «Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительн

81

may also be data and/or material which can be processed on further units (often called cells) of the manufacturing system.

An FMS can also be defined as a computer-controlled configuration of semi-independent work stations and a material handling system designed to efficiently manufacture more than one kind of part number at low to medium volumes. The definition highlights the three essential physical components of an FMS:

a)standard numerically controlled machine tools;

b)a conveyance network to move parts and perhaps tools

between machines and fixturing stations;

c)an overall control-system that coordinates the machine

tools, the parts and the workpieces.

The number of machines in a system typically ranges from 2 to 20 or more. The conveyance system may consist of carousels, conveyors, carts, robots, automated guided vehicles, etc.

The FMS can be thought of as a distributed management information system linking together intelligent subsystems of machining, welding, painting, Flame cutting, sheet metal manufacturing, inspection, assembly, etc. and material handling and storageprocesses. Flexible manufacturing systems are regarded by many experts as being the best way to meet the demands of industry) They consider the FMS to be the future of the automated factory, or at least the minimally manned factory. And perhaps most significant that FMS is clearly the most obvious manifestation of computer-integrated manufacturing on the factory floor.

So it is possible to say that the FMS is of interest to manufacturers who produce more than one kind of part number at low to medium volumes. The FMSs provide a direct hardware/software solution to many economical and technical problems. The imortant aspect of these system is that the machine tools, conveyance and control devices combine to achieve increased productivity and maximum machine utilization without decreasing flexibility.

VOCABULARY:

cart - тележка (для перевозки палет между обрабатывающими участками)

cell - гибкая автоматизированная ячейка (модуль)

fixture - захват-держатель, захватное устройство (для ориентации детали с координатами режущего инструмента станка)

flexible - гибкий

82

manufacturing system – гибкая автоматизированная система; гибкое автоматизированное производство (ГАП)

hardware - аппаратные средства, аппаратура know-how - умение, технология

machine - обрабатывать на станке machine tool —станок

numerically controlled machine tool - станок с числовым программным управлением (ПС), ЧПУ

manufacture - производство, изготовление, обработка manufacturing —производство; промышленный, производственный part - деталь; конкретная по конструкции деталь

process - обрабатывать processing -обработка

distributed data - распределенная система обработки данных sensor - датчик

software - программное обеспечение, программные средства storage - хранение; складирование; хранилище, склад; process — процесс накопления (на автоматическом складе) store - хранить (на складе); накапливать (в память)

semi-independent work stations -полузависимые станции (посты) intelligent subsystem - подсистема искусственного интеллекта

EXERCISES:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.Which of the FMS definitions gives more complete characteristics of the system?

2.What is meant by input/output of the FMS?

3.What does the FMS conveyance system include?

4.What do you think about the future of the FMS? Do you agree with the conclusion of the text? Give your reasoning.

2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и сочетаний слов:

передовая технология; автоматизированный поток материала; контрольные машины; автоматизированная система перемещения и складирования деталей (сервисная система); сырье; инструменты; захват-держатель; данные обратной связи; конкретная по конструкции деталь; станки; сварка; производство листового металла; отвечать

83

требованиям промышленности; программное и аппаратное обеспечение; максимальное использование машин.

CONTROL TEXT:

«FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE: GEORGY NIKOLAYEVICH BABAKIN»

Georgy Nikolayevich Babakin was a Soviet engineer working in the space program. He was Chief Designer at the Lavochkin Design Bureau from 1965 until his death.

Babakin's early career was spent in radio engineering, starting with a job at the Moscow telephone company in 1930, working on an urban radio network. From 1943 to 1949, Babakin worked on radar targeting systems at the Institute of Automation (VSNITO), where he became its chief engineer.

Babakin became involved in the Soviet space program in 1949, working in Boris Chertok's division of NII-88 on surface-to-air missiles and targeting systems. In 1952, he was part of a group transferred to Lavochkin's bureau OBK-301 to work on the intercontinental cruise missile bureau and the V-300 anti-aircraft missile.

In 1960, Lavochkin died at an aircraft show (literally died in Babakin's arms), and the bureau was subsumed by Vladimir Chelomei. It became independent again in 1965, with Babakin as its chief designer. Sergey Korolev wanted Babakin to take over unmanned lunar and planetary probes, so he could focus his attention on the N-1 Moon-landing project.

Babakin's new «NPO Lavochkin» brought improved engineering, testing and systems management to this problem, generating a series of successes where Korolev's bureau had been failing – the first soft landing on the Moon by Luna 9, the first probe of the Venusian atmosphere by Venera 4.

Babakin died shortly before the completion of the Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft. His bureau continued with a series of impressive successes, the first (and only) Lunar rovers, landings on Venus and robotic sample return of moon rocks. A research division of NPO Lavochkin is named after Babakin, and the firm continues to design and build spacecraft.

The crater Babakin on the Moon and Babakin on Mars were named in his honor.

84

EXERCISES:

1.Переведите текст.

2.По тексту задайте 3 вопроса и ответьте на них.

UNIT 9

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND METHODS

OF TESTING THEM

I.Text A: «Properties of engineering materials and methods of testing them».

Text B: «Strength, Elasticity, Plasticity, Hardness». Text C: «Control system».

II.Control text: «The Russian metallurgist D. K. Chernov».

TEXT A: «PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND

METHODS OF TESTING THEM»

Almost every substance known to man has found its way into the engineering workshop at some time or other. The most convenient way to study the properties and uses of engineering materials is to classify them into ‗families‘ as shown in figure below:

While using engineering materials in practice we must know their properties because they affect manufacture and application of materials. All engineering materials have definite characteristics which determine their abilities to assume external loads, because of which materials change their shape.

85

When a metal is treated or when machine parts and tools are in the process of work the metals which they are made of are subjected to the imluence of external forces. These forces are called "loads" and may have different characteristics: according to their value they may be small or large; according to the duration and character of their action they may be constant and impact. According to the influence of the loads upon the metal causing different changes of its shape, loads are distinguished as compression, tensile, torsional, shearing, and bending ones.

By testing a metal under a load one can define what mechanical properties it has. In other words, one can determine strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness and other properties of the metal. In order to have a clear conception of the metal properties it is subjected to tests on special devices and machines. The determination of these properties is made in the laboratory using a specimen from the metal to be tested. Let us consider some of the mechanical properties of metals.

VOCABULARY:

bending – изгиб, нагрузканасгиб determine - определять shearing – срез, нагрузканасрез torsinal - крученный

assume – принимать на себя, предполагать conception – представление

constant – постоянная

external loads – внешняя нагрузка value - величина

subject – подвергнуть чему-либо causing - причиняя

external forces – внешние силы affect – действие

compression – сжатие, сжимание ability – способность

impact – динамическая(ударная) нагрузка

EXERCISES:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why is it necessary to know the properties of engineering materials? 2. To what forces are machine parts subjected in the process of work?

86

3.How are the loads distinguished according to their influence upon the metal?

4.What are the most important mechanical properties of metal?

5 .What special devices are used for testing mechanical properties?

6.What is stress?

7.What is strain?

2. Переведите слова:

to penetrate, hardness, cross-section, to determine, to evaluate, plasticity, elasticity, to influence, unit stress, engineering materials, property, to subject, load, external forces, to cause, impact loads, compression loads, torsional loads, specimen, shearing loads, unit, surface, clamp, bending loads, rupture machine, extension, dial.

3. Образуйте от глаголов существительные и прилагательные и переведите их:

to subject, to differ, to compress, to develop, to determine, to extend, to remove, to evaluate, to break, to deform, to define, to penetrate, to resist, to indicate, to consider

TEXT B: «STRENGTH, ELASTICITY, PLASTICITY, HARDNESS»

Strength of metals is the property of hard materials to be subjected to the influence of external forces without incurring damage and without changing their shape. The ultimate tensile strength of a material is that unit stress developed in the material by maximum slowly applied load that the material can resist without rupturing in a tensile test. A stress is the force within a body which resists deformation due toan externally applied load. If this load acts upon a surface ofunitarea, it is called a "unit force", and the stress resisting it is called a "unit stress". An external force acting upon an elastic material, the material is deformed and the deformation is in proportion to the load. This distortion or deformation is called "strain".

Special machines, called "rupture machines", are used to test metals for strength. Fig. 1shows one of these machines. When testing a specimen, the upper clampremains fixed and the lower one is being slowlylowered, thus causing the extension of the specimen. The load upon the specimen may be easily determined at any moment by means of pointer indications on the dial.

87

Elasticity is the ability of a material to change its shape under the influence of external loads and return to its original form upon removal of the loads. All materials are elastic but the range of elasticity varies for different materials. Elasticity is evaluated by means of the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity is the ratio of the unit stress S to the unit deformation ∆l within the proportional limit of the material to be tested

E =S/∆l.

For determining the elasticity of metals a rupture machine may be

used.

Plasticity is that property of a material when under the Influence of loads, specimens of different materials may elongate while their crosssection decreases. Plasticity is the opposite of elasticity. So, plasticity is the ability of material to change its form without breaking under the influence of load and preserve this changed form after removal of the load. For determining the plasticity of metals a rupture machine may be used too.

Hardness of material is the property to resist deformation under applied load. Hardness is the most important mechanical property of metals. Hardness may also be defined as the ability ofmetals to resist penetrationof other harder materials or as resistance to wear.

VOCABULARY:

indication – индикация range - предел

dial indication – циферблатный modulus – модуль, индикатор elongate – удлиняться, растягиваться evaluate – оценивать

cross-section – поперечное сечение, strain - напряжение

ratio - отношение, пропорция torsion - кручение

preserue – сохранять(ся) extension - растяжение penetration – проникновение clamp – зажим, зажимать load – нагрузка, нагружать by means of - посредством

ultimate tensile strength – предельное сопротивление разрыву rupture machine – испытание(машина) на деформацию(разрыв)

88

pointer – стрелка, указатель

EXERCISES:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is strength of metals? 2.What is elasticity of metals? 3.What is plasticity of metals?

2. Подберите синонимы к следующим словам:

force, to call, to treat, to apply, a specimen, hard, small

3. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:

external, constant, tensile, hardness, compression

4. Поставьте вопросы к предложениям так, чтобы выделенные слова были ответами:

1. The deformation test of a metal property is performed in a laboratory. 2.By testing и metal onecan define its mechanical properties.

3.In some materials, such as stone or iron, the possible elastic deformation may be very small.

4.In some materials, such as lead, plasticity may imply an almost total absence of elasticity.

5.Elasticity is the capacity of the material to resist produced deformations without permanent change of form.

TEXT C: «CONTROL SYSTEM»

Computers have revolutionized manufacturing. They have given manufacturing engineers control over events in the factory. With this information, processes can be reorganized for maximum efficiency and production steps can be rearranged for maximum cost savings. You can know what is occurring on the floor now.

Because of computers tasks are done more quickly and accurately, it enables engineers to make changes or corrections that utilize equipment and people optimally.

89

An important quality of computers is that they are flexible. Change the program and you have a "new computer".

Software. Computers cannot run without software; that is, without some instructions on what to do. Software controls the flow of information in a computer system. The software makes a computer a calculator, a designer, a programmer, a cost estimator, an expert.

Simulation software is another type of software which is now becoming quite popular. This type of software lets you see your proposed factory layout at work "on paper".

Simulation software helps in the design and development of automated work cells, manufacturing systems and factories such as FMS.

An FMS without software is not flexible, has little use in manufacturing and is not even a system.

The main problems that FMS software should solve are as

follows:

Keep track of the materials being manufactured, determine the exact physical location in the system and perform the correct sequence of operations.

Prevent the different operations from interfering with each other. Determine error conditions and minimize their impact on the

system.

Keep management informed on parts, production, part programming, system status.

Determine the best production schedule to meet due data and maximize machine utilization. Forecast system needs at due time - fixtures, tools, lubricants and coolants.

Direct in real-time the operations of people in charge of the above facilities. Compare actual and forecast performances.

Inform the plant management with the required data from FMS, for production planning and control, accounting and reporting. Thus, the FMS control system manages the total combination of devices in the system that contributes to the automatic operation of the production process. This includes the machine-tool controllers, the material handling system, the system monitoring devices, the system communications, and finally the system computer. Computer software supplies all the control management and monitoring functions that enable the system to achieve high utilization.

The control system is easily visualized by considering all the elements of the system in a structured arrangement according to its function. This structure and how each function of the structure relates to the overall system performance will be discussed later.

90

VOCABULARY:

chip - кристалл; чип; микросхема; интегральнаясхема computer - компьютер

supercomputer – супер ЭВМ mini-supercomputer - супермини ЭВМ mainframe computer – большая ЭВМ

cost savings - снижениеиздержек (производства), экономия наиздержках

data от datum - (исходные) данные; факты, информация; base - база данных

facility - устройство; средство; оборудование hardware - аппаратное оборудование (ЭВМ)

layout - схема расположения; планировка; схема организации работ; программа

manage - управлять, руководить

management - управление (планирование, контроль) monitor - контролировать; управлять

monitoring - контроль

in real-time - в истинном масштабе времени simulate - моделировать

simulation - моделирование

software — программное (математическое) обеспечение keep track (of) - следить за (ходом, развитием чего-л.) interfere with - мешать, служить препятствием

people incharge of smth.–ответственныезачтол. visualize - мысленно представлять себе

EXERCISES:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is the role of computers in industry in general and in FMS in particularly?

2.What can you say about software? What are the main problems that software should solve?

3.What can you say about simulation software?

4.Now we say that the FMS control system manages the total combination of devices. What do we mean by saying this?