Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 151000 «Технологические машины и оборудование» (профиль «Машины и апп

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «БЕЛГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. В.Г.ШУХОВА»

Кафедра иностранных языков

Утверждено научно-методическим советом университета

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 151000

«Технологические машины и оборудование» (профиль «Машины и аппараты пищевых производств»)

Белгород

2015

УДК 811.111 (07)

ББК 81.2.Англ я7

Н62

Автор: Никитина М.Ю., канд. филол. наук, доц. каф. ин. яз. БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова

Рецензенты: С.И. Гарагуля, доктор филол. наук, проф., БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова; С.А. Моисеева, доктор филол. наук, проф., НИУ БелГУ

Никитина М.Ю.

Н62 Английский язык: учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 151000 «Технологические машины и оборудование» (профиль «Машины и аппараты пищевых производств») / М.Ю. Никитина. – Белгород: Изд-во БГТУ, 2015. – 80 с.

Изменения, происходящие в мире в области новейших технологий (производственных), ставят выпускников технических вузов перед необходимостью владения иностранным языком в профессиональной сфере. Умение читать литературу по специальности является для будущих инженеров чрезвычайно важным аспектом владения языком. В учебном пособии представлены самые разнообразные тексты по близкой к специальности студентов тематике. Упражнения помогут тщательно проработать тексты, что обеспечит их полное и точное понимание.

Данное издание предназначено как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 151000 «Технологические машины и оборудование» (профиль «Машины и аппараты пищевых производств»)

Предлагаемое учебно-методическое пособие разработано на основании типовой программы обучения иностранным языкам в неязыковых вузах с учетом современных требований гуманитаризации высшего технического образования.

Цель пособия — ознакомить студентов с текстами по специальности, помочь овладеть необходимым лексическим минимумом, создать типовые для данной специализации ситуационные модели с целью активизации монологической и диалогической беседы по данным темам. Применяя структуру и содержание пособия и соблюдая основной принцип дидактики от простого к более сложному, подвести студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке.

Пособие состоит из 15 уроков. Урок включает в себя основной и дополнительный текст, тематический словарь и лексико-речевые упражнения, предназначенные для развития навыков поискового чтения, направленных на проверку понимания и развития навыков извлечения частичной или полной информации.

Каждый урок рассчитан на дифференцированный подход в обучении студентов, на их языковую подготовку.

Все учебные материалы пособия носят исключительно про- фессионально-ориентированный, функциональный характер.

3

UNIT 1

I. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text. Read and translate Text 1A .

agriculture – cельское хозяйство animal husbandry – животноводство

article – изделие, товар, предмет торговли auxiliary – вспомогательный

bakery products – выпечные изделия composition – состав

confectionary – кондитерские изделия dehydrated – дегидратированный, обезвоженный dissolve – растворять(ся), разжижать(ся)

dry – сухой, сушить drying – сушка

edible – съедобный, годный в пищу equipment – оборудование

extraction – извлечение, отжим, экстракция fishery – рыбный промысел

food industry – пищевая промышленность

handling – транспортировка, погрузочно-разгрузочные операции horticulture – садоводство

hydrate – гидротировать(ся)

market – рынокmarketing form – товарный вид mix – смешивать, перемешивать

mixer – мешалка, смеситель, миксер mixture – смесь

moulding – прессование, формование non-edible – несъедобный

process – обрабатывать, перерабатывать processing – обработка, переработка, технология recover – восстанавливать, извлекать

size enlargement – увеличение размеров size reduction – уменьшение размеров solid – твердое тело

solution – раствор

sorting – сортировка, классификация starch – крахмал

suspension – суспензия winning – выделение

4

Text 1A

MECHANICAL OPERATIONS IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Food industry cаme into being a few hundred years ago. This was long before any knowledge was acquired about what happened during food processing which was mainly based on experience and traditions. Only recently science has become involved in foods and thus food science is a young science.

The food industry processes biological materials which are produced by agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and fishery. They differ greatly from each other and are of a very complicated structure and composition. That is why food processing should be based on knowledge of the properties of these biological materials and of the changes that take place during processing. But food processing can not be accomplished without mechanical operations and mechanical equipment because they create proper conditions for it.

Mechanical operations are very important in the manufacture of all kinds of products and especially in that of complex articles such as bakery products and confectionery as well as modern products such as canned and dehydrated soups, baby foods, meat products, etc.

Mechanical operations include first of all handling of materials (i.e. transportation and storage methods) which is very important in any plant.

The next commonly used operation is mixing which may be used in the production of many complex articles or as an auxiliary operation in reactions where the reacting materials must be brought into close contact with each other; in physical operations such as dissolving and extraction and so on.

Size reduction and size enlargement are exceptionally important in the food industry. In the case of size reduction a distinction can be made between the operation for a purpose (to give the product a certain marketing form and dimension) or as an auxiliary operation in physical operations such as drying, cooling, heating, etc. Size enlargement (moulding) of articles is often applied in confectionery industry, in meat processing, etc.

Finally, many mechanical separation methods are used in the food industry. Solids are separated from liquids. Examples of liquids recovered from mixtures are fruit juices and sugar solutions. The winning of a solid is of prime importance in the separation of starch from suspensions.

5

We know the classification of solids to be also of great importance: in the cleaning and sorting of raw materials; in the separation of edible from non-edible components and in the sorting of final products according to shape and dimensions. Other mechanical separations (liquid/liquid, solid/gas and liquid/gas) are also used quite frequently.

The specialized mechanical engineer who works in food industry must bе able to select the most suitable equipment for a certain purpose. He also should know the design and construction of this equipment and solve different technical and economical problems.

EXERCISES

1. You are sure to easily guess the meaning of the derivatives.

2. Word formation. Form nouns from the given words according to the pattern.

6

3. Translate into Russian:

food processing, handling of materials, storage methods, size reduction, classification of solids, size enlargement, raw materials, specialized mechanical engineer, moulding, non-edible components, products of different shape and dimensions.

4. Translate into Englis:

пищевая промышленность, приводить материалы в тесный контакт друг с другом, товарный вид, вспомогательные операции, быть очень важным, подходящее оборудование, решать технические и экономические проблемы, продукты детского питания, консервированные и обезвоженные супы, методы механического разделения.

5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates in the PASSIVE VOICE.

1. One can use the term «process» when only a single operation is considered. 2. Many years ago food processes were mainly based on experience and traditions. 3. The problem of liquids separation is being studied at our research institute. 4. The problem of transport and storage methods is dealt with in this article. 5. Size enlargement of articles is often referred to as moulding. 6. The hygienic standards of transport equipment are paid great attention to when dealing with perishable products such as milk, meat, fish and eggs. 7. Sometimes in the extraction of solids, physical separation can be followed by mechanical separation.

6. Remember the translation of the verbs TO BE and TO HAVE.

1. The question is whether mechanical or physical separation methods have to be applied. 2. We know the classification of solids is of great importance in food industry. 3. We have considered the operation of mixing which may be used for a purpose or as an auxiliary operation. 4. To choose the equipment for a certain purpose all properties of the material to be processed are to be considered. 5. This mixer has vertical as well as horizontal material displacement. 6. In some cases the purpose of mixing is to obtain a good contact between the materials to bе mixed.

7

II. Skim Text 1B and try to understand what is about and what information is known to you.

Text 1B

WHY DO WE EAT?

All living things need food to sustain life. Food is essential to the nutrition of any human being or any form of life. Nutrition is the process by which plants and animals take in and use food. Food is needed to keep the body running smoothly. It provides energy for work and play, for breathing, and for the heart’s beating. The building material for muscles, bones, and blood comes from food. You cannot have a healthy body without healthy eating and drinking. Not enough of some foods, or too much of others, can lead to illness. Experts on nutrition are called nutritionists.

The term “food” is commonly used to refer to those substances that form a part of the usual diet. So the food and drink you take in are called your diet. (This word is sometimes used in another way, to mean eating less food than normal in order to lose weight, as in “going on a diet”.) A person’s diet is so important because growth and health depend on it. The body needs many different nutrients. Food supplies nutrients, the substances needed by the body. They are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. A healthy balanced diet must consist of all six. These are various substances necessary to provide energy and the materials for growth, body-building, and body maintenance. Every day millions of cells in the body die and must be replaced by new ones. Not all foods contain all nutrients. So it is not just the quantity of food eaten that is important, but also the variety.

To stay healthy, we need to eat a balanced diet. This means a diet containing the right proportions of the main nutrients. Everyone’s diet should consist of certain staple foods such as bread, pasta, rice, or potatoes which provide the main source of carbohydrate, the energy-giving food. Proteins, fats, and vitamins and minerals come from meat, fish, milk, vegetables, and fruit. Many foods are a mixture of these basic nutrients.

EXERCISES

1.Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text 1B.

2.Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 1B.

8

UNIT 2

I. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text. Read and translate Text 2A .

beans - бобы, фасоль

blower - воздуходувка, вентилятор cereal - хлебный злак

citrus - цитрусовые

convey - транспортировать, перевозить cooling - охлаждение

displace - перемещать dough - тесто

ejector - эжектор, струйный насос elevator - подъемник

fan - вентилятор flour - мука

flow sheet - технологическая схема, последовательность операций fluid - текучая среда (жидкость или газ), жидкость

flume - желоб

food safety - безвредность пищевых продуктов fruit pulp - плодовая мякоть, пульпа, пюре grain – зерно

heating - нагрев

hydrolic - гидравлический inclined - наклонный juice - сок

pipe - труба

pneumatic - пневматический powder - порошок

pump – насос

raw material - сырье requirement - требование

settle - оседать, осаждаться, отстаиваться steam - пар

tank - бак, цистерна, резервуар vapour - пар, испарения

vat - бак, чан, ванна velocity - скорость vessel - резервуар viscous - вязкий

9

Text 2A

HANDLING OF MATERIALS

Any flow sheet begins with handling. Raw materials pass through the factory from department to department and from one machine to another, transportation often being necessary within the processing equipment itself.

Mechanical transport of food materials may be divided into fluid (gas or liquid) and solids transport. Air, various gases or vapours are displaced by fans, blowers, compressors, vacuum pumps and ejectors. For the transportation of liquids and suspensions pumps are used.

Solid food materials in the form of pieces, granules and powder can be transported by pneumatic or hydraulic conveying. Hydraulic transport method is the displacement of the material by means of a liquid (usually water). Pneumatic transport method is the displacement of materials by means of a gas (usually air). The mechanical transport equipment is often used in combination with other processing equipment designed for heating, cooling, mixing or drying of materials.

Granular food solids, grains and powders can be conveyed through pipes with high velocity air streams. Food materials handled include cereals, flour, beans, coffee, granular sugar and others. Some agricultural raw materials are transported into the processing area by open water channels and flumes. The floating food materials, e.g. tomatoes, carrots, apples, citrus fruit are transported to the juice extractors by mechanical conveyors which may also act as washing equipment. Regarding the transport direction of the products, conveyors can be classified as horizontal, inclined, vertical and combined direction conveyors. Most of them are able to displace products in both directions. The vertical conveyors are called the elevators.

In addition to the mechanical and engineering aspects, the food handling equipment must meet strict hygienic (sanitary) requirements which will ensure food safety.

In food processing and manufacturing storage is of great importance and may be short or long term. Short-term storage may be a preliminary stage of processing or it may be involved in a later stage, as in the case of adding supplementary substances. Long-term storage is used in securing a continuous flow of raw material in manufacturing as in case of grains or in the storage of concentrated juice in tanks. Stored food may be solid, liquid

10