Английский язык в сфере машиностроения. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 15.03.01-Машиностроение

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tomelt – плавить(ся) simultaneously – одновременно surface – поверхность

rod – прут, стержень fusible – плавкий

joint – соединение, стык touching – касание advantage – преимущество coated – покрытый

torequire – требовать, нуждаться toshield – заслонять, защищать

electron-beamwelding – электронно-лучевая сварка

EXERCISES:

1. Answer the following questions:

1.How can a process of welding be defined?

2.What are the two main groups of processes of welding?

3.How can we join metal parts together?

4.What is welding used for nowadays?

5.Where is welding necessary?

6.What do the welding processes of today include?

7.What are the principles of gas welding?

8.What kinds of welding can be used for joining steels?

9.What does arc welding require? 10. What is the difference between the arc welding and shielded-metal welding?

2. Translate the following words and word combinations:

1.сварка давлением

2.тепловая сварка

3.болтовое (клепаное) соединение

4.процесс сварки

5.зависеть от свойств металлов

6.имеющееся оборудование

7.сварочный электрод

8.плавкий материал

9.дефектный сварной шов

10.непрерывная подача электрического тока

11.электрическая дуга

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12. источник электрического тока

3. Completethesentences:

1.Welding is ….

2.Heat welding is ….

3.The welding processdepends on ….

4.The welding processes include….

5.Gas welding is ….

6.Arc-welding is ….

7.Shielded metal-arc welding is ….

TEXT В: «OTHER TYPES OF WELDING»

Non-consumable Electrode Arc welding

As a non-consumable electrodes tungsten or carbon electrodes can be used. In gas-tungsten arc welding a tungsten electrode is used in place of the metal electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding. A chemically inert gas, such as argon, helium, or carbon dioxide is used to shield the metal from oxidation. The heat from the arc formed between the electrode and the metal melts the edges of the metal. Metal for the weld may be added by placing a bare wire in the arc or the point of the weld. This process can be used with nearly all metals and produces a high-quality weld. However, the rate of welding is considerably slower than in other processes.

Gas-Metal Arc

In gas-metal welding, a bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas and sometimes by coating the electrode with flux. The electrode is fed into the electric arc, and melts off in droplets that enter the liquid metal of the weld seam. Most metals can be joined by this process.

Submerged Arc

Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding, but in this process no gas is used to shield the weld. Instead of that, the arc and tip of the wire are submerged beneath a layer of granular, fusible material that covers the weld seam. This process is also called electroslag welding. It is very efficient but can be used only with steels.

Resistance Welding

In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time. The point where the two metals

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touch creates resistance to the flow of current. This resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

VOCABULARY:

gas-metalarc – аргонно-дуговаясварка bare – голый

liquid – жидкость, жидкий weldseam – сварнойшов beneath – под, ниже, внизу clamp – зажим, зажимать surrounding – окружающий fusible – плавкий

resistance – сопротивление tocreate – создавать carbondioxide – углекислыйгаз tosubmerge – погружать granular – плавкий

edge – край

semi-automatic – полуавтоматическая droplet – капелька

inert – инертный sheet – лист

rate – зд. скорость layer – слой

gas-tungsten – сварка оплавлениемвольфрамовым электродом в среде инертного газа

considerably – значительно

EXERCISES:

1. Answer the following questions:

1.What is the difference between the arc-welding and non-consumable electrode arc welding?

2.What are the disadvantages of the non-consumable electrode arc welding?

3.How is electrode protected from the air in gas-metal arc welding?

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4.What is submerged arc welding?

5.What is the principle of resistance welding?

6.Where is semi-automatic welding employed?

2. Translate the following words and word combinations:

1.вольфрамовый электрод

2.инертный газ

3.окисление

4.высококачественный сварочный шов

5.скорость сварки

6.аргон, гелий, углекислый газ

7.жидкий металл

8.слой плавкого материала в виде гранул

9.листовойметалл

10.полувтоматическиесварочныестанки

3. TranslateintoRussian:

1.In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current.

2.The heat from the arc melts the edges of the metal.

3.A bare electrode is shielded from the air by surrounding it with argon or carbon dioxide gas.

4.Submerged-arc welding is similar to gas-metal arc welding.

5.Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded.

6.Resistance causes heat which melts the metals and creates the weld.

TEXT C: «ROBOTS IN FUTURE»

If you think robots belong to space movies, think again. Right now, all over the world, robots are on the move. Putting chocolates into boxes, walking into live volcanoes, driving trains in Paris and defusing bombs in Northern Ireland are their common tasks. Today's robots are doing more and

mechanical man. But only the invention of transistors and integrated circuits in the 1950s and 1960s made real robots possible. Compact, reliable electronics and computers added brains to already existing

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machines. In 1959, researchers demonstrated the possibility of robotic manufacturing ashtrays.

The Czech word 'robota', meaning hard work, was first used by the writer KarelChapek in the story where robots are invented to help people by performing simple tasks, but being used to fight wars, they turn on their human masters and take over the world. There's no precisedefinition of a robot. It is normally defined as a programmable machine imitating an intelligent creature. Getting information from its surroundings and doing something physical (moving or manipulating objects) qualify a machine as a robot.

Name a boring or dangerous job. Somewhere, a robot is probably doing it. Robots are ideal for doing jobs that require repetitive, precise and fast movements. Robots are good at doing the same thing without asking for a safe working environment, salary, breaks, food and sleep, without getting bored or tired, without making mistakes. Factories are so highly automated that most human workers carry out only supervising and maintaining the robots.

People keep finding new uses for robots - making and packing drugs and foods, soldering tiny wires to semiconductor chips, inserting integrated circuits onto printed circuit boards used in electronics, working in radioactive "hot zones", exploring space.

All work and no play make anyone dull - even a robot. Soccerplaying robots gather each year at RoboCup, an international event collecting over 100 teams from 35 countries. Robotic players use radio signals to coordinate their actions with their team-mates. Teams are placed in divisions based on size, ranging from the size of a pizza box. By 2050, the organizers of RoboCupcount on developing a team of fully autonomous humanoid robots that can beat the human world champion team in soccer.

«DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOTICS»

Robotics is based on two related technologies: numericalcontrol and teleoperators. Numerical control is a method of controlling machine tool axesbymeans of numbers that have been coded on punched paper tape or other media. It was developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The first numerical control machine tool was demonstrated in 1952 in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Subsequent research at MIT led to the development of the APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) language for programming machine tools.

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A teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by a human from a remote location. Initial work on the design of teleoperators can be traced to the handling of radioactive materials in the early 1940s. In a typical implementation, a human moves a mechanical arm and hand at one location, and these motions are duplicated by the manipulator at another location.

Industrial robotics can be considered a combination of numericalcontrol and teleoperator technologies. Numerical control provides the concept of a programmable industrial machine, and teleoperator technology contributes the notion of a mechanical arm to perform useful work. The first industrial robot was installed in 1961 to unload parts from a die-casting operation. Its development was duelargelyto the efforts of the Americans George C. Devol, an inventor, and Joseph F. Engelberger, a businessman. Devol originated the design for a programmable manipulator, the U.S. patent for which was issued in 1961. Engelberger teamed with Devol to promote the use of robots in industry and to establish the first corporation in robotics—Unimation, Inc.

VOCABULARY:

defuse – разрядить, нейтролизовать circuit– схема

reliable– надежный precisedefinition– точноеопределение repetitive – повторяющийся

even– даже

team-mates– товарищей по команде count– считать

soccer– футбол robotics– робототехника

numericalcontrol– цифровое управление teleoperators– телеоператоры

axe-ось

bymeans–с помощью subsequent– последующее human– человек

location– расположение trace– проследить implementation– реализация

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concept– концепция

contribute– способствть, вносить вклад notion– понятие

development– развитие

duelargely– из-за значительной степени promote– содействовать

establish– установить

EXERCISES:

1. Answer the following questions:

1.What can robots do?

2.What does the word 'robota' mean?

3.How is the robot defined?

4.What can you say about RoboCup?

5.What is robotics based on?

6.What is the activity of the teleoperator?

7.When was the first industrial robot installed?

2. Complete your sentences with information from the text:

1.Robotics is … .

2.The first numerical control machine tool was … .

3.A teleoperator… .

4.Robots are … .

5.Industrial robotics can … .

6. Leonardo da Vinci was … .

7.The Czech word 'robota' means … .

8.Factories are … .

9.Soccer-playing robots gather… .

10.The first industrial robot was … .

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UNIT 7

FERROUS METALS

Text A: «Ferrous Metals»

Text B: «Alloy Grey Iron»

Text C: «Robots in manufacturing»

TEXT A: «FERROUS METALS»

Ferrous metals consist of ironcombined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements.

Carbon is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms; steelandcastiron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from pigironwhich is produced in a blastfurnacein the form of pigs.

Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a «mould». This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shopwhere metals are cast is called a «foundry». Castings are used in building engines, automobiles and airplanes, and different types of machinery. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0,05 to 1.7 per cent), which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine-building. But very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain limits. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does (more per cent).It is very cheap, in fact, it is the cheapestthe engineering metals used in machine-building. Greyironfoundries are the most numerous because grey iron can be cast into almost any conceivable shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinders, bedplatesfor machines, car wheels, agricultural machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, gears, and general machinery parts.

The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that castings can be made so hard that ordinary, toolsteelwill not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand great shock. Hence, the engineer must allow a large factor of safety when

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specifying the use of grey iron castings, especially where great strength is required, or specify that the castings must be made from some other metal. The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions depending on the gradeof castings.

VOCABULARY:

confine – ограничивать, заключать brittle - хрупкий

bedplates – опорныеплиты conceivable – постижимый gears – шестерни manganese - марганец

castiron – отливжелеза; чугун sulphur – сера

сombine – сочетать carbon – углерод silicon – кремний phosphorus – фосфор blast – дутьѐ, дуть furnace - печь

mould – литейная форма, отливать solidify - затвердевать

foundry – литейная (завод)

toolsteel – режущая сталь,инструментальная сталь machine – подвергать механической обработке

EXERCISES:

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main two groups of metals?

2.What elements do ferrous metals consist of?

3.What is the differ-once between iron and steel?

4.What is casting?

5.What do we call the shop where metals are cast?

6.Why issteel widely used in machine-building?

7.What are the main types of iron castings?

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2. Translate the following words and word combinations:

ferrous metals, steel, cast iron, mould, alloy, pig iron, blast furnace, grey iron, to solidify, foundry, to cast, engineering metals, tool steel, to machine, alloy grey iron, to furnish, malleable iron, to anneal, tensile strength, nonferrous metals, on account of, grade, to elongate, range, shop.

3. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:

to cast, to alloy, to anneal, lo compare, to manufacture, to machine, to equip, to produce.

TEXT B: «ALLOY GREY IRON»

Alloy Grey Iron. In many lines of manufactureand engineering, common grey iron castings have lacked in strength and wearing qualities, so that many experiments have been conducted with a view to overcome this shortcoming. This has been accomplished, and the alloy is known as alloy grey iron, which is easy to machine because most of the carbon present is in free or uncombined state. It is used much, if not entirely, for making steamand gas-engine cylinders, also for many other castings that require greater strength and wearing qualities than are furnishedby common grey iron. Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys developed and has a promising future. It has a tensile strengthof 40,000 to 60,000 lbs. per square inch as it comes from the mould, and when it is heat-treated, a much greater strength is produced. Malleable ironcastings are being increasingly used every year in the manufacture of machinery.

Many castings that were formerly made of grey cast iron are now made of malleable iron. One of the reasons for using malleable iron instead of grey iron is that malleable iron is much stronger than grey iron castings, particularly in the matter of resisting shock. Malleable iron castings can be made muchthinner in section. However, they are seldom used in the form they come from the moulds, as they are hard and brittle, and therefore they should be annealed.Malleable iron before annealing is usually spoken of as white iron. White iron is difficult to machine because most of the carbon present is in chemical combination with the iron. Malleable iron can be cast into very large bodies on account ofits high shrinkage and because of ilie difficulty of annealing. It is the most easily machined of all ferrous alloys. It has to be melted very hot and poured very rapidly, because it solidifies quickly. Malleable iron castings are used in agricultural machinery, railroadequipment, automobile parts, and many other products.