USA Education Reader. High School and college culture. Книга для чтения
.pdfOn most campuses freshmen and sophomores are required to live in university dorms while juniors and seniors may live off campus if they choose so
RUSH: the process whereby college fraternities or sororities entertain new students in order to assess their suitability for membership prior to inviting them to join
RUSHEE: a college student being recruited by a fraternity or sorority
RUSH WEEK: a week before classes begin at a college or university when fraternities and sororities entertain students who are interested in becoming members
SAFETY SCHOOL: a colloquial expression used to denote a least desired among colleges and universities one applies to for admission, chosen in case he /she is rejected from all others
SAT (SCHOLASTIC ASSESSMENT TEST): a battery of tests designedtodetermineahighschoolstudent’sabilitytodocollegework. ScholasticAssessmentTestsaredividedintotwoparts:SATIandSATII. Once called the Scholastic Aptitude Test, SATI is a reasoning test consisting of two parts, the first dealing with verbal skills and the second with mathematical skills. The three parts of the verbal test — sentence completion, questions, analogy questions and reading comprehension questions — last 30, 30 and 15 minutes, respectively. Similarly, the mathematics section tests the student’s ability to reason logically and to apply mathematical concepts to problems in order to arrive at appropriate solutions. The three parts of the mathematics test – multiple choice questions, quantitative comparison questions and student-produced response questions — last 25, 25 and 25 minutes, respectively. Calculators are permitted. The tests are usually given in January, March, May, June, October, November and December each year
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TheSATIIstestacademicknowledgeofspecificsubjects.Oncecalled achievement tests, they last 1 hour each and consist of multiple choice questions, with one test available for various levels or types of writing, literature, history (American, European etc.), mathematics, the sciences etc. Not all colleges require SATIIs, but most of those who do use them not only to determine whether to accept the student but also at what level to place the student in each subject. A high score in a particular subject mayexemptthestudentfromthefreshmenrequirementinthatsubjectand allow enrollment to a higher level.Avery high score might even exempt the student from the entire college requirement in that subject.
Special non-standard accommodations for taking SATs are available to students with documented visual, hearing, physical or learning disabilities. SATS are graded on a scale of 200 to 800, with 500 the absolute mean, or average.
SCHOLARSHIP: a sum of money awarded to a student to help pay for tuition, living expenses or travel.
SCHOOLBOARD: local governing body overseeing schools. In the United Stated it is a group of people elected in each county or local school system to make decisions about education in public schools.
SCHOOL COUNCIL: a group of officers, elected by students and consisting of students and some faculty members, acts as a channel of communication between the administrators of the institution, such as the school principal or the president and board of governors of a college, and the students. It also takes part in the regulation of educational, disciplinary, and extracurricular activities and listens to the grievances of students
SCHOOL DISTRICT: grouping of schools according to geographical location, usually schools of one county forming a district. Each school district is administered by the district Board of Education and the Superintendent. Most interscholastic sport tournaments are held between the district schools
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SCHOOL LIBRARY: the area in each school where age appropriate books are kept, catalogued and arranged for use within the school and for loaning to students and faculty. It’s common practice in U.S. high schools to conduct classes of literature, history , geography, foreign languages and other subjects at which students are given tasks to look for information on a certain problem working with catalogs, encyclopedias, journals thus acquiring necessary library research skills under the guidance of the teacher and the librarian
SCHOOLTRIP: planned outings for particular classes or groups of students, organized by teachers and/or administration for students’ learning experiences
SCHOOL RECORD: important information pertaining to any and all aspects of school life is kept by the school administration, such as student performance, finances, activities, sporting events and so forth
SCIENCE FAIR PROJECT: carefully prepared and planned assignment by a student or group of students, to be displayed during a planned school exhibition
SEMESTER: a period into which the academic year is divided in elementary schools, high schools and colleges and universities in the United States. It lasts approximately 18 weeks (17 weeks of classes, one week of finals with sometimes a short vacation, a few days, before the next semester begins)
SEMINAR LEADER: person in charge of a planned conference or meeting for discussion or training purposes
SENIOR: student in final year of high school or university
SENIOR PROM: dance held for the students in their final year of high school or college
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SHANGRI-LA: literally, a Tibetan utopia in James Hilon’s novel Lost Horizons (1933), and often used figuratively as a retreat from pressures of modern civilization, or a perfect place, a paradise on earth
SHOP-CLASS: a class in which practical skills such as carpentry or engineering are taught
SNAP COURSE: a class which appears to be easy, with little study or preparation required
SOCCER: game played by two teams of eleven players with a round ball that may not be touched with hands during play, except by the goalkeepers, differing fromAmerican football
SOCIALITE:popularstylish(sometimesapreppy)personknown for going to fashionable parties. Socialites may form a social group in someAmerican high schools
SOPHOMORE:Asecond year student at high school, college or university. In high school, students are also called 10th graders
SORORITY: a social fraternity for women. The word “sorority” comes from the Latin word “soror” meaning “sister”
SOUL MATE: a term sometimes used to describe someone with whom one has a feeling of deep and natural affinity, love, intimacy, spirituality, and/or compatibility
SPORT SEASON: in America, a portion of a special calendar of sport events divided into certain months of the school year. The end of summer and early fall are usually devoted to American football, volleyball, and cross-country and soccer. Winter is the basketball season. Spring is the time for baseball, track and golf, with no school related sports played during summer vacation
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STIPEND: a fixed amount of money paid at regular intervals as a salary or allowance in any arranged situation. It could refer to specific situations, such as the following: .to cover living expenses of the students who choose a Reserve Officers’Training Corps (ROTC) program which is a college-based, officer commissioning program in the United States. The program is designed as a college elective that focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. Army ROTS college scholarships provide up to $5000 annually for living expenses, most books and fees and full tuition or room and board
STUDENTACTIVITY(SERVICE) FEE: a sum of money paid by college students annually which may include counseling, health insurance, campus transportation, recreational sports, discounted tickets for intercollegiate sports competitions on campus
STUDENT BODY: the total student population of a particular school, college or university
STUDENT BODY ELECTIONS: the activity of voting for, choosing, student officers to represent the total student population of a particular school
STUDENT BODY PRESIDENT: the highest position of an elected student officer
STUDENT COUNCIL: an elected group of students who represent the total student population in most public and private K-12 school systems across the United States. The student council helps share students’ideas, interests, and concerns with teachers and school principals. They often also help raise funds for school-wide activities, including social events community projects and school reform. The NationalAssociation of Student Councils, based in Washington, D.C., coordinates the activities of about 10,000 student councils in the U.S., produces and distributes a number of informational publications, and organizes educational tours for students
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STUDENTGOVERNMENT:student led organization for regulation of student activities, academic curricula, and discipline at schools, colleges, and universities, the student council, which represents the student body. Every class has a class officer. Student body officers of a student council are elected by the entire student body of a secondary school, college or university
STUDENT LOAN: a certain amount borrowed to help pay the costs of higher education for students enrolled on at least a half-time basis. In the United States student loans are available as direct and indirect loans. Direct loans are issued by the federal government among about 500 participating colleges; direct loans are also available from state government and as ordinary personal loans from banks and other commercial and private sources including some colleges and universities. Indirect loans, whose principal and interest are guaranteed by the federal government, are available from commercial banks at relatively low interest rates. In 2000, the federal government accounted for more than 90% of direct and indirect student loans, with 6% coming from the state governments and the remainder from the private sector
STUDY GROUP: a certain number of students working together on assigned lessons or projects
SUNDAE: an American ice cream dessert, served with a sweet sauce, nuts and fruit
SUMMACUM LAUDE: The highest distinction added to a degree of Bachelor ofArts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) granted at U.S. colleges and universities
TEACHINGASSISTANT: faculty members who teach undergraduate courses while completing their doctoral degree programs
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TENURE:a ruling at many schools, colleges and universities whereby a teacher or professor cannot be dismissed from his or her teaching position unless there is a very serious reason. Colleges and universities established tenure to assure professors that they have the academic freedom to teach their ideas without interference or fear of losing their jobs
TESTBOOKLET: the form in which an examination is given for the student’s use
TESTING FACILITY: the place or room in which examinations are given
THEATRE DEPARTMENT: division of study in a high school, college or university
TUITION: sum of money charged for teaching or instruction by a school, college, or university. In 2009, average annual tuition at a public university (for residents of the state) was $7,020. At private colleges and universities tuition is much higher. Depending upon the type of school and program it can vary from 15,000 to as high as 50,000.The mean annual total cost (including all costs associated with afull—timepost-secondaryschooling,suchastuitionandfees,books and supplies, room and board) are reported by College Board: Public Universities (four — year) $27, 967 (per year), Private Universities (four-year) $ 40, 476 (per year).
Total four-year schooling: Public university 81,356 Private University 161,904
Due to the economic crisis the federal and state funding of colleges and universities has been shrinking in recent years. From 2000 to 2004 tuition rates at public schools increased over 14 percent, and at private schools 6 percent over the same period. Between 1982 and 2007 college tuition and fees rose three times
Source: College Board ( 2005); Broader, David S. College affordability about future (2008).
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UNDERGRADUATE: a student in higher education who is enrolled in degree-credit coursework below the level of the bachelor’s degree and who has normally not yet received a bachelor’s degree
UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOL: the first four years of college or university which are treated as general education with some preprofessional or disciplinary specialization, generally rewarded with B.A. (Bachelor ofArts) or B.S. (Bachelor of Science), after which students may stop or pause in their education. Students who go on must reapply, often to different institutions in new admission competitions with new letters, exams, applications and interviews
UNIVERSITY: an institution of post secondary education and research, usually consisting of one or more four-year undergraduate schools or colleges ( College of LiberalArts and Sciences, College of Engineering, College of Fine Arts etc.) which confer bachelor’s degrees, and one or more graduate ( College of Education, College of Engineering, College of Social Work etc.) and professional schools (Journalism school, Business school, Medical school, Law school, Veterinary school, Pharmacy school, and Dental school), which confer master’s degrees and doctorates. In contrast to liberal arts colleges, universities’ main mission is graduate education and research. According to the Carnegie Classification of Higher education there are two types of universities: doctorate-granting universities including research institutions of three kinds (Research universities I, II, or III) and Master’s colleges and universities. Many universities in the USA are multi-campus, as for example 23-campus California State University. Universities in the USAare both public and private
VARSITY: a term identifying the major college or secondary school athletic team that represents the institution in intercollegiate or interscholastic sports competition; its first team in that sport. Junior varsity applies to younger students, those who are freshmen and/or sophomores, whose skills are not as developed as those who play on
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the first team but who also participate in the competitive athlete events of their school
WAITING LIST: a list of students waiting for a vacancy in a college or university of their choice. An applicant may choose to stay on this list, or else can accept a place at a university which is second or third choice. If the waiting list status of the student’s first choice school changes later to a definite offer, the applicant can always remove his application from his second choice university; however, the deposit is nonrefundable
WORK-STUDY PROGRAM: an on-campus job program for needy students to earn part of the costs of tuition and room and board at college or university. Although there are many informal programs whereby a college or university offers students on-campus job opportunities, work-study is a part of the Federal College Work-Study Program
YANKEE: an informal expression for a person who lives in, or is from the United States, originally referring to a person from one of the northern states
YEARBOOK: an annual student publication that includes portraits, both individual and group, and that records photographically events of the given academic year, details of school activities in the previous year at a high school or college. Some schools are using video yearbooks in addition to printed ones. Yearbooks are generally compiled by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and compiling all of the information to be contained within the book, also deciding the layout and allocation of space for each contributor. In high schools yearbook is also an elective course
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СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1.Baird’s Manual of American College Fraternities. Twentieth Edition / edited by Jack L.Anson and Robert F. Marchesani Jr. Baird’s manual Foundation, Inc., 1991.
2.Catholic Schools at the Crossroads / eds. Youniss, James, and Convey, John. – New York: Teacher’s College Press, 2000.
3.Chicken soup for the teenage soul: 101 stories of life, love, learning / Jack Canfie ld, Mark Victor Hansen, Rimderly Kirberger, 1997.
4.Chicken soup for the teenage soul IV: stories of life, love, learning / [compiled by] Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen, 2004.
5.Chicken soup for the college soul: inspiring and humorous stories about college / [compiled by] Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Kimberly Kirberger, Dan Clark. Health Communications, Inc. – Deerfield Beach, Florida, 1994.
6.Eble, Connie. C. Slang &Sociability: in-group language among college students. – The University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
7.Ehrenberg J. The American University. – Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1997.
8.Handbook of Private Schools. – Boston: Porter Sargent, 1991.
9.The Hazing Reader / Edited be Hank Nuwer. – Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press, 2004.
10.Graham H. and Diamond N. The Rise of the American Research University. – Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 1997.
11.Katz M.B. Reconstructing American Education. – Cambridge, MA: Harward University Press, 1987.
12.Nuwer Hant. Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing. – Atlanta, GA: Longstreet Press, 1990.
13.Randall V. Private Schools and Public Power. – New York: Teacher’s college Publications, 1994.
14.Reuben J. The Making of the modern University. – Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996.
15.Spring J. The American School: 1642-1993. – 3rd ed. – New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994.
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