Problem book for the course Nuclear Physics. Educational edition
.pdfTable A.1.4. Periodic table of elements
1 |
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IA |
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1 H |
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hydrogen |
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2 |
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1.008 |
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IIA |
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3 Li |
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4 Be |
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lithium |
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beryllium |
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6.94 |
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9.012 |
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11 Na |
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12 Mg |
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sodium |
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magnesium |
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3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 |
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8 |
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22.9898 |
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24.305 |
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IIIB |
IVB |
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VB |
VIB |
VIIB |
VIII |
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19 К |
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20 Ca |
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21 Sc |
22 Ti |
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23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
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potassium |
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calcium |
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scandium |
titanium |
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vanadium |
chromium |
manganese |
iron |
cobalt |
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39.098 |
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40.078 |
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44.956 |
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47.867 |
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50.942 |
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51.996 |
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54.938 |
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55.845 |
58.933 |
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37 Rb |
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38 Sr |
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39 Y |
40 Zr |
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41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
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rubidium |
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strontium |
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yttrium |
zirconium |
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niobium |
molybdenum |
technetium |
ruthenium |
rhodium |
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85.468 |
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87.62 |
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88.906 |
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91.224 |
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92.906 |
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95.95 |
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(97.907) |
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101.07 |
102.906 |
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55 Cs |
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56 Ba |
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57-71 |
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72 Hf |
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73 Та |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
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caesium |
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barium |
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LANTHA- |
hafnium |
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tantalum |
tungsten |
rhenium |
osmium |
iridium |
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132.906 |
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137.327 |
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NIDES |
178.49 |
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180.948 |
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183.84 |
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186.207 |
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190.23 |
192.217 |
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87 Fr |
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88 Ra |
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89-103 |
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104 Rf |
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105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
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francium |
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radium |
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ACTI- |
rutherford. |
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dubnium |
seaborgium |
bohrium |
hassium |
meitnerium |
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(223.02) |
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(226.03) |
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NIDES |
(267.12) |
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(268.13) |
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(269.13) |
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(270.13) |
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(269.13) |
(278.16) |
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Lanthanide |
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57 La |
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58 Ce |
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59 Pr |
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60 Nd |
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61 Pm |
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62 Sm |
63 Eu |
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series |
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lanthanum |
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cerium |
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praseodym. |
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neodymium |
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promethium |
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samarium |
europium |
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138.905 |
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140.116 |
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140.908 |
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144.242 |
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(144.913) |
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150.36 |
151.964 |
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Actinide |
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89 Ac |
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90 Th |
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91 Pa |
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92 U |
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93 Np |
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94 Pu |
95 Am |
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series |
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actinium |
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thorium |
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protactinium |
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uranium |
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neptunium |
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plutonium |
americium |
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(227.028) |
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232.038 |
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231.036 |
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238.029 |
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(237.048) |
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(244.064) |
(243.061) |
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VIIIA |
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2 He |
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13 |
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14 |
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15 |
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16 |
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17 |
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helium |
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IIIA |
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IVA |
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VA |
VIA |
VIIA |
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4.0026 |
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5 B |
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6 С |
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7 N |
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8 0 |
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9 F |
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10 Ne |
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boron |
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carbon |
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nitrogen |
oxygen |
fluorine |
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neon |
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10.81 |
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12.0107 |
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14.007 |
15.999 |
18.998 |
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20.1797 |
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13 Al |
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14 Si |
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15 P |
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16 S |
17 Cl |
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18 Ar |
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10 |
11 |
12 |
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aluminium |
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silicon |
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phosphorus |
sulfur |
chlorine |
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argon |
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VIII |
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IB |
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IIB |
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26.982 |
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28.085 |
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30.974 |
32.06 |
35.45 |
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39.948 |
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28 Ni |
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29 Cu |
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30 Zn |
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31 Ga |
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32 Ge |
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33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
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36 Kr |
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nickel |
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copper |
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zinc |
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gallium |
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germanium |
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arsenic |
selenium |
bromine |
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krypton |
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58.693 |
63.546 |
65.38 |
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69.723 |
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72.630 |
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74.922 |
78.971 |
79.904 |
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83.798 |
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46 Pd |
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47 Ag |
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48 Cd |
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49 In |
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50 Sn |
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51 Sb |
52 Те |
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53 1 |
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54 Xe |
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palladium |
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silver |
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cadmium |
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indium |
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tin |
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antimony |
tellurium |
iodine |
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xenon |
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106.42 |
107.868 |
112.414 |
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114.818 |
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118.710 |
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121.760 |
127.60 |
126.904 |
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131.293 |
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78 Pt |
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79 Au |
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80 Hg |
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81 TI |
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82 Pb |
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83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
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86 Rn |
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platinum |
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gold |
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mercury |
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thallium |
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lead |
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bismuth |
polonium |
astatine |
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radon |
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195.084 |
196.967 |
200.592 |
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204.38 |
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207.2 |
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208.98 |
(208.98) |
(209.987) |
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(222.018) |
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110 Ds |
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ill Rg |
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112 Cn |
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113 Nh |
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114 FI |
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115 Me |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
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118 Og |
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darmstadt. |
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roentgen. |
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copernic. |
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(nihon.) |
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flerov. |
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(moscovium) |
livermor. |
(tennessine) |
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(oganesson) |
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(281.17) |
(282.17) |
(285.18) |
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(286.18) |
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(289.19) |
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(289.19) |
(294.21) |
(294.21) |
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(294.21) |
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64 Gd |
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65 Tb |
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66 Dy |
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67 Ho |
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68 Er |
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69 Tm |
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70 Yb |
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71 Lu |
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gadolinum |
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terbium |
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dysprosium |
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holmium |
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erbium |
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thulium |
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ytterbium |
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lutetium |
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157.25 |
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158.925 |
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162.500 |
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164.930 |
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167.259 |
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168.934 |
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173.054 |
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174.967 |
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96 Cm |
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97 Bk |
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98 Cf |
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99 Es |
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100 Fm |
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101 Md |
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102 No |
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103 Lr |
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curium |
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berkelium |
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californium |
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einsteinium |
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fermium |
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mendelevium |
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nobelium |
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lawrencium |
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(247.070) |
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(247.070) |
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(251.080) |
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(252.083) |
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(257.095) |
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(258.098) |
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(259.101) |
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(262.110) |
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52
Table A.1.5. Properties of some particles
Particle |
Charge |
Rest |
Spin |
Average life |
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(in ) |
energy |
time |
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+1 |
938.272 MeV |
1/2 |
> 2.1 · 1029 years |
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0 |
939.565 MeV |
1/2 |
880.1 s |
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± |
± |
1 |
0.511 MeV |
1/2 |
> 6.6 |
· |
1028 years |
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± |
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1/2 |
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10−6 |
s |
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±1 |
105.658 MeV |
2.2 · |
s |
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± |
±1 |
1776.86 MeV |
1/2 |
2.9 · 10−13 |
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, ~ |
0 |
< 3 eV |
1/2 |
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– |
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, ~ |
0 |
< 0.19 MeV |
1/2 |
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– |
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, ~ |
0 |
< 18.2 MeV |
1/2 |
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– |
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± |
± |
1 |
139.57 MeV |
0 |
2.6 |
· |
10−8 s |
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0 |
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0 |
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10−17 |
s |
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0 |
134.98 MeV |
8.5 · |
s |
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± |
±1 |
493.677 MeV |
0 |
1.24 · 10−8 |
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53
Table A.1.6. Some quantum numbers
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Group |
Particle |
Charge, in |
Spin |
Isospin |
Lepton number |
Baryon |
Stran- |
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(antiparticle) |
units |
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number |
geness |
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Photons |
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0 |
1 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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−( +) |
-1(+1) |
1/2 |
– |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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(˜ ) |
0 |
1/2 |
– |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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Leptons |
−( +) |
-1(+1) |
1/2 |
– |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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(˜ ) |
0 |
1/2 |
– |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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−( +) |
-1(+1) |
1/2 |
– |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
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(˜ ) |
0 |
1/2 |
– |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
0 |
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54 |
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0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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+( −) |
+1(-1) |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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H |
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Me- |
K0(K˜ 0) |
0 |
0 |
1/2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
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a |
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sons |
K+(K−) |
+1(-1) |
0 |
1/2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
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d |
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0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
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о |
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(˜) |
+1(-1) |
1/2 |
1/2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
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r |
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(˜) |
0 |
1/2 |
1/2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
0 |
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o |
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Bary- |
Λ |
0 |
( ˜0) |
0 |
1/2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
-1(+1) |
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Λ |
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n |
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ons |
Σ |
0 |
( ˜0) |
0 |
1/2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
-1(+1) |
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Σ |
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s |
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Σ |
+( ˜+) |
+1(-1) |
1/2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
-1(+1) |
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|
|
Σ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
Σ−(Σ˜−) |
-1(+1) |
1/2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
+1(-1) |
-1(+1) |
|||
Table A.1.7. The table of the nuclide properties
|
Nuc- |
|
|
|
( , ) |
De- |
|
|
|
1/2 |
|
|
|
||||||
lide |
|
|
|
cay |
|
|
|
|
N |
||||||||||
|
|
a.m.u. |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
0 |
|
1/2+ |
1.008665 |
− |
|
613.9 s |
-1.913 |
||||||||||||
1 |
1 |
|
|
+ |
1.007825 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+2.793 |
||||
|
1H |
1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
2 |
|
|
+ |
2.014102 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.857 |
||||
|
1H |
1 |
|
|
|
|
− |
12.32 years |
+2.979 |
||||||||||
|
3H |
1/2+ |
3.016049 |
||||||||||||||||
|
1 |
|
2− |
4.026432 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10−23 s |
|
|
|
|||||
|
4H |
|
9.9 |
· |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
2 |
3 |
|
|
+ |
3.016029 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-2.128 |
||||
|
2He |
1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
4 |
|
|
+ |
4.002603 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
2He |
0 |
|
5.012057 |
|
7.04 |
|
|
10−22 s |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
5He |
3/2− |
· |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
3 |
6 |
|
|
+ |
6.015123 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.822 |
||||
|
3Li |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7Li |
3/2− |
7.016004 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+3.256 |
||||||
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
8Be |
0+ |
8.005305 |
2 |
8.2 |
· |
10−17 s |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
4 |
|
0+ |
10.013535 |
− |
1.5 |
|
|
|
years |
|
|
|
||||||
|
10Be |
· |
|
106 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
8 |
|
|
+ |
8.024607 |
|
+ |
|
|
0.77 s |
1.036 |
||||||||
|
5B |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
9B |
3/2− |
9.013330 |
|
8.4 |
· |
10−19 s |
+1.801 |
|||||||||||
|
5 |
|
|
+ |
10.012937 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
B |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11B |
3/2− |
11.009305 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+2.689 |
||||||
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
11C |
3/2− |
11.011433 |
+ |
20.3 min |
-0.964 |
|||||||||||||
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
+ |
12.000000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
6 |
C |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13C |
1/2− |
13.003355 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.702 |
||||||
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
− |
5700 years |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
14C |
0+ |
14.003242 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
13N |
1/2− |
13.005739 |
+ |
9.97 min |
0.322 |
|||||||||||||
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
+ |
14.003074 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.404 |
||||
|
7 |
N |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15N |
1/2− |
15.000109 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.283 |
||||||
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
15O |
1/2− |
15.003066 |
+ |
2.04 min |
0.719 |
|||||||||||||
|
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
+ |
15.994915 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
8 |
O |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
+ |
16.999132 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-1.894 |
||||
|
8 |
O |
5/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
19 |
|
|
+ |
19.001880 |
+ |
|
|
17.2 s |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
10Ne |
1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
55
|
Nuc- |
|
|
|
( , ) |
De- |
|
|
1/2 |
|
|
|
|||
lide |
|
|
|
cay |
|
|
|
N |
|||||||
|
|
a.m.u. |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
11 |
22 |
|
+ |
21.994437 |
|
+ |
|
2.6 years |
+1.746 |
||||||
|
11Na |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
23 |
|
+ |
22.989769 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+2.218 |
||||
|
11Na |
3/2 |
|
|
|
− |
|
|
15 h |
+1.690 |
|||||
|
24Na |
4+ |
23.990963 |
|
|
||||||||||
|
11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
22 |
|
+ |
21.999571 |
|
+ |
|
|
3.9 s |
|
|
|
|||
|
12Mg |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
23 |
|
+ |
22.994124 |
|
|
|
11.3 s |
|
|
|
||||
|
12Mg |
3/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
24 |
|
+ |
23.985042 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
12Mg |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
|
+ |
24.985837 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.855 |
||||
|
12Mg |
5/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
+ |
25.982593 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
12Mg |
0 |
|
|
|
|
− |
|
9.5 min |
-0.041 |
|||||
|
27Mg |
1/2+ |
26.984341 |
|
|||||||||||
|
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
26 |
|
+ |
25.986892 |
|
7.2 · 10 |
5 years |
+2.804 |
|||||||
|
13Al |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
+ |
26.981538 |
|
+3.642 |
|||||||||||
|
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13Al |
5/2 |
|
|
|
− |
|
2.2 min |
|
|
|
||||
|
28Al |
3+ |
27.981910 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
27 |
|
+ |
26.986705 |
|
|
|
4.2 s |
0.865 |
||||||
|
14Si |
5/2 |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
28 |
|
+ |
27.976927 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
14Si |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
|
+ |
28.976495 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.555 |
||||
|
14Si |
1/2 |
|
|
|
− |
|
|
2.6 h |
|
|
|
|||
|
31Si |
3/2+ |
30.975363 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
32P |
1+ |
31.973908 |
− |
|
14.3 days |
-0.252 |
||||||||
|
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
33 |
|
+ |
32.971459 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.644 |
||||
|
16S |
3/2 |
|
|
|
− |
|
87.4 days |
+1.00 |
||||||
|
35S |
3/2+ |
34.969032 |
|
|||||||||||
|
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
35 |
|
+ |
34.968853 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.822 |
||||
|
17Cl |
3/2 |
|
|
|
−, + |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
36Cl |
2+ |
35.968307 |
3 |
· |
105 years |
+1.285 |
||||||||
|
17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
36 |
|
+ |
35.967545 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
18Ar |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
|
+ |
36.966776 |
|
|
35 days |
+1.145 |
|||||||
|
18Ar |
3/2 |
|
||||||||||||
|
40 |
|
+ |
39.962383 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
18Ar |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
39 |
|
+ |
38.963706 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+0.391 |
||||
|
19K |
3/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
40 |
|
+ |
39.962591 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
20Ca |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
45Sc |
7/2− |
44.955908 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+4.756 |
|||||
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
52 |
|
+ |
51.940505 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
24Cr |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
Nuc- |
|
|
|
( , ) |
De- |
1/2 |
|
|
|
|
lide |
|
|
|
cay |
|
N |
|||||
|
|
a.m.u. |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
25 |
55Mn |
5/2− |
54.938043 |
|
|
3.453 |
|||||
|
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
− |
2.6 h |
+3.227 |
||
|
56Mn |
3+ |
55.938903 |
||||||||
|
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
55Fe |
3/2− |
54.938291 |
|
2.7 years |
|
|
|
|||
|
26 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
|
+ |
55.934936 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
26Fe |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59Fe |
3/2− |
58.934874 |
− |
44.5 days |
-0.336 |
|||||
|
26 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
60Co |
5+ |
59.933816 |
− |
5.3 years |
+3.799 |
|||||
|
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
64 |
|
+ |
63.927966 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
28Ni |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65Ni |
5/2− |
64.930085 |
− |
2.5 h |
|
|
|
|||
|
28 |
|
|
|
|
|
− |
54.6 h |
|
|
|
|
66Ni |
0+ |
65.929139 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
63Cu |
3/2− |
62.929597 |
|
|
+2.223 |
|||||
|
29 |
|
|
|
|
|
, ± |
12.7 h |
-0.217 |
||
|
64Cu |
1+ |
63.929765 |
||||||||
|
29 |
3/2− |
64.927790 |
|
|
+2.382 |
|||||
|
65Cu |
|
|
||||||||
|
29 |
|
|
|
|
|
− |
5.1 min |
-0.282 |
||
|
66Cu |
1+ |
65.928869 |
||||||||
|
29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
64 |
|
+ |
63.929142 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
30Zn |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65Zn |
5/2− |
64.929241 |
|
243.9 days |
|
|
|
|||
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
0+ |
65.926034 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
30Zn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
90Kr |
0+ |
89.919528 |
− |
32.3 s |
|
|
|
|||
|
36 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
103Rh |
1/2− |
102.905494 |
|
|
-0.088 |
|||||
|
45 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
106 |
|
+ |
105.903480 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
46 Pd |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
106Ag |
1+ |
105.906664 |
, − |
24 min |
+2.85 |
|||||
|
47 |
1/2− |
106.905092 |
|
|
-0.114 |
|||||
|
107Ag |
|
|
||||||||
|
47 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
143Ba |
5/2− |
142.920625 |
− |
14.5 s |
+0.443 |
|||||
|
56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
141 |
|
+ |
140.907658 |
|
|
+4.275 |
||||
|
59 Pr |
5/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
194Ir |
1− |
193.965076 |
− |
19.3 h |
+0.39 |
|||||
|
77 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
197Pt |
1/2− |
196.967343 |
− |
19.9 h |
0.51 |
|||||
|
78 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
197 |
|
+ |
196.966570 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
79 Au |
3/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
198Au |
2− |
197.968244 |
− |
2.7 days |
+0.593 |
|||||
|
79 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
200 |
|
+ |
199.968327 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
80 Hg |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 |
200Tl |
2− |
199.970964 |
|
26.1 h |
0.04 |
|||||
|
81 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57
|
Nuc- |
|
|
|
( , ) |
De- |
|
|
|
|
1/2 |
|
|
|
||||||
lide |
|
|
|
cay |
|
|
|
|
|
N |
||||||||||
|
|
a.m.u. |
|
|
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|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
82 |
188 |
|
|
+ |
187.980875 |
, |
|
|
|
25.1 s |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
82 |
Pb |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
200 |
|
|
+ |
199.971818 |
|
|
|
|
21.5 h |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
82 |
Pb |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
206 |
|
|
+ |
205.974465 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
82 |
Pb |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
207Pb |
1/2− |
206.975897 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
82 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
208 |
|
|
+ |
207.976652 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
82 |
Pb |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
210 |
|
+ |
209.982874 |
|
138.4 days |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
84 |
Po |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
86 |
222 |
|
|
+ |
222.017576 |
|
|
|
3.8 days |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
86 |
Rn |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
88 |
226 |
|
|
+ |
226.025408 |
|
|
6 |
|
103 years |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
88 |
Ra |
0 |
|
228.031069 |
|
1. |
5.75· |
years |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
228Ra |
0+ |
− |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
88 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
232 |
|
|
+ |
232.038054 |
|
|
|
|
|
1010 years |
|
|
|
||||||
|
90 |
Th |
0 |
|
233.041580 |
|
1.421.8· |
|
|
min |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
233Th |
1/2+ |
− |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
90 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
235Pa |
3/2− |
235.045399 |
− |
|
|
24.4 min |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
91 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
92 |
235U |
7/2− |
235.043928 |
|
7 |
· |
108 years |
-0.38 |
||||||||||||
|
92 |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
years |
|
|
|
||
|
236 |
|
236.045566 |
|
2.3 · |
10 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
92 |
U |
0 |
+ |
|
|
years |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
238 |
|
238.050787 |
|
|
5 |
|
109 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
92 |
U |
0 |
|
239.054292 |
|
4. |
23.45· |
|
min |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
239U |
5/2+ |
− |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
92 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 |
238 |
|
|
+ |
238.049558 |
|
|
87.7 years |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
94 |
Pu |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
239 |
|
|
+ |
239.052162 |
|
2.4 · |
10 |
4 years |
+0.203 |
||||||||||
|
94 |
Pu |
1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
Table A.1.8. The average ionization potential
|
Element |
, eV |
|
|
|
7 |
N |
82 |
13 |
Al |
166 |
26 |
Fe |
286 |
|
|
|
Element , eV
29 |
Cu |
322 |
79 |
Au |
790 |
82 |
Pb |
823 |
58
Table A.1.9. Massive coefficients of attenuation / and absorption / of -quanta for air, water and glass
|
Air |
Water |
Glass |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, MeV |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
|
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.10 |
0.15410 |
0.02325 |
0.1707 |
0.02546 |
0.1657 |
0.03209 |
0.15 |
0.13560 |
0.02496 |
0.1505 |
0.02764 |
0.1389 |
0.02727 |
0.20 |
0.12330 |
0.02672 |
0.1370 |
0.02967 |
0.1246 |
0.02757 |
0.30 |
0.10670 |
0.02872 |
0.1186 |
0.03192 |
0.1069 |
0.02885 |
0.40 |
0.09549 |
0.02949 |
0.1061 |
0.03279 |
0.0954 |
0.02946 |
0.50 |
0.08712 |
0.02966 |
0.09687 |
0.03299 |
0.08696 |
0.02957 |
0.60 |
0.08055 |
0.02953 |
0.08956 |
0.03284 |
0.08035 |
0.02941 |
0.80 |
0.07074 |
0.02882 |
0.07865 |
0.03206 |
0.07052 |
0.02868 |
1.00 |
0.06358 |
0.02789 |
0.07072 |
0.03103 |
0.06337 |
0.02774 |
1.25 |
0.05687 |
0.02666 |
0.06323 |
0.02965 |
0.05667 |
0.0265 |
1.50 |
0.05175 |
0.02547 |
0.05754 |
0.02833 |
0.05160 |
0.02533 |
2.00 |
0.04447 |
0.02345 |
0.04942 |
0.02608 |
0.04447 |
0.02337 |
3.00 |
0.03581 |
0.02057 |
0.03969 |
0.02281 |
0.03611 |
0.02069 |
4.00 |
0.03079 |
0.01870 |
0.03403 |
0.02066 |
0.03140 |
0.01904 |
5.00 |
0.02751 |
0.01740 |
0.03031 |
0.01915 |
0.02838 |
0.01795 |
6.00 |
0.02522 |
0.01647 |
0.02770 |
0.01806 |
0.02632 |
0.01721 |
8.00 |
0.02225 |
0.01525 |
0.02429 |
0.01658 |
0.02373 |
0.01629 |
10.0 |
0.02045 |
0.01450 |
0.02219 |
0.01566 |
0.02223 |
0.01579 |
15.0 |
0.01810 |
0.01353 |
0.01941 |
0.01441 |
0.02045 |
0.01522 |
20.0 |
0.01705 |
0.01311 |
0.01813 |
0.01382 |
0.01982 |
0.01503 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59
Table A.1.10. Massive coefficients of attenuation / and absorption / of -quanta for aluminium,
iron and lead
|
Aluminium |
Iron |
Lead |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, MeV |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
/ , |
|
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
cm2/g |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.10 |
0.1704 |
0.03794 |
0.3717 |
0.21770 |
5.549 |
1.976 |
0.15 |
0.1378 |
0.02827 |
0.1964 |
0.07961 |
2.014 |
1.056 |
0.20 |
0.1223 |
0.02745 |
0.1460 |
0.04825 |
0.9985 |
0.587 |
0.30 |
0.1042 |
0.02816 |
0.1099 |
0.03361 |
0.4031 |
0.2455 |
0.40 |
0.09276 |
0.02862 |
0.0940 |
0.03039 |
0.2323 |
0.1370 |
0.50 |
0.08445 |
0.02868 |
0.08414 |
0.02914 |
0.1614 |
0.09128 |
0.60 |
0.07802 |
0.02851 |
0.07704 |
0.02836 |
0.1248 |
0.06819 |
0.80 |
0.06841 |
0.02778 |
0.06699 |
0.02714 |
0.0887 |
0.04644 |
1.00 |
0.06146 |
0.02686 |
0.05995 |
0.02603 |
0.07102 |
0.03654 |
1.25 |
0.05496 |
0.02565 |
0.05350 |
0.02472 |
0.05876 |
0.02988 |
1.50 |
0.05006 |
0.02451 |
0.04883 |
0.02360 |
0.05222 |
0.02640 |
2.00 |
0.04324 |
0.02266 |
0.04265 |
0.02199 |
0.04606 |
0.02360 |
3.00 |
0.03541 |
0.02024 |
0.03621 |
0.02042 |
0.04234 |
0.02322 |
4.00 |
0.03106 |
0.01882 |
0.03312 |
0.01990 |
0.04197 |
0.02449 |
5.00 |
0.02836 |
0.01795 |
0.03146 |
0.01983 |
0.04272 |
0.02600 |
6.00 |
0.02655 |
0.01739 |
0.03057 |
0.01997 |
0.04391 |
0.02744 |
8.00 |
0.02437 |
0.01678 |
0.02991 |
0.02050 |
0.04675 |
0.02989 |
10.0 |
0.02318 |
0.01650 |
0.02994 |
0.02108 |
0.04972 |
0.03181 |
15.0 |
0.02195 |
0.01631 |
0.03092 |
0.02221 |
0.05658 |
0.03478 |
20.0 |
0.02168 |
0.01633 |
0.03224 |
0.02292 |
0.06206 |
0.03595 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60