Nanoengineering. Учебное пособие

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

А.С. ЗОЛОТИЛИНА, Н.П. МЕДВЕДЕВА, С.В. НИКРОШКИНА

NANOENGINEERING

НАНОИНЖЕНЕРИЯ

Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

НОВОСИБИРСК

2020

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanoscience is not just the science of the small, but the science in which materials with small dimension show new physical phenomena, collectively called quantum effects, which are size-dependent and dramatically different from the properties of macroscale materials.

Bulk materials (the ‘big’ pieces of materials) possess continuous (macroscopic) physical properties. The same applies to micron-sized materials (e.g. a grain of sand). But when particles assume nanoscale dimensions, the principles of classic physics are no longer capable of describing their behaviour (movement, energy, etc.): at these dimensions, the principles of quantum mechanics principles. Nanotechnology is defined thus:

‘Nanotechnology is the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometre scale.’

The nanometre scale is conventionally defined as 1 to 100 nm. One nanometre is one billionth of a metre (10-9 m). Nanoscience and nanotechnology deal with clusters of atoms of 1 nm in at least one dimension.

For scale comparisons, the average human hair is about 80,000 nanometers wide, and a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers in width. The prefix nano-comes from the Greek word nenos, meaning "dwarf." Scientists originally used the prefix just to indicate "very small," as in "nanoplankton," but it now means one-billionth, just as millimeans one-thousandth, and micromeans one-millionth.

The story of nanotechnology begins in the 1950s and 1960s, when most engineers were thinking big, not small. This was the era of big cars, big atomic bombs, big jets, and big plans for sending people into outer space. Other researchers, however, focused on making things small. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the first integrated circuit (IС) in 1959 launched an era of electronics miniaturization.

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As electronics engineers focused on making things smaller, engineers and scientists from other fields also turned their focus to small things - atoms and molecules. Usually the credit for inspiring nanotechnology goes to a lecture by Richard Phillips Feynman, a brilliant physicist. Feynman himself didn't use the word "nanotechnology"; in fact, only in the 1980s did this new field of study get a name – Nanotechnology. This new name was popularized by physicist K. Eric Drexler.

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.

Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

Comprehension check

5. Answer the questions about the text.

1.What is nanotechnology?

2.What does nanotechnology deal with?

3.Is a nanometer one-billionth of a matter?

5.How many approaches are used in nanotechnology? What are they?

6.What do prefixes “milli” and “micro”mean?

7.What areas of physics have evolved during the last few decades?

6. Complete the sentences.

1. Nanoscience is the study of …................

2. Bulk materials possess....................

3. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from …..

4. In the "top-down" approach, nanoobjects are constructed from ….......

5. Nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics provide …..........

7. Say whether the following statements are true, false or not men-

tioned.

1.Nanotechnology is creating an entirely new class of materials and devices with unique and potentially very useful properties.

2.The physical dimensions of nanotechnology are small, spanning from just a few to tens of nanometers.

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3. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly.

4.Nowadays current interest in nanotechnology is not high.

5.The field of nanotechnology is developing slowly as are its practical application.

6.Unique nanoscale properties are already being used to increase energy efficiency and improve healthcare.

Vocabulary development

8. Give the English equivalents.

иметь отношения, материал, подход, эволюционировать, интегральная схема, большой объем, традиционно, разнообразный, величина, открывать/запускать, сущность, собираться, пучок, обратить внимание

9. Compare two columns of words and find Russian equivalents (from the right column) to the following English words (from the left one).

сичности наноматериалов

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Grammar focus

10. Determine syntactic functions of Infinitives in the following sentences and translate them.

1.Richard Feynman was the first who predicted the election-beam lithography. The latter is used today to make silicon chips.

2.The task to reduce the weight of cars and spacecrafts seemed to be feasible in the near future.

3.Richard Feynman predicted the appearance of silicon chips to be produced by electron-beam lithography.

4.A new type of a battery to be built in with the other circuitry on a clip was called a nanobattery.

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Speaking

11. Brainstorm for the words or phrases you associate with nanotechnology.

12. Do a survey. Work in pairs. Ask the students of your group their opinions on the question: Do nanoscience and nanotechnology do more good than harm, more harm than good, or about equal? What are their reasons. Discuss the results with your partner. Give reasons for your opinion.

13. Make up a presentation on: “Nanotechnology and their potential in the future”.

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UNIT 2. NANOENGINEERING

Before you read

1.Work in pairs. Write a definition of the term “Nanoengineering”.

2.Brainstorm the words that come to your mind when you think of Nanoengineering.

3. What could we do with these nano-sized things? Complete this table with your partner(s).

Camera

Apples

Television

Voice recorders

Money

4. Read the text and answer the questions below. Nanoengineering

Nanoengineering is one field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that encompasses all fields of science that operate on the nanoscale.* A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or three to five atoms in width. It would take approximately 40,000 nanometers lined up in a row to

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