Law. Police. Society (Право. Полиция. Общество). Часть III. Учебное пособие по английскому языку

the objective “to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained”.

International Law defines the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other, and their treatment of individuals within State boundaries. Its domain encompasses a wide range of issues of international concern such as human rights, disarmament, international crime, refugees, migration, problems of nationality, the treatment of prisoners, the use of force, and the conduct of war, among others. It also regulates the global commons, such as the environment, sustainable development, international waters, outer space, global communications and world trade.

More than 500 multilateral treaties have been deposited with the Secre- tary-General of the United Nations. Many other treaties are deposited with governments or other entities.

The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the United Nations. Many multilateral treaties are adopted by it and subsequently opened for signature and ratification by member States of the United Nations.

The General Assembly has adopted a number of multilateral treaties throughout its history, including: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948); International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966); International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979); United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982); Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989); Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (1996); International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006).

The Legal (Sixth) Committee is the primary forum for the consideration of legal questions in the General Assembly. Many international instruments, including a number of international treaties have been adopted by the General Assembly on the basis of the recommendation of the Committee.

Treaties and other international legal instruments are also developed by the specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), by the subsidiary organs of the United Nations, such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and by multilateral negotiating bodies, such as the Conference on Disarmament.

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To become party to a treaty, a State must express, through a concrete act, its willingness to undertake the legal rights and obligations contained in the treaty — it must “consent to be bound” by the treaty. This is usually accomplished through signature and ratification of the treaty, or if it’s already in force, by accession to it.

Glossary to the text “International Law and the United Nations” accession — присоединение (к международному договору)

among others — в том числе

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — Договор о всеобъемлющем запрещении ядерных испытаний

consent to be bound — согласие на обязательность договора covenant — соглашение, договоренность, договорное обязательство deliberative body — совещательный орган

deposit — представить

disability — инвалидность, ограниченные физические или умственные возможности, невозможность выполнения, безрезультатность disarmament — разоружение

domain — территория, область, сфера, поле деятельности global commons — всеобщее достояние

goal — цель, задача

International Maritime Organization — Международная морская орга-

низация

multilateral — многосторонний refugee — беглец, беженец, эмигрант

subsidiary organs — вспомогательные органы sustainable development — устойчивое развитие treatment — обращение, обхождение

Task 9. Revise the suffixes used to denote a person: -er, -or (действующее лицо)

-ist (принадлежность к какому-либо направлению или группе лиц) materialist — материалист

optimist — оптимист

extremist — экстремист, человек, придерживающийся крайних взглядов - ian (национальная принадлежность)

Russian — русский

Australian — австралиец, австралийка, уроженец или житель Австралии

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Asian — уроженец или житель Азии

-ee (лицо, на которое направлено действие)

Task 10. Find the synonyms to the words in the left column:

Task 11. Answer the questions to the text “International Law and the United Nations”:

1.What is one of the primary goals of the United Nations?

2.What issues does the domain of International Law encompass?

3.How many multilateral treaties have been deposited?

4.What can you say about the General Assembly?

5.What specialized agencies of the United Nations do you know?

6.What must a State do to become party to a treaty?

Text C

Task 12. Read the text “International Courts”. Try to understand its main idea.

International Courts

Legal disputes between states can be referred to the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which also gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorized international organs and agencies.

The international community has long aspired to create a permanent international court to try the most serious international crimes, and, in the 20th century, it reached consensus on definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials addressed war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War.

In the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, tribunals such as the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for

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Rwanda (ICTR) were established to fight impunity by trying crimes committed within a specific time-frame and during a specific conflict. In 2010, the UN Security Council created the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT) to carry out a number of essential functions of the two ad hoc tribunals after the completion of their respective mandates. The Arusha, Tanzania branch of MICT started functioning in July 2012, while the branch located in the Hague, Netherlands took over from the ICTY in July 2013.

In 1998, the international community reached an historic milestone when 120 States adopted the Rome Statute, the legal basis for establishing the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC).

The ICC is an independent international organization, and is not part of the United Nations system. Its seat is at the Hague in the Netherlands.

Glossary to the text “International Courts”

ad hoc (лат.) — создаваемый для данного специального случая Arusha — г. Аруша (Танзания)

aspire — стремиться (также с inf.), добиваться

duly authorized — должным образом уполномоченный historic milestone — историческая веха, ключевая точка

International Criminal Tribunal — Международный уголовный трибунал Rwanda — Руанда (государство в Восточной Африке)

take over from… — брать в свое ведение, принимать от кого-либо try — привлекать к судебной ответственности, разбирать, расследовать

Task 13. Answer the questions to the text “International Courts”:

1.What is the International Court of Justice?

2.When did the international community reach consensus on definitions of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes?

3.What tribunals were established in the 1990s?

4.What did the UN Security Council create in 2010?

5.What historic milestone did the international community reach in

1998?

III.Listening

Task 1. Listen to the text “International Lawyer Job Description” and say whether these statements are true or false:

1.An international lawyer is a lawyer who deals with legal matters of international stature.

2.An international lawyer may be appointed at companies that have international dealings, law firms dealing with international clients, or even with the government of a nation.

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3.The most fundamental requirement for becoming an international or any kind of lawyer is a postgraduate degree.

4.Good knowledge of an extra language will not help.

5.There is no need to take the bar exam.

IV. Speaking

Task 1. Ask your class-mate about International Law and the United Nations and in turn answer his questions about International Courts. Work in pairs.

Task 2. Imagine that your friend has trouble with International Law. Try to help him and explain the difference between the Public and Private International Law. Add some details about Customary and Conventional Law.

Task 3. Speak about the facts of violation of International Law. Use examples from mass media information.

V. Writing

Task 1. Write an essay about International Law. Mention its concepts, major substantive fields, primary and secondary sources.

Task 2. Imagine that our Academy is going to send you to the scientific conference devoted to the problems of International Law. Write notes for your report at this conference.

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UNIT 6

CIVIL LAW

The public good is in nothing more essentially interested, than in the protection of every individual's private rights.

Sir William Blackstone

STARTING UP

Task 1. Answer these questions and compare your answers with a partner. Say what you think using the phrases:

Speaking for myself…; As far as I'm concerned…; I’d say that…; I really think (that)… ; I am not sure, but… ;What I think is… ; I feel that…

1.What definition of Civil Law do you familiarize with?

2.What does the term “Civil Law” imply?

3.Is Civil Law significant for a law enforcer?

4.What areas of policing is Civil Law particularly important for?

5.What countries constituted their legal systems on the doctrines of Civil Law?

6.What predecessors were there for the development of Civil Law?

7.Is Civil Law a framework of the legal system in your country?

Task 2. Read the definitions of Civil Law copied from dictionaries. Comment on similarity and underscore distinctions.

A.1. One of the two prominent legal systems in the Western World originally administered in the Roman Empire and still influential in continental Europe, Latin America, Scotland, and Louisiana, among other parts of the world. 2. ROMAN LAW. 3. The body of law imposed by the state, as opposed to moral law. 4. The law of civil or private rights, as opposed to criminal law or administrative law. (Black's Law Dictionary).

B.1. A legal system derived from Roman Law and based on fixed rules and statutes rather than on a court's interpretation of broad principles. Prominent in continental Europe, Latin America, Scotland, Quebec, and Louisiana.

…2. The law pertaining to civil or private rights and duties rather than to

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matters arising under administrative, criminal, or military law. (Webster's New World Law Dictionary. Wiley Publishing, Inc.2010).

C. 1. A body of rules that delineate private rights and remedies, and govern disputes between individuals in such areas as contracts, property, and family law; distinct from criminal or public law. Civil Law systems, which trace their roots to ancient Rome, are governed by doctrines developed and compiled by legal scholars. Legislators and administrators in civil law countries use these doctrines to fashion a code by which all legal controversies are decided. 2. Law based on a series of written codes or laws. (Short Dictionary of (mostly American) Legal Terms and Abbreviations).

LANGUAGE ACTIVITIES

I. Grammar Review. Word Formation: prefix re-. Verb + ed Forms Prefix re- (Приставка re-)

Task 1. Complete the chart using the re- prefix to form verbs and nouns. Explain the meaning and translate them into Russian. The example is given in bold.

Task 2. Fill in the blanks with verbs in appropriate forms from the box.

regain, replace (2), reintroduce, reconsider, rewrite, renew

1. When the French transferred Louisiana to Spain in 1762 the new Spanish governor ___French civil law with Spanish civil law. 2. France

____control of the territory in 1803 and the United States bought it 20 days later. 3. During that brief period of French rule, the French prefect abolished all Spanish courts but did not ____French law. 4. Louisiana's first civil code was _____ in 1808, it was based on the Code Napoléon and written in French.

5.The code was ____in 1825 by a more comprehensive and detailed one.

6.Finally, the Louisiana Civil Code was ____in 1870 and it is still largely in force, clarifies and simplifies the earlier laws. 7. The 1870 code was _____in English. To this day Louisiana is the only state in the United States that has a civil law system rather than a common-law system.

Verb+ed Forms. Comparison (Сравнение форм глагола с окончанием -ed)

В английском языке модель Ved употребляется для образования двух разных форм правильного глагола: личной формы глагола в прошедшем времени — Past Indefinite (V2) и неличной формы — причастия прошедшего времени — Past Participle или Participle II (V3), что приводит к омонимичности форм и вызывает затруднения при анализе и переводе. Наличие перед PII вспомогательных глаголов указывает на то, что PII входит в состав сложной глагольной формы. Окончание -ed употребляется для образования форм правильного глагола в следующих случаях:

1)tо be + Ved (PII – V3) — Passive Voice;

2)tо have +Ved (PII – V3) — Perfect Tenses;

3)Ved (V2) — Past Indefinite Tense;

4)Ved (PII – V3) — (в функции левого / правого определения). Особые трудности при переводе вызывают третий и четвертый слу-

чаи употребления Ved. Во избежание ошибок следует помнить, что глагол Ved (V2) как личная форма является сказуемым в Past Indefinite Tense и всегда выражает активное действие. (ex. arrested — арестовал). Ved (V3) как неличная форма глагола представляет Participle II в функции определения и имеет пассивное значение. (ex. arrested — арестованный). Для их распознавания в тексте необходимо обратить внимание на следующие признаки:

1. Обнаружив Ved, необходимо выяснить, нет ли в предложении другого глагола (сказуемого) в личной форме. Если его нет, то Ved является сказуемым, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite Tense.

Ex. The interrogator questioned witnesses very carefully. — Следова-

тель тщательно опросил свидетелей.

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2.Если в предложении два глагола с окончанием -ed стоят подряд, то первый из них — это Participle II в функции правого определения, стоящего после существительного, а второй — глагольное сказуемое в Past Indefinite.

Ex. The person suffered obtained monetary compensation from the law.

— Пострадавшее лицо получило по закону денежную компенсацию.

3.Если за Ved следует дополнение с предлогом by, то, как правило, анализируемая глагольная форма является причастием PII в роли правого определения.

Ex. The witness questioned by the interrogator testified against the prisoner. — Свидетель, которого опрашивал следователь, дал показания про-

тив арестованного.

4. Если в предложении имеется явное сказуемое, т.е. личная форма глагола, то форма Ved, вызывающая сомнение, является определением к тому существительному, после которого она стоит.

Ex. The testimony presented in the court was of great value. — Свиде-

тельские показания, представленные в суде, были очень ценными.

Task 3. Rewrite word combinations using Participle II as an attribute in two positions. Translate them into Russian.

Model: to prepare documents — prepared documents — documents prepared by…

1)to accuse a person —

2)to file a complaint —

3)to return a verdict —

4)to reach agreement —

5)to define a case —

6)to initiate a suit —

7)to collect evidence —

8)to resolve a civil lawsuit —

Task 4. Analyze Ved forms. Translate sentences into Russian.

1. A well-organized civil law system based on a logical and dynamic taxonomy developed from Roman law and reflected in the structure of the codes. 2. Civil law systems, which trace their roots to ancient Rome, are governed by doctrines developed and compiled by legal scholars. 3. The French Napoleonic Code of 1804, the German civil code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) of 1900 and the Swiss codes affected national civil codes greatly. 4. The accused person detailed the situation and the reason of the crime committed. 5. The lawyer analyzed the received brief written by his assistant. 6. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty. 7. The plaintiff injured filed the complaint and initiated the

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litigation. 8. An experienced judge returned a verdict based on the evidence presented during the trial. 9. A legal system derived from Roman Law and based on fixed rules and statutes rather than on a court's interpretation of broad principles is called civil law.

II. Reading

Text A

Task 1. Read the text “Historical Development of Civil Law” and complete the blanks using dates and proper names from the box:

a) 4th century BC; b) 533…534AD; c) the Justinian Code; d) 18th century; e)1500; f) Germanic legal customs; g) the early 1900s; h) Switzerland …Germany; i) French Code Napoléon; j) Roman civil law; k) Twelve Tables; l) 451… 450 BC; m) Emperor Justinian I; n) Roman Empire

Historical Development of Civil Law

The Civil Law tradition traces its origin to the Roman Republic. The early customs and laws of Rome were put in writing for the first time in 1)__and ___, when they were inscribed on 12 bronze tablets. The principles contained within these 2) ____________constituted the basis for all Roman Civil Law.

In the 3)________the leaders of the Roman Republic created a magistrate's office to hear cases of civil (as opposed to criminal) matters.

In the 6th century 4) __________ reunified the Roman Empire and tried to restore the legal system throughout the empire and reconsider its laws and regulations. In 5) __and___three books that were collectively known as the Corpus Juris Civilis or 6) __________ were published. The Corpus Juris Civilis united many generations of legal statements as well as interpretations by great jurists.

Much of the western part of the 7)________ was reconquered by various invaders in the last half of the 6th century and over the next several hundred years a partial fusion of Local Law and the law of the invaders occurred. For example, simple versions of Roman Civil Law heavily influenced by 8)_______were brought by invaders to what is now Italy.

Toward the end of the 11th century, wars decreased and trade flourished in Europe, and as a result scholarly interest in the law resurfaced. The legal scholars who attempted to revive Roman Law tried to establish the study of law. By 9)____the Corpus Juris Civilis became the basis of legal science throughout Western Europe, it began to be more commonly enforced as legal authority in France and Italy. The revival of the 10)________ tradition eventually formed the basis for a common legal language throughout Europe.

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