Improve your English. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
.pdf
ВЫСШЕЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Е. П. Ильчинская, И. А. Толмачева
IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH
Учебное пособие по английскому языку
Вузовское образование Саратов • 2018
УДК 811.111 ББК 81.2
И48
Рецензенты:
Поспелкова Л. Н. — преподаватель английского языка ГГУ; Степанова А. А. — к.ф.н., научный сотрудник
Института языкознания РАН
Ильчинская, Е. П.
И48 Improve your English [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие по английскому языку / Е. П. Ильчинская, И. А. Толмачева. — Электрон. дан. и прогр. (6 Мб). — Саратов: Вузовское образование, 2018. — 85 с. — (Высшее образование).
ISBN 978-5-4487-0207-5
Основная цель пособия — развитие активных навыков чтения, устной и письменной речи, необходимых для общения на английском языке.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов неязыковых вузов разных специальностей и форм обучения.
Учебное электронное издание
©Ильчинская Е. П., Толмачева И. А., 2018
©ООО «Вузовское образование», 2018
Издано в авторской редакции
Технический редактор А.Д. Матлахова Компьютерная верстка, обложка С.С. Сизиумовой
Для создания электронного издания использовано:
Приложение pdf2swf из ПО Swftools, ПО IPRbooks Reader,
разработанное на основе Adobe Air
Подписано к использованию 30.01.2018. Объем данных 6 Мб.
Издание представлено в электронно-библиотечных системах
IPRbooks (www.iprbookshop.ru), Библиокомплектатор (www.bibliocomplectator.ru)
Бесплатный звонок по России: 8-800-555-22-35
Тел.: 8 (8452) 24-77-97, 8 (8452) 24-77-96
Отдел продаж и внедрения ЭБС:
доб. 206, 213, 144, 145 E-mail: sale@iprmedia.ru
Отдел комплектования ЭБС:
доб. 224, 227, 208
E-mail: mail@iprbookshop.ru
По вопросам приобретения издания обращаться:
доб. 208, 201, 222, 224
E-mail: izdat@iprmedia.ru, author@iprmedia.ru
|
CONTENTS |
|
UNIT 1. |
State and political system (Russia and Great Britain) |
.......................... 5 |
UNIT 2. |
Applying for a job................................................................................... |
21 |
UNIT 3. Economics................................................................................................ |
45 |
|
UNIT 4. |
Modern technologies .............................................................................. |
73 |
LITERATURE....................................................................................................... |
85 |
|
4
UNIT 1
STATE AND POLITICAL SYSTEM (RUSSIA AND GREAT BRITAIN)
Vocabulary
Learn the following words and phrases and make up the sentences of your own with them.
1. Components of Political System
1. political ideology of the ruling class |
- политическая идеология |
|
господствующего класса |
2. legislative branch (power) |
- законодательная власть |
3. executive branch (power) |
- исполнительная власть |
4. judicial branch (power) |
- судебная власть |
5. major political parties |
- основные политические партии |
6. lobby staff |
- лоббисты |
7. trade unions |
- профсоюзы |
8. public organizations |
- общественные организации |
|
|
2. Forms of State Structure |
|
|
|
1. absolute monarchy |
- абсолютная монархия |
2. constitutional monarchy |
- конституционная монархия |
3. parliamentary monarchy |
- парламентарная монархия |
4. bourgeois republic |
- буржуазная республика |
5. bourgeois federative republic |
- буржуазная федеративная |
|
республика |
6. federation |
- федерация |
|
|
3. Aims and Foundations of Bourgeois Political Systems |
|
|
|
1. to keep going the two-party system |
- сохранять двухпартийную систему |
2. to change each other in power |
- сменять друг друга у власти |
3. to keep third parties away from power |
- не допускать к власти другие партии |
4. to create an illusion of |
- создавать иллюзию (чего-то) |
5. to suppress democratic rights |
- подавлять демократические права |
6. to lobby bills through |
- «протаскивать» законопроекты |
7. to exert pressure on … |
- оказывать давление на … |
|
|
5
4. Functions of the Legislative Branch
1. to be vested with legislative power |
- быть облеченным законодательной |
|
властью |
2. to make laws |
- составлять законы |
3. to draw bills |
- составлять законопроекты |
4. to make amendments to laws |
- вносить поправки в законы |
5. to introduce bills |
- вносить на рассмотрение |
|
законопроекты |
6. to examine new legislation |
- рассматривать новое |
|
законодательство |
7. to approve, to pass a bill by a |
- принять, одобрить законопроект |
qualified majority |
необходимым большинством голосов |
8. to reject a bill |
- отклонить законопроект |
9. to put smth. to the vote |
- ставить что-либо на голосование |
10. to be in session |
- заседать |
11. to delay session |
- затягивать заседание |
12. to assess taxes |
- определять, назначать налоги |
13. to collect taxes |
- собирать налоги |
14. to declare war |
- объявлять войну |
|
|
5. Participants of Highest Legislature |
|
|
|
1. Lord Chancellor — Chairman |
- лорд-канцлер — председатель |
(Speaker) of the House of Lords |
Палаты лордов |
2. life peer |
- пожизненный пэр |
3. peer by hereditary right |
- потомственный пэр |
4. Speaker — Chairman of the House of |
- председатель Палаты общин |
Commons |
|
5. Government Leader (Prime Minister) |
- лидер правящей партии в |
|
парламенте |
6. Opposition leader |
- глава оппозиции в парламенте |
7. members of the Cabinet |
- члены правительства, являющиеся |
|
членами парламента |
8. members of the Opposition (“Shadow |
- члены оппозиции («теневой |
Cabinet”) |
кабинет») |
9. whip |
- партийный организатор (кнут) |
|
|
6
6. Duties and Powers of the Executive Branch
1.to hold office for a term of …
2.to administer day-to-day home affairs
3.to determine the basic trends in foreign policy
4.to execute laws
5.to control the armed forces
6.to negotiate political and economic treaties
7.to make and sign treaties with foreign governments
8.to appoint (dismiss) high ranking civil officials with the approval of the legislature
9.to deliver annual budget message
10.to make annual economic report
11.to resign from the post
12.to offer one’s resignation
13.to accept smb’s resignation
-занимать пост в течение …
-вести повседневные внутренние дела
-определять внешнюю политику
-проводить в жизнь законы
-контролировать вооруженные силы
-вести переговоры о заключении политических и экономических договоров
-заключать и подписывать договоры с иностранными правительствами
-назначать (смещать) ответственных должностных лиц с одобрения законодательного органа
-выступать с годовым финансовым отчетом
-делать ежегодный доклад о состоянии экономики
-уйти в отставку
-подать в отставку
-принять отставку
7. Participants of Highest Executive Body
1. |
Prime Minister, head of the |
- премьер-министр, глава |
government |
правительства |
|
2. |
Home Secretary |
- министр внутренних дел |
3. |
Foreign Secretary |
- министр иностранных дел |
4. |
Chancellor of the Exchequer |
- министр финансов |
5. |
Industry Secretary |
- министр промышленности |
6. |
Defence Secretary |
- министр обороны |
7. |
Minister of Agriculture |
- министр сельского хозяйства |
8. |
Social Services Secretary |
- министр по дела социального |
|
|
обеспечения |
9. |
Trade Secretary |
- министр торговли |
10. Energy Secretary |
- министр энергетики |
|
11. Education Secretary |
- министр образования |
|
12. Environmental Secretary |
- министр по охране окружающей |
|
|
|
среды |
|
|
|
7
Text 1. The political system of Great Britain
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the king or queen. The power of the monarch is not absolute but constitutional. The monarch acts only on the advice of the ministers.
The hereditary principle upon which the monarchy is founded is strictly observed. The now reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth, II is a descendant of the Saxon king Egbert.
The monarch, be it king or queen, is the head of the executive body, an integral part of the legislature, the head of the judicial body, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the crown, the head of the Established Church of England and the head of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
Practically speaking, there is no written constitution in Great Britain. The term
“English Constitution” means the leading principles, conventions and laws, many of which have been existing for centuries, though they have undergone modifications and extensions in agreement with the advance of civilization.
Power in Great Britain is divided among three brunches: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial brunch.
The legislative branch is represented by Parliament, which consists of two chambers, or houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Parliament in Britain has existed since 1265. Having been organized in the reign of King Edward I, it is the oldest parliament in the world.
The House of Lords consists of more than 1000 peers, including the “lords spiritual”: the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, and 24 bishops of the Church of England. The peers (with the exception of the “lords spiritual”) have the right to sit in Parliament during their lifetime and transmit their right to their eldest sons.
During the 20th century a new practice appeared: the practice of “creating” new peers. They are called “life peers”, because their children do not inherit their titles like the children of hereditary peers. New peers are created by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Sometimes a prominent politician is made a peer, sometimes a leading civil servant who has served the country well. As a result, about one-third of the Lords today are not representatives of hereditary nobility but company directors, bankers, newspaper proprietors and other businessmen.
The members of the House of Commons are elected by a general election. The whole country is divided into constituencies, every one of which chooses one delegate. Big cities are divided into several constituencies each. Members of the House of Commons are elected for five years.
8
Parliament’s main function is to make laws. The procedure of making new laws is as follows: a member of the House of Commons proposes a bill, which is discussed by the House. If the bill is approved, it is sent to the House of Lords, which in case it does not like it, has the right to veto it for one year. If the House of Commons passes the bill the following year, the House of Lords can’t reject it. Finally the bill is sent to the Queen for the “royal assent”, after which it becomes a law.
The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the monarch. According to tradition, the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the elections and has the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government. After that the newly appointed ministers are presented to the monarch for the formal approval. The most important ministers of the government (about twenty) form the Cabinet. Members of the Cabinet make joint decisions or advise the Prime Minister.
The main function of the executive branch of the government is to administer the laws (to see to it that the laws are carried out, actually to rule the country).
The judicial branch interprets the laws.
The highest judicial body is the Supreme Court of Judicature, which consists of two divisions: the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. It is often said that English law is superior to the law of most other countries. Indeed, the English judicial system contains many rules which protect the individual against arbitrary action by the police and the government.
1.Read and translate the text.
2.How well have you read? Can you answer the following questions?
1.Who is the official head of the state of Great Britain?
2.What are the official titles of Queen Elizabeth II?
3.Explain the following sentence: “The power of the monarch is not absolute but constitutional”.
4.Is there a written constitution in Great Britain? What does the term “English Constitution” mean?
5.Which are the three brunches of state power in the United Kingdom?
6.What body is the legislative power represented by?
7.Which are the two chambers of the British Parliament?
8.How many peers are there in the House of Lords? Who are the “lords spiritual”?
9.Who are “hereditary peers” and “life peers”? How are life peers created?
10.How are the members of the House of Commons elected? How often do general elections of the House of Commons take place?
9
11.What is the main function of Parliament?
12.Explain in detail how new laws are made.
13.Who is the executive branch headed by?
14.How is the Prime Minister chosen?
15.What is the procedure of forming the government?
16.What is the Cabinet? What is the work of the Cabinet?
17.What is the highest judicial body of the country called? Which two divisions does it consist of?
3.Complete the following sentences.
1.The power of the monarch … .
2.… a descendant of the Saxon king Egbert.
3.… written constitution … .
4.Power in Great Britain is divided among three brunches: … .
5.The legislative branch is represented by Parliament, which consists … .
6.The whole country is divided … .
7.… the House of Lords can’t reject it.
8.… is headed by the Prime Minister, … .
9.The most important ministers … .
10.The highest judicial body is … .
4. Retell the text, using new words and phrases.
Text 2. Parliament
Every Parliament is limited to a duration of five years. General elections to the Commons therefore take place at least every five years with by-elections within that period whenever members die or in other ways vacate their seats.
The political party, which has a majority in a newly elected House of Commons, is the ruling party: its leader becomes Prime Minister and forms a government which includes only members from his party (executive branch of government). Thus, the party, which is in majority in the House of Commons, possesses practically both legislative and executive powers.
The party, which is second in majority in Commons, is called the Opposition. The Opposition is supposed to criticize the ruling party and try to oppose major bills introduced by the government but in fact there is no deep-going contest between the two parties. The Opposition is treated with respect by the other party and many steps have been taken to enhance the standing of the Opposition in the eyes of the British people.
10