High Energy Intensive Materials (Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics). Part I. Explosives. Учебное пособие по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для с

formula R–O–R'. A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether.

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid or a gas.

A propellant is a chemical used in the production of energy or pressurized gas that is subsequently used to create movement of a fluid or to generate propulsion of a vehicle, projectile, or other object. Common propellants are energetic materials and consist of a fuel like gasoline, jet fuel, rocket fuel, and an oxidizer.

Combustible substance is a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT), or more specifically, 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, is a chemical compound. This yellow-colored solid is sometimes used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as a useful explosive material with convenient handling properties.

Nitroglycerin (NG), also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine, or nitro, is more correctly known as glyceryl trinitrate or more formally: 1, 2, 3-trinitroxypropane. It is a heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid.

Picric acid is the chemical compound formally called 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol (TNP). This yellow crystalline solid is one of the most acidic phenols and is vinylogous to nitric acid.

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

In thermodynamics, the term exothermic describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen).

A silicate is a compound containing an anionic silicon compound. The great majority of silicates are oxides.

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalentnon-metal.

A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance.

Black powder known since the late 19th century was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the mid-1800s. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter)—with the sulfur and charcoal acting as fuels, while the saltpeter works as an oxidizer.

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Charcoal is a light black residue consisting of carbon, and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula KNO3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−.

Primary high explosives are very sensitive materials and are easily exploded by the application of fire, spark, impact, friction etc.

Secondary high explosives are explosives which are relatively insensitive to both mechanical shock and flame but explode with greater violence when set off by an explosive shock obtained by detonating a small amount of a primary explosive in contact with it.

Tertiary explosives (also called blasting agents) mainly consist of oxidizers such as ammonium nitrate (AN, NH 4 NO 3), ammonium perchlorate (AP, NH 4 ClO 4), ammonium dinitramide [ADN, NH 4 N (NO 2) 2] and mononitrotoluene (MNT), etc.

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Cordite is a family of smokeless propellants developed and produced in the United Kingdom from 1889 to replace gunpowder as a military propellant.

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Deflagration is a term describing subsonic combustion propagating through heat transfer; hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it.

High explosive is an explosive, such as TNT, that combusts nearly instantaneously, thereby producing a violent, shattering effect.

10.VOCABULARY

Text A. Black Powder: The First Explosive. projectile –

to reinforce (with) – , ,

arrow – ,

firearm – ( ) ,

boring implement –

fear of roof collapse –

mining – , $

civil engineering – ,

unvarying composition – &, $

Text B. Invention of Dynamite

headache remedy –

blasting – ,

to abandon – ,

obstacle – , ,

safety – , ,

absorbent substance – &,

inch – $ (1 inch=2.54 centimetres) wrapper –

to coat (with) –

moisture – , ,

blow – , ,

to strike –

violence –

to set off – ,

detonator – $ , ,

blasting cap – , -

immense value – $

pursuit – ,

distress –

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storm-beaten shores – $

rough sea – $ ,

boulder – ,

to blow out – &,

stump – , ,

loosening soil –

explosive bonding – $& ,

$ $

slab – ,

to roll down – ,

slam – , , $

welded – ,

stainless steel – &

grinding and polishing –

Text C. Alfred Bernhard Nobel – the Inventor of Dynamite.

armament manufacturer –

cannon and other armaments –

held 350 different patents– $ 350

posthumously– $

in accordance to his will – &$ in modern-day companies – $ $

in his turn –

at a young age – $ $

diatomaceous earth – $

more convenient to handle– &

jelly-like substance – ( ) & gelignite (blasting gelatin) – , $ , $ a host of similar combinations – $ $

used in drilling and mining – $

off-shoot of this research –

precursor –

Text A. Definitions of Explosives

suitably triggered –

$ $ to release –

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rapid self-sustaining – $&

( ) percussion – ,

catalysis – ,

to be liberated – $, &$ a sudden outburst of gases –

to constitute explosion – ,

to point out – , , $

insufficient rapidity –

coal yield –

Text B. Fundamental Features of Explosives: Compatibility and Stability; Oxygen Balance

compatibility – $ $ $ , ,

$ $

intimately – &, , $

incompatibility – $ $ $ , $ $

hazardous – , ,

stringent storage and service requirements –

%

mutual compatibility – $ $ $ , $

$ $

interior surface coatings –

sealant, luting and potting composition – $&

(& ), ( $ ) $ $

$ ( ) assembly –

deterioration – ,

oxidation –

excess of oxygen –

perfectly balanced –

Text C. Paul Marie Eugène Vieill

to carry out – &, ,

the theory of gunpowder combustion –

undoubtedly – $ ,

smokeless gunpowder – $

utmost importance – ,

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a suitable solvent – &

distilling off – , &

fibrous wadding –

stubborn – , &

to swell – , 4$ , &

ether – %

desired proportion – $ ( )

solvent – , &

molded – , $ , $

grain configuration – $ <

flake – , ,

Text A. Classification of Explosives

deflagrating – $ &

to propel – , $

propellant – $ ,,,

combustible substance – $ &, &

to undergo – , &,

shattering – , ,

external source – %,

trinitrotoluene – ( ,,) nitroglycerin – (,,)

picric acid – (,,) cyclonite – (,,)

blasting – ,

to expand – ,

sensitivity –

tertiary – ,

to explode – ,

military and civil applications -

$

bond – & &

Text B. Fundamental Features of Explosives: Sensitivity and Sensitiveness; Heat of Formation

ease of initiation –

propagating capability – $&

customary – , ,

converse –

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synonymously – $

impact – ,

friction –

shock – , $

spark – ,

heat – ,

constituent – , $

to absorb – $ , &

to give off – , ,

heat of formation – ,

to indicate – ,

endothermic – %$ , & &

liberation of heat – ,

exothermic – %$ , $

$

to evolve – , , ,

heat content – , ,

net amount –

Text C. Civil Uses of Explosives.

mankind –

to hack out – , <

fort –

to carve out – ,

chisel – ,

wedge –

to alleviate – , $

drudgery –

destructive role – ,

to tame – $ , $ , $ hazardous terrain – $

overwhelming role – $

nutshell –

to perceive – $ , $

tremendous – $ ,

enormously –

treatise – ,

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Text A. Explosives in Civil Engineering

VOD (velocity of detonation) –

blasting or shattering effect –

(&) %

obstacle – ,

quarrying –

demolition work –

brick –

concrete – $

timber –

slurry – , $ ,

pre-drilled holes –

boulder – ,

target – ,

silicate – , % $< $<

crack initiation – &, &

adverse effect – ,

% densely – ,

Text B. Fundamental Features of Explosives: Heat of Explosion and Gases Evolved

oxidation reactions –

to release – ,

adiabatic conditions –

( $ $ $ $ ,

$ $ $ %

&$ $)

work capacity – ,

explosive – &,

performance parameters – % $ ,

gaseous products –

essential – $

equilibrium constants – ,

$

to measure – $

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