English Reader for Technical Students. Учебное пособие
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ |
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИСиС»
Кафедра русского и иностранного языков и литературы
English Reader for Technical Students
Учебное пособие
Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским советом института
Москва 2012
УДК 811.111
Р е ц е н з е н т канд. филол. наук, проф. К.С. Махмурян
Авторы: Е.Н.Галкина, С.Е.Зайцева, Е.В.Смирнова, Л.А.Тинигина
English Reader for Technical Students: Учеб. пособие / English Reader for Technical Students. – М.: МИСиС, 2012. – 65 с.
Пособие представляет собой новую разработку, в которой содержится материал по чтению для студентов технических специальностей. Пособие со- стоит из четырех глав, посвященных следующим темам: Ferrous metals, Nonferrous and precious metals, Physical and chemical departament.
Пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся на следующих фа- культетах: физико-химическом, черных металлов и факультете цветных и драгоценных металлов.
♥ НИТУ «МИСиС», 2012
Contents |
|
Chapter 1. Ferrous metals........................................................................... |
4 |
1.1. History of the problem..................................................................... |
4 |
1.2. Compact electric-arc melting furnace.............................................. |
6 |
1.3. Ineel’s super-hard steel one of this year’s top |
|
100 technological achievements....................................................... |
9 |
1.4. Why steel isn’t so stainless............................................................ |
13 |
1.5. Blast furnace .................................................................................. |
15 |
Chapter 2. Non-ferrous and precious metals ............................................ |
18 |
2.1. Better metals are vital to technological progress ........................... |
18 |
2.2. Copper ........................................................................................... |
21 |
2.3. Zinc................................................................................................ |
24 |
2.4. Lead ............................................................................................... |
26 |
2.5. Brass. ............................................................................................. |
30 |
2.6. The world of metals and its paradoxes .......................................... |
32 |
Chapter III. Physical and chemical departament ...................................... |
38 |
3.1. Stone age, iron age, polymer age................................................... |
38 |
3.2. Libraries into space........................................................................ |
41 |
3.3. A lithium-powered heart................................................................ |
44 |
3.4. Experiments in time reversal ......................................................... |
47 |
Chapter 4. Metallurgy systems and technologies ..................................... |
50 |
4.1. Furnace design and operation ........................................................ |
50 |
4.2. Troubleshooting generated atmospheres ....................................... |
53 |
4.3. Secondary metallurgy for steelmaking .......................................... |
57 |
4.4. Vacuum induction melting ............................................................ |
60 |
4.5. Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) ....................................................... |
62 |
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CHAPTER 1. FERROUS METALS
1.1. History of the problem
Long time ago in blast-furnace processing there appeared a tendency for reduction of coke consumption needed for production of one ton of iron. It was stipulated by the deficit of coke coals on the one hand and by environmentally unsafe production of coke itself on the other hand. The reduction of coke consumption can be achieved through its partial substitution by hydrocarbon blowing additions (mazut, natural gas etc.)and by pulverized coal fuel.
Application of these additions has provided in the last 20 – 25 years 20 to 25 % reduction of coke consumption which resulted in achieving of the level of 400 – 450 kg/t. of iron. In accordance with scientific research studies the technology based on injection of hot reducing gases (HRG) into blast-furnace is an alternative and more efficient way of coke consumption reduction.
.
To receive HRG one can use the blast furnace-gas in the process of its recirculation. The idea of using blast furnace gas for reduction of coke consumption appeared at the end of the last century. However, its practical implementation was postponed for quite a continuous period of time due to the fact that it was vitally necessary to purify the blast furnace gas from oxidizers (carbon dioxide and water). The purification process is rather energy consuming so it considerably influences the efficiency (profitability) of HRG process application.
4
Old methods of technological gases purification from carbon dioxide did not allow to provide the technical and economic parameters necessary to achieve profitability of blast furnace process. The fact can be well proved by the analytical research concerning the process under consideration performed by Dr.Ramm in early seventies as well as by a production experiment run at Novotulsky metallurgical plant in late eighties.
Exercise 1. Match the English words and word-combinations given
below with their Russian equivalents: |
|
||
1) |
согласованность |
a) |
hot reducing gas |
2) |
показываться, появляться |
b) |
blast furnace |
3) |
значительно |
c) |
accordance |
4) |
потребление, расход |
d) |
consumption |
5) |
зависимость |
e) |
to appear |
6) |
эффективный |
f) |
considerably |
7) |
окружающая среда |
g) |
dependence |
8) |
выполнение |
h) |
efficient |
9) |
влияние, воздействие |
i) |
environment |
10) |
вливание |
j) |
injection |
11) |
исполнять, выполнять |
k) |
influence |
12) |
оттягивать, откладывать |
l) |
to provide |
13) |
обеспечивать |
m) |
reduction |
14) |
циркуляция |
n) |
to stipulate |
15) |
снижение |
o) |
implementation |
16) |
доменная печь |
p) |
to perform |
17) |
горячий сжимающийся газ |
q) |
substitution |
18) |
обусловливать |
r) |
recirculation |
19) |
замена |
s) |
to postpone. |
Exercise 2. Find the antonyms and translate them:
appear, reduce, increase, necessary, scientific, purify, safe, dependence, decrease, extend, raise, disappear, unnecessary, pollute, soil, dangerous, at risk, independence, unscientific.
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Exercise 3. Agree o disagree with the statements given below:
•Long time ago in blast-furnace processing there appeared a tendency for increase of coke consumption needed for production of one ton of iron.
•Application of these additions has provided in the last 20 – 25 years 20 to 50 % reduction of coke consumption which resulted in achieving of the level of 400 – 450 kg/t. of iron.
•To receive HRG one can use the blast furnace-gas in the process of its recirculation.
•The purification process is rather energy consuming so it considerably influences the efficiency (profitability) of HRG process.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
•How can we receive hot reduction gas?
•When did the idea of reduction of coke consumption appear?
•What was the needed tendency for production of iron appeared?
•How was the coke consumption changed?
Exercise 5. Render the text.
1.2. Compact electric-arc melting furnace
Purpose
Melting of a wide range of experimental alloys with special properties, including alloys of chemically active, refractory and precious metals.
Production of commodity batches of alloys for machine-building industry, instrument making, aviation and medicine.
Description
The furnace consists of a vacuum-gas unit, power supply unit for the arc, arc-control block and console, and a melting chamber with a cathode unit input device. Melting is performed in a copper water-cooled mould by an arc discharge with a non-melting electrode in a controlled atmosphere of neutral and reducing gases.
Use of an automated vacuum-gas unit with a control and measurement system allows to preliminary pump air out of the melting chamber, fill it with working medium up to the demanded pressure and ensure its stabilization during the melting process.
6
A compact power supply unit with the arc control unit ensures ignition of discharge and smooth regulation of the arc current. The melting furnace is supplied with replaceable mould of different forms.
Advantages
Compared with its analog – LK 6 electric-arc furnace of Leybold (Germany) this product has the following advantages:
High-temperature (up to 3400 °С) regulated melting can be performed in a wide range of stabilized pressure of plasma-forming medium (1,3 103 1,5 105 Pа), which allows to conduct targeted refinement and decontamination of metals, to suppress the process of their evaporation, to optimize the conditions of melting of special alloys, to implement nitration and surface handling of ingots.
At low pressures (1,3 104 Pа) a special mode of melting is possible with energy release regulated and localized in space (102 – 104 W/см3). This allows to change smoothly the magnitude and density of power brought to metal, to increase considerably (2,5 times) the melting ability of the arc, to change within broad limits the area of contact of plasma with metal, to reduce considerably the expenditure of rare gas during melting of little-evaporating metals, to improve durability of electrodes at highcharge currents, to use metals in powdery form as raw materials.
Smaller mass-size parameters and price (2,5 – 3 times).
Development stage
An industrial prototype of the furnace has been created. Experimental meltings of different metals and alloys have been done. The designer documentation on its units has been prepared.
Novelty
A new kind of product with considerably improved technical and economic characteristics and broader technological possibilities.
Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word-combinations given below:
компактная электродуговая плавящая печь, процесс плавления, про- изводство товарных партий сплавов, гарантирует начало выброса и плавного регулирования потока дуги, плавящая печь, вакуумно- газовая единица, значительно улучшить, сырье, предварительно вы- качивать воздух из камеры плавления, широкий диапазон экспери- ментальных сплавов.
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Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below with their following Russian equivalents:
1) |
to include |
1) |
энергопитание |
2) |
precious |
2) |
пульт, кронштейн |
3) |
refractory |
3) |
энергопитание |
4) |
power supply |
4) |
включать |
5) |
console |
5) |
драгоценный |
6) |
discharge |
6) |
обработка |
7) |
refinement |
7) |
величина |
8) |
suppress |
8) |
слиток |
9) |
ingot |
9) |
выхлоп, выброс |
10) magnitude |
10) |
давление |
|
11) smoothly |
11) |
длительность |
|
12) pressure |
12) |
плавно, однородно |
|
13) durability |
13) |
огнеупорный |
|
14) little – evaporating |
14) |
цель |
|
15) target |
15) |
расход |
|
16) expenditure |
16) |
поток |
|
17) rare |
17) |
мало испаряющийся |
|
18) current |
18) |
редкий. |
|
Exercise 3. Agree or disagree with the statements given below:
1.The furnace consists of a vacuum-gas unit, power supply unit for the arc, arc-control block and console, and a melting chamber with a cathode unit input device.
2.A compact power supply unit with the arc control unit doesn’t ensure ignition of discharge and smooth regulation of the arc current. The melting furnace is supplied with replaceable mould of different forms.
3.High-temperature (up to 3400 °С) regulated melting can’t be performed
in a wide range of stabilized pressure of plasma-forming medium (1,3 103 1,5 105 Pа).
4. At low pressures (1,3 104 Pа) a special mode of melting is possible with energy release regulated and localized in space (102 – 104 W/см3).
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1.How many stages of Compact electric – arc melting furnace do you know?
2.What advantages of this furnace have you recognized?
3.Can you describe the arc melting furnace?
4.Has an industrial prototype of the furnace been created?
5.Can you tell me your opinion about this furnace?
Exercise 5. Make a summary of the text.
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1.3. Ineel’s super-hard steel one of this year’s top 100 technological achievements
Super Hard Steel forms a tough, low cost, wear and corrosion resistant coating that outperforms traditional high-performance coatings. Developed at the Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, this coating offers a wealth of possibilities for new industrial applications.
One of the hardest metallic materials known, Super Hard Steel has been recognized as one of the 100 most significant technological achievements for the year 2001 by R&D Magazine. Super Hard Steel can be sprayed onto a wide variety of metal surfaces using conventionally available thermal spray technologies, and surpasses the existing commercial coatings in wear, corrosion and impact resistance.
Researchers create the Super Hard Steel coating by transforming steel alloy into a non-crystalline metallic glass. "We essentially coach mother nature to frustrate the atoms in the alloy, and capture a snapshot in time when the atoms have a liquid structure in order to form a very hard and strong solid," said INEEL materials scientist Daniel Branagan. Because metallic glass has an extremely low density of defects such as tiny cracks or holes, Super Hard Steel responds differently to external stresses such as physical loads than metals with a high density of defects. This property of metallic glass makes the material both hard and tough-perfect for use as a impact resistant coating.
Alternatively, for specific applications researchers can heat the coating to create a stable structure made up of crystal grains from 2 to 75 nanometers in size, only slightly larger than a single atom. "This approach is a much more robust route to forming nanoscale crystalline structure when compared with other approaches that try to maintain the nanoscale features during the production process," said Branagan.
Once sprayed on, the Super Hard Steel coating cannot be removedeven with a hammer and chisel. Because the material is sprayed on under high-pressure conditions, the material remains in a compressed state even after it cools, which makes it stronger. The coating was tested using high velocity (170 mph), high intensity grit blasting for four times longer than the normal testing standard, and showed no evidence of cracking or wear.
Super Hard Steel has hardness properties among the highest ever reported for any metallic structure or alloy-up to 16 giga Pascals. In com-
9
parison to existing high performance coatings, Super Hard Steel is significantly harder than electrolytic hard chrome and approaches the best tungsten carbide. In an independent, standard abrasion test, Super Hard Steel actually wore down the hardest commercially available pin material, silicon nitride, which is used to develop wear scars on hard coatings. The extreme hardness of Super Hard Steel in conjunction with its metallic bonds gives the material abrasion wear resistance properties that Branagan believes will significantly improve the lifetime of coated machine parts. The unlubricated material also exhibits a low coefficient of friction in the range of lubricated steel, another property that can be exploited for a range of applications.
The properties of Branagan's metal coatings are such an improvement over current products and technologies, that he has had a hard time convincing people to believe what they're seeing. "Industry just doesn't believe our data at first," he said. In one instance, a skeptical company president handed a coated sample to a technician for testing while Branagan was giving his presentation. "I was a little nervous," Branagan said, "but I just kept going with my presentation." Not long later the technician returned and reported that the sample had survived the testing completely unscathed. "The room went silent," he said. "Then I really had their attention."
Developed during several years of research funded by both INEEL discretionary research funding and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, this technology has the potential for tremendous impact to the manufacturing industry. "I'm proud of the award-winning work done at the department's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. This accomplishment demonstrates the value of government-funded research to the Nation," Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham said.
Branagan sees the possibilities for coatings like his to be nearly endless because all areas of industry experience wear and corrosion problems. The product is also extremely affordable because it is only a steel which has exotic structures. It costs only a fraction of what hard ceramics such as tungsten carbide. He feels that the biggest cost savings will occur over the lifetime of a coated part since the machine will simply last much longer, and require significantly less maintenance. From the beginning, Branagan's goal was to develop a coating that would have real-world applicability. "We purposely used off-the shelf technology to apply the coatings
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