BRUSH UP YOUR ENGINEERING SKILLS (Robotics, Mechatronics, Automation). Учебное пособие
.pdf
Text 2: What is Mechatronics?
7. Найти слова по теме “Mechatronics”:
s |
p |
i |
k |
z |
s |
w |
a |
v |
k |
s |
t |
n |
e |
y |
f |
r |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
r |
a |
a |
e |
q |
u |
i |
p |
m |
e |
n |
t |
k |
l |
i |
d |
q |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
m |
c |
c |
t |
e |
c |
h |
h |
o |
l |
o |
g |
y |
e |
k |
g |
u |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
e |
a |
t |
d |
h |
e |
a |
l |
t |
h |
m |
v |
y |
c |
n |
r |
t |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c |
d |
u |
e |
k |
p |
r |
s |
y |
s |
t |
e |
m |
t |
o |
k |
s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h |
v |
a |
v |
s |
c |
i |
e |
n |
c |
e |
w |
h |
r |
p |
i |
i |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
e |
t |
i |
e |
a |
b |
n |
r |
o |
b |
o |
t |
o |
u |
e |
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n |
n |
o |
c |
z |
d |
e |
s |
i |
g |
n |
m |
i |
n |
i |
n |
g |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
i |
t |
r |
e |
d |
s |
w |
o |
z |
s |
d |
i |
g |
i |
t |
a |
l |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c |
o |
m |
p |
u |
t |
e |
r |
s |
c |
i |
e |
n |
c |
e |
s |
s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s |
e |
n |
g |
i |
n |
e |
e |
r |
o |
q |
t |
r |
s |
m |
m |
t |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8. Выскажите свое мнение о тексте, используя данные слова и выражения:
I think... – Я думаю...
I really think... – Я действительно думаю...
I don't think... – Я не думаю...
I believe (that)... – Предполагаю (что)...
In my opinion... – По-моему... / По моему мнению...
I'm (utterly) convinced that... – Я (абсолютно) уверен, что...
I'm (absolutely/completely) sure (that)... – Я (абсолютно) уверен
(что)...
I have no doubt (what soever) that... – У меня (совсем) нет сомнений,
что...
There is no question that... – Нет сомнений, что...
There is no question that …. — Нет сомнений, что …
It seems to me (that)... – Мне кажется (что)...
I suppose... – Я полагаю...
In my humble opinion... – По моему скромному мнению...
I guess... – Я полагаю...
31
Unit 2. Mechatronics
I'm no expert (on this), but... – Я не эксперт (в этом), но...
I've never given it much/any thought. – Я никогда об этом не задумы-
вался.
I don't really/even know what to say. – Я действительно даже не знаю,
что сказать.
It doesn't make any/much difference to me. – Мне это вовсе не важно.
That's an interesting question. – Это интересный вопрос.
I'd rather not talk about it if you don't mind. – Я бы предпочел об этом не говорить, если вы не против.
32
Text 1: The History of Robotics
UNIT 3
ROBOTICS
Text 1: The History of Robotics
Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector focused on creating machines that efficiently carry our various tasks.
What Is Robotics?
Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots that replicate or substitute for human actions. Pop culture has always been fascinated with robots – examples include R2-D2, the Terminator and WALL-E. These over-exaggerated, humanoid concepts of robots usually seem like a caricature of the real thing. But are they more forward thinking than we realize? Robots are gaining intellectual and mechanical capabilities that don’t put the possibility of a R2-D2-like machine out of reach in the future.
What is a ROBOT?
A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task, while the term robotics describes the field of study focused on developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different level of autonomy. These levels range from hu- man-controlled bots that carry out tasks to fully-autonomous bots that perform tasks without any external influences.
As technology progresses, so too does the scope of what is considered robotics. In 2005, 90 percent of all robots could be found assembling cars in automotive factories. These robots consist mainly of mechanical arms tasked with welding or screwing on certain parts of a car.
Today, we’re seeing an evolved and expanded definition of robotics that includes the development, creation and use of bots that accomplish tasks like exploring the planet’s harshest conditions, assisting law enforcement, streamlining surgical procedures and undertaking rescue missions.
Robot Etymology
The word “robot” is derived from the Czech word “robota”, which means
“forced labor.” The word first appeared in the 1920 play “R.U.R.”, in reference to the play’s characters who were mass-produced workers incapable of creative thinking.
33
Unit 3. Robotics
Types of Robotics
Mechanical bots come in all shapes and sizes to efficiently carry out the task for which they are designed. All robots vary in design, functionality and degree of autonomy. From the 0.2 millimeter-long “RoboBee” to the 200 meter-long robotic shipping vessel “Vindskip,” robots are emerging to carry out tasks that humans simply can’t.
There are five distinct types of robots that perform tasks depending on their capabilities. Below is an outline of these types and what they do:
1)Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment where they do simple, monotonous tasks. An example of a pre-programmed robot would be a mechanical arm on an automotive assembly line. The arm serves one function – to weld a door on, to insert a certain part into the engine, etc. – and its job is to perform that task longer, faster and more efficiently than a human.
2)Humanoid robots are robots that look like or mimic human behavior. These robots usually perform human-like activities (like running, jumping and carrying objects), and are sometimes designed to look like us, even having human faces and expressions. Two of the most prominent examples of humanoid robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.
3)Autonomous robots operate independently of human operators. These robots are usually designed to carry out tasks in open environments that do not require human supervision. They are quite unique because they use sensors to perceive the world around them, and then employ decision-making structures (usually a computer) to take the optimal next step based on their include and mission. One example of an autonomous robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner, which uses sensors to roam freely throughout a home. Other examples of autonomous robots are Cleaning Bots (for example, Roomba); Lawn Trimming Bots; Hospitality Bots; Autonomous Drones; Medical Assistant Bots; Teleoperated Robots.
Teleoperated robots are semi-autonomous bots that use a wireless network to enable human control from a safe distance. These robots usually work in extreme geographical conditions, weather and circumstances. Examples of teleoperated robots are the human-controlled submarines used to fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or drones used to detect landmines on a battlefield.
4)Augmenting Robots, also known as VR robots, either enhance current human capabilities or replace the capabilities a human may have lost. The field of robotics for human augmentation is a field where science fiction could
34
Text 1: The History of Robotics
become reality very soon, with bots that have the ability to redefine the definition of humanity by making humans faster and stronger. Some examples of current augmenting robots are robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons used to lift hefty weights.
5) Software robotics, also called bots, are computer programs which carry out tasks autonomously. One common use case of software robots is a chatbot. A chatbot is a computer program that simulates conversation both online and over the phone and is often used in customer service scenarios. Chatbots can either be simple services that answer questions with an automated response or more complex digital assistants that learn from user information.
TYPES OF BOTS
•Chatbots: carry out simple conversations, often in a customer service
setting.
•Spam Bots: collect email addresses and send spam mail.
•Download Bots: download software and apps automatically.
•Search Engine Crawler Bots: scan websites and make them visible on search engines.
•Monitoring Bots: report on website speed and status.
Software robots only exist on the internet and originate within a computer, which means they are not considered robots. In order to be considered a robot, a device must have a physical form, such as a body or a chassis. (5)
1. Найти в тексте следующие слова: |
|
|
|
|||
1 |
ˈsaɪəns |
|
ˈve(ə)rɪ |
|
15 |
ˈdjʊərɪŋ |
8 |
|
|||||
2 |
ˈfjuːʧə |
9 |
fʌŋkʃəˈnælɪtɪ |
|
16 |
ɔːgˈmentɪŋ |
3 |
ˈfəʊkəst |
10 |
ˈenʤɪn |
|
17 |
sɪˈnɑːrɪəʊz |
4 |
ɔːˈtɒnəmɪ |
11 |
rɪˈkwaɪə |
|
18 |
ˈvɪzəbl |
5 |
kənˈsɪdəd |
12 |
ˈstrʌkʧəz |
|
19 |
ˈsteɪtəs |
6 |
ˈsɜːʤɪkəl |
13 |
ˈwaɪəlɪs |
|
20 |
ˈfɪzɪkəl |
7 |
mɪʃn |
14 |
ʤɪəˈgræfɪkəl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. Заполнить таблицу (распределить слова в зависимости от уда-
рения и количества слогов): digital; internet; submarines; structures;
35
Unit 3. Robotics
circumstances; rescue; unique; computer; extreme; service; originate; chassis; design; environment; monotonous; concepts; report.
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
5 |
6 |
|
7 |
|
o |
|
о |
o o |
o o |
|
o o |
o o o |
|
о o o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
digital |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
3. Определить, являются ли данные пары слов синонимами или ан- |
||||||||||
тонимами: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1 |
distinct |
uncertain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
2 |
independent |
subordinate |
|
|
|
|
||||
3 |
hefty |
big |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
4 |
harsh |
rough |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
5 |
external |
internal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
6 |
fascinated |
admired |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
7 |
prosthetic |
artificial |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
8 |
prominent |
significant |
|
|
|
|
||||
9 |
visible |
hidden |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
10 |
extreme |
maximum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
4. Сопоставить синонимы: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
1 |
augmentation |
a |
enlargement |
|
|
|
|
|||
2 |
customer |
b |
user |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
app |
c |
programme |
|
|
|
|
|||
4 |
mission |
d |
task |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
capability |
e |
skill |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
intersection |
f |
junction |
|
|
|
|
|||
7 |
assistant |
g |
helper |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
term |
h |
concept |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
condition |
i |
state |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Найти лишнее слово в ряду: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
1 |
distinct |
certain |
|
obscure |
particular; |
|
|
|||
2 |
augmentation |
chassis |
|
increase |
enhancing; |
|
|
|||
3 |
visible |
independent |
obvious |
evident; |
|
|
||||
36
Text 1: The History of Robotics
4 |
to accomplish |
to perform |
to carry out |
to emerge; |
5 |
harsh |
external |
severe |
hard; |
6 |
customer |
client |
consumer |
level; |
7 |
to require |
need |
to enable |
to demand; |
8 |
prominent |
visible |
important |
unimportant; |
9 |
to expand |
to include |
to increase |
to widen; |
10 |
to complete |
to finish |
to end |
to begin; |
11 |
mission |
goal |
vessel |
challenge; |
12 |
to replicate |
to produce |
to reproduce |
to repeat; |
13 |
speed |
rate |
data |
velocity; |
14 |
to evolve |
to roam |
to develop |
to undergo changes; |
15 |
field |
scope |
limb |
area. |
|
6. Сопоставить слово с его определением: |
|
|
|
|
1 |
A computer program that is designed for a particular |
app |
|
purpose; |
|
|
|
|
2 |
to develop gradually, or to undergo transformation; |
data |
|
|
|
3 |
a bomb that is put on or under the ground and that ex- |
definition |
|
plodes when a person steps on it or a vehicle drives |
|
|
over it; |
|
|
|
|
4 |
extremely interested; |
extreme |
|
|
|
5 |
information, especially facts or numbers, collected to |
fascinated |
|
be examined and considered and used to help with |
|
|
making decisions; |
|
|
|
|
6 |
a statement that explains the meaning of a word or |
landmine |
|
phrase; |
|
|
|
|
7 |
to unite parts by heating; |
to evolve |
|
|
|
8 |
very severe or bad. |
to weld |
|
|
|
9 |
an arm or leg of a person or animal; |
chatbot |
|
|
|
10 |
a computer program designed to have a conversation |
exoskeleton |
|
with a human being, usually over the internet; |
|
|
|
|
11 |
to cause to rotate spirally about an axis; |
harsh |
|
|
|
12 |
simplifying to make more efficient or profitable; |
limb |
|
|
|
13 |
to put or introduce into the body of something; |
prominent |
|
|
|
37
Unit 3. Robotics
14 |
a suit that supports the body or a part of it, and is worn, |
streamlining |
||
|
for example, by people with injuries to help them to |
|
||
|
walk or by soldiers to help them carry heavy equip- |
|
||
|
ment; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
15 |
unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary; |
to insert |
||
|
|
|
||
16 |
very well-known and important. |
to screw |
||
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
the process of |
|
making choices, esp. im- |
bot |
|
portant choices; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
сapable of being seen; |
|
|
decision-making |
|
|
|
||
19 |
to take, receive, or obtain especially from a specified |
prosthetic |
||
|
source; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
to go from place to place; |
|
to derive |
|
|
|
|
||
21 |
a computer program that works automatically, espe- |
to replace |
||
|
cially one that searches for and finds information on |
|
||
|
the internet; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
22 |
to put something new in the place of something; |
to roam |
||
|
|
|
||
23 |
an object used as a container (especially for liquids); |
vessel |
||
|
|
|
||
24 |
relating to an artificial body part, such as an arm, foot, |
visible |
||
|
or tooth, that replaces a missing part. |
|
||
7. Сопоставить антонимы: |
|
|||
|
||||
1 |
to complete |
a |
to start |
|
2 |
hefty |
b |
tiny |
|
3 |
augmentation |
c |
decrease |
|
4 |
distinct |
d |
unclear |
|
5 |
to expand |
e |
to narrow |
|
6 |
capability |
f |
disability |
|
7 |
visible |
g |
unseen |
|
8. Найти синонимы данных слов в тексте:
1to manufacture;
2to consist, to contain;
3abilities, opportunities;
4outer;
5impacts, effects;
38
Text 1: The History of Robotics
6fastening;
7description;
8to appear, to arise;
9autonomously;
10maintenance, monitoring;
11information;
12to move;
13to allow, to provide;
14body part;
15frame.
9.Выбрать подходящий предлог:
|
fascinated … robots |
for |
to vary … design |
in |
to consist … mechanical arms |
of |
based … their data |
on |
to carry … tasks |
out |
conversation … the phone |
over |
to substitute … human actions |
with |
depending … their capabilities |
|
focused…robots |
|
|
10. Образовать недостающие степени сравнения прилагательных:
1 |
|
|
longer |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
the harshest |
|
3 |
|
|
stronger |
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
more complex |
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
faster |
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
the most prominent |
|
7 |
|
|
more efficient |
|
|
|
|
11. Образовать недостающие части речи: |
|||||||
|
Adjective |
|
Noun |
|
Verb |
||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
… |
… |
|
|
to produce |
||
2 |
fascinated |
… |
|
|
… |
||
3 |
programmable |
… |
|
|
… |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39
Unit 3. Robotics
5 |
|
… |
|
development |
|
… |
|
|
||
6 |
|
… |
|
assembly |
|
… |
|
|
||
7 |
|
… |
|
weight |
|
|
… |
|
|
|
8 |
|
… |
|
screwing |
|
… |
|
|
||
|
|
Adjective |
|
Noun |
|
Verb |
|
Adverb |
||
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
1 |
|
… |
definition |
… |
|
… |
||||
2 |
|
surgical |
… |
|
… |
|
… |
|||
3 |
|
… |
… |
|
… |
|
independently |
|||
4 |
|
…. |
… |
|
… |
|
freely |
|||
12. Составить словосочетания (как в тексте): |
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1 |
|
intellectual |
|
a |
landmines |
|
|
|
||
2 |
|
human |
|
b |
capabilities |
|
|
|
||
3 |
|
law |
|
c |
line |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
to detect |
|
d |
enforcement |
|
|
|
||
5 |
|
a programmable |
|
e |
tasks |
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
|
an assembly |
|
f |
response |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
an automated |
|
g |
supervision |
|
|
|
||
8 |
|
monotonous |
|
h |
machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
human-controlled |
|
a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
prosthetic |
|
b |
procedures |
|
|
|
||
11 |
|
surgical |
|
c |
fiction |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
human |
|
d |
bots |
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
|
spam |
|
e |
missions |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
to accomplish |
|
f |
behavior |
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
science |
|
g |
tasks |
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
|
rescue |
|
h |
limbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Text 2: How do Robots Work?
How Do Robots Function?
Independent robots are capable of functioning completely autonomously and independent of human operator control. These typically require more intense
40