An English Course in Practical Taxation. Учебно-практическое пособие
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Block 16. Tax administration of the republic of Slovenia
f — uniformity g — enforcement h — burden
1.Significant progress has been achieved in the field of … of procedures.
2.Considerable progress has been made in the field of … supervision.
3.A higher level of voluntary tax … has been achieved with the progress in informing taxable persons.
4.The activities of the tax administration are ….
5.We introduced a system of measuring results of work in the field of auditing, … and dispute resolution.
6.We execute a system of … and promotion of employees in the public administration.
7.We planned to provide employees with adequate working space with sufficient, modern equipment and working guidelines and to strive for proportionate working ….
8.Our co-operation with various domestic and foreign expert institutes is ….
Ex. 3. Are the statements true (+) or false (–)? Correct the false statements.
1.Tax Administration of the Republic of Slovenia has increased the efficiency of work and tax collection with the minimum of costs since the establishment of the unified tax administration.
2.The share of tax debt in all collected tax revenues has been increased.
3.The economy of tax collection, stated as a share of funds used for the activities of the tax administration in comparison with the extent of collected taxes, ranged from 0.9% to 1% in this period, which means unsatisfactory result in comparison with other tax administrations.
4.Considerable progress has been made in the field of subsequent supervision.
5.The work in the field of tax evasion has been intensive.
6.A lower level of voluntary tax compliance has been achieved.
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An English Course in Practical Taxation
7.The efficient sanction policy was successfully put into force.
8.Paying taxes as a civic value has been sufficiently emphasized in comparison with paying taxes as a legal obligation
9.The system of informing the public about the results and the achieved progress has been prepared.
Ex. 4. Answer the questions.
1.How has the Tax Administration of the Republic of Slovenia increased the efficiency of work and tax collection?
2.What has improved in reality in comparison with the tax debt?
3.What has been done in the field of uniformity of procedures?
4.How has a higher level of voluntary tax compliance been achieved?
5.Under what conditions would paying taxes be easier to promote?
6.What has been done to improve the system of informing taxpayers?
7.Were all the planned objectives achieved?
8.What was done in the field of training?
9.Is the co-operation with various domestic and foreign expert institutes sufficient?
10.What kind of limitations are there in co-operation in the promotion of tax expertise?
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Значительный прогресс был достигнут в области унифи- кации процедур сбора налогов.
2.Был достигнут более высокий уровень добровольного вы- полнение налоговых требований.
3.Процедуры, упрощающие выплату налогов, были введены для налога на добавленную стоимость и подоходного на- лога.
4.Было бы легче развивать систему выплаты налогов, если бы использование бюджетных фондов было бы прозрачно и известно населению.
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Block 16. Tax administration of the republic of Slovenia
5.Мы с уважением относимся к каждому налогоплательщи- ку, информация о налогоплательщике и о выплате нало- гов тщательно защищена.
6.Мы опубликовали права и обязанности налогоплательщи- ков, эту информацию можно найти во всех налоговых ор- ганах и в средствах массовой информации.
7.Многое было сделано в области обучения персонала.
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Summary
Read and translate the text
Taxes are a fact of everyday life. Taxes are levied on income, products, property holdings, and transfers of wealth. The federal income tax is the largest revenue producer of all the taxes in use in the United States. Therefore, a solid understanding of the basic rules of the income tax system is essential to maximize your aftertax income.
The term tax has been defined, and concepts have been examined that will help you reach your own conclusions about whether a tax is "good" or "bad."
The income tax law is a complex body of constantly changing information that is issued by legislative, administrative, and judicial sources. When evaluating a particular tax rule, it may be necessary to consult resources in all three areas.
The study of federal income taxation will help you evaluate how business and personal financial decisions influence the amount of income tax you will have to pay. Awareness of basic income tax concepts will help you recognize opportunities to minimize compliance costs, save taxes, avoid IRS penalties, and make more informed business decisions.
The practical approach to tax planning discussed in this chapter does not require you to be a tax specialist to become an effective tax planner. When solving these problems, you will need to consider the effects of changes in the marginal tax rate and the time value of money.
Finally, always be aware of the difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance. Avoid tax evasion—it is illegal. Tax avoidance is legal and is expected of taxpayers.
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Revision Tasks and Achievement Tests
Block 1. General Idea of Taxation
Match the words with their definitions.
1. demand |
a. make a subtraction |
2. tax avoidance |
b. a personal tax levied on annual income |
3. medical care |
c. levy a tax on |
4. estate |
d. the ability and desire to purchase goods |
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and services |
5. current |
e. the entire amount of income before any |
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deductions are made |
6. income tax |
f. the deliberate failure to pay taxes (usually |
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by making a false report) |
7. provide |
g. absolutely, vitally necessary |
8. revenue |
h. the minimization of tax liability by lawful |
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methods |
9. tax evasion |
i. occurring in or belonging to the present |
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time |
10. impose a tax |
j. everything you own |
11. essential |
k. furnish with |
12. deduct |
l. professional treatment for illness or injury |
Block 2. Definition of a Tax.
Match the words with their definitions
1. enforce |
a. make someone do something |
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2. assessment |
b. something that aids or promotes well-being |
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3. tax return |
c. bring into effect by legislation |
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4. benefit |
d. impose and collect |
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5. contribution |
e. pay back for some expense incurred |
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6. require |
f. document giving the tax collector information |
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about the taxpayer's tax liability |
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7. violate |
g. a voluntary gift made to some worthwhile |
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cause |
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An English Course in Practical Taxation
8. charge |
h. provide |
9. discourage |
i. an amount determined as payable |
10. reimburse |
j. compel to behave in a certain way |
11. render |
k. the price for some article or service |
12. fine |
l. a payment required for not fulfilling something |
13. grant |
m. try to prevent |
14. levy |
n. any monetary aid |
15. enact a law |
o. act in disregard of laws and rules |
Block 3. Standards for Evaluating a Tax.
Match the words with their definitions
1. issue |
a. a relative position or degree of value in |
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a graded group |
2. valid |
b. information that should be kept in |
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mind when making a decision |
3. tax relief |
c. the state of needing something |
4. insurance premium |
d. a charge for a loan |
5. level |
e. an important question that is in dispute |
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and must be settled |
6. interest |
f. a worker who is hired to perform a job |
7. satisfy |
g. payment for insurance |
8. employee |
h. the condition of being relieved of tax |
9. income |
i. a direct reduction in tax liability |
10. consideration |
j. fulfil the requirements or expectations |
11. tax credit |
k. having legal force |
12 lack. |
l. the financial gain |
Block 4. Standards for Evaluating a Tax. Convenience. Economy. Certainty.
Match the words with their definitions
1. balance |
a. fix conclusively or authoritatively |
2. pay-as-you-go |
b. to make better |
taxation |
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Summary |
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3. depreciation |
c. the quality of being suitable to one's com- |
methods |
fort, purposes, or needs |
4. litigation |
d. acting according to certain accepted standards |
5. integrity |
e. keep in a certain state, position, or activity |
6. deduction |
f. the result of improving something |
7. amount |
g. decrease in value of an asset due to obsoles- |
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cence or use |
8. self-employed |
h. a legal proceeding in a court |
9. maintain |
i. moral soundness |
10. amend |
j. something left after other parts have been |
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taken away |
11. convenience |
k. give to a charity or good cause |
12. determine |
l. write all the required information onto a form |
13. refinement |
m. how much of something is available |
14. compliance |
n. a portion removed from the whole |
15. donate |
o. working for yourself |
16. fill out |
p. the system or practice of paying debts as |
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they are incurred |
Block 5. Tax Rates.
Match the words with their definitions
1. payroll tax |
a. the amount of tax paid on an additional |
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dollar of income |
2.average rate |
b. tax an employer withholds and/or pays |
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on behalf of their employees based on the |
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wage or salary of the employee |
3. objective |
c. the rate a taxpayer would be taxed at if |
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taxing was done at a constant rate, instead |
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of progressively |
4. marginal tax rate |
d. subject to taxation |
5. postpone |
e. deal |
6. effective tax rate |
f. make a mathematical calculation |
7. tax rate |
g. a temporally organized plan for matters |
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to be attended to |
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An English Course in Practical Taxation
8. taxable |
h. aim, target |
9. transaction |
i. hold back to a later time |
10. schedule |
j. rate used to calculate tax liability |
11. proceeds |
k. medium charge per unit |
12. compute |
l. the income arising from land or other |
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property |
Achievement Test 1 (Blocks 1—5).
Find suitable answers to these questions (sometimes more than one answer is possible):
1. What is a tax?
a. the price we pay for a civilized society
b. an extraction for the support of the government c. special benefits for the citizens
d. sophisticated and complex array of laws
2. What characteristics does a tax have? a. it is required by law
b. the purpose of requiring the payment is to provide revenue to be used for public or governmental purposes
c. special benefits, services, or privileges are received as a result of making the payment.
d. the payment is a fine or penalty that is imposed under powers of government.
3. What payments are taxes?
a. a fee paid for driving on a toll road;
b. an involuntary contribution required by law to finance the functions of government;
c. payments to a city for water and sewer services;
d. fines for violating public laws and penalties on tax returns
4. What are the basic requirements for a good tax system identified by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nation?
a. equality, certainty, convenience b. economy, certainty, convenience c. certainty, convenience, equality
d. certainty, economy, convenience, equality
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5. The concept of equality requires
a. a tax should have minimum compliance and administrative costs
b. a tax should be levied at the time it is most likely to be convenient for the taxpayer to make the payment;
c. consideration of both horizontal and vertical equity;
d. a taxpayer should know when and how a tax is to be paid and should be able to determine the amount of tax to be paid.
6. The concept of certainty requires
а. a tax should have minimum compliance and administrative costs
b.a tax should be levied at the time it is most likely to be convenient for the taxpayer to make the payment;
c.consideration of both horizontal and vertical equity;
d.a taxpayer should know when and how a tax is to be paid and should be able to determine the amount of tax to be paid.
7. The concept of convenience requires
a. a tax should have minimum compliance and administrative costs
b. a tax should be levied at the time it is most likely to be convenient for the taxpayer to make the payment;
c. consideration of both horizontal and vertical equity;
d. a taxpayer should know when and how a tax is to be paid and should be able to determine the amount of tax to be paid.
8. The concept of economy requires
a.a tax should have minimum compliance and administrative
costs
b.a tax should be levied at the time it is most likely to be convenient for the taxpayer to make the payment;
c.consideration of both horizontal and vertical equity;
a taxpayer should know when and how a tax is to be paid and d. should be able to determine the amount of tax to be paid.
9. Tax rates are referred to as
a.a regressive rate
b.a marginal rate
c.an average rate
d.an effective rate.
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An English Course in Practical Taxation
10. A tax rate structure is frequently described as being
a.proportional b. regressive c. progressive
e. disproportional
Block 6. Tax Rate Structures.
Match the words with their definitions
1. wages |
a. an income tax having a single rate for all |
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taxpayers regardless of income level and type |
2. stocks |
b. make or become different in some particular |
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way |
3. flat tax |
c. a process of becoming smaller |
4. remain |
d. a certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing |
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or discounted) that is issued by a government |
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or corporation in order to raise money |
5. vary |
e. stay the same |
6. criterion |
f. a process of becoming larger |
7. assessed value |
g. money paid to an employee for work done |
8. promote |
h. a quantity that does not vary |
9. increase |
i. contribute to the progress or growth |
10.decrease |
j. state securities |
11 bonds. |
k. value assigned to property for purposes of |
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assessing taxes |
12. constant |
l. a reference point against which other things |
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can be evaluated |
Block 7. Major Types of U.S. Taxes. Income Taxes.
Match the words with their definitions
1. substantial |
a. the procedure of calculating |
2. interact |
b. release |
3. refund |
c. important |
4. withhold |
d. the line indicating the limit or extent of some- |
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thing |
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