Academic Writing for IT Students

Abb

rev

Meaning

Example use

Notes for APA

iati

Style

on

Used inside of parentheses only

Abbott (2010) found

Never put a

comma after. Do

supportive results in her

“compare” or

not put a period

memory experiment, unlike

“consult” (used to

between the c and

those of previous work (cf.

cf.

provide contrasting

the f. Use “cf.” to

Zeller & Williams, 2007).

or opposing

contrast; to

She expands on the working

information)

compare like

memory literature (see also

things, use “see”

Evans & Potter, 2005).

or “see also.”

Some studies (e.g., Jenkins &

for example,”

Morgan, 2010; Macmillan,

Always put a

2009) have supported this

e.g.,

(abbreviation

conclusion. Others—for

comma after.

for exempli gratia)

example, Chang (2004)—

disagreed.

Students ranked their school

subjects (chemistry, math,

ut a comma before

etc.) in order of preference,

if used to end a list

“and so on” or “and so

first, second, third, and so

of at least two

etc.

forth” (abbreviation

on, until they had ranked the

for et cetera)

entire list. A majority ranked

other items, as

science-related subjects

shown in the

example.

(biology etc.) as their second

favorite.

he experimenters

manipulated the order of

that is,” (abbreviation

presentation (i.e., first,

Always put a

i.e.,

for id est; used to give

second, or third) of the three

comma after.

specific clarification)

images as well their size, that

is, whether they were small or

large.

We first replicated our earlier

Always put a

viz.,

namely,”

study (viz., Black & Avery,

comma after.

2008) and then extended it.

he 2 (low vs. high) × 2 (blue

vs. green) analysis of

xception: With

vs.

versus”

variance revealed that the low

legal citations

versus high distinction was

use v. instead

not significant.

Used inside and outside of parentheses

homas, Greengrass, and

Hopkirk (2010) made several

Must refer to at least

et al.

and others”

excellent points about goal-

two people because

seeking behavior. Thomas et

it is a plural phrase

al. began with how goals are

selected.

Never used in APA Style

bbreviation for ibidem,

Not used in APA

used in citations to

Style; instead give

ibid.

refer again to the last

———

each citation using

source previously

author names as

referenced

usual.

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

arise

arose

arisen

been

be

was, were

borne

bear

bore

become

become

became

begun

begin

began

bent

bend

bent

broken

break

broke

brought

bring

brought

built

build

built

burned

burn

burned or burnt

or burnt

burst

burst

burst

buy

bought

bought

catch

caught

caught

choose

chose

chosen

come

came

come

cost

cost

cost

cut

cut

cut

deal

dealt

dealt

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

drink

drank

drunk

drive

drove

driven

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

feed

fed

fed

feel

felt

felt

find

found

found

fit

fit, fitted

fit, fitted

forget

forgot

forgotten

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

gotten or

give

gave

got

given

go

went

gone

grind

ground

ground

grow

grew

grown

hang

hung or hanged

hung or

have

had

hanged

hear

heard

had

hide

hid

heard

hit

hit

hidden

hold

held

hit

hurt

hurt

held

keep

kept

hurt

know

knew

kept

lay

laid

known

lead

led

laid

leap

leapt or leaped

led

leave

left

leapt or

lend

lent

leaped

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

let

let

left

lie (down)

lay

lent

light

lit or lighted

let

lose

lost

lain

make

made

lit or

mean

meant

lighted

lost

meet

met

made

pay

paid

meant

prove

proved

met

put

put

paid

quit

quit

proved

read

read

or

rise

rose

proven

run

ran

put

say

said

quit

see

saw

read

seek

sought

risen

sell

sold

run

send

sent

said

set

set

seen

shake

shook

sought

shear

sheared

sold

show

showed

sent

shrink

shrank or shrunk

set

shut

shut

shaken

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

speak

spoke

sheared

spend

spent

or shorn

shown or

spread

spread

showed

take

took

shrunk

tell

told

or

think

thought

shrunken

shut

undergo

underwent

spoken

understand

understood

spent

win

won

spread

wind

wound

taken

withdraw

withdrew

told

write

wrote

thought

undergon

e

understo

od

won

wound

withdraw

n

written

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Present

The test is done.

The test is being done.

The test has been

done.

Past

The test was done.

The test was being

The test had been

done.

done.

Future

The test will be

The test will have

done.

been done.

Present Simple

They have it tested.

Present Continuous

They are having it tested.

Past Simple

They had it tested.

Past Continuous

They were having it tested.

Future Simple

They will have it tested.

Future Continuous

They will be having it tested.

Present Perfect

They have had it tested.

Present Perfect Continuous

They have been having it tested.

Past Perfect

They had had it tested.

Past Perfect Continuous

They had been having it tested.

Active

Passive

Present

(to) do

(to) be done

Present Continuous

(to) be doing

–

Perfect

(to) have done

(to) have been done

Perfect Continuous

(to) have been doing

–

Active

Passive

Simple

doing

being done

Perfect

having done

having been done

Active

Passive

Present Participle Simple

using

being used

writing

being written

having used

having been used

Present Participle Perfect

having been

having written

written

Past Participle

–

used, written

Prefixes

Meaning

Examples

a-

not, without

amoral

antisocial

anti-

against

bidirectional

bi-

two

co-author

co-

with

counter-

counter, in opposition

counterpart

to,

decompose

de-

down; away

disagreement

dis-

negation

ex-chairman

ex-

previous, former

illogical

il- (before l)

not, without

impractical,

im- (before b, m, p)

not, without

imbalance

insignificant

in-

not, without

irrational

ir- (before r)

not, without

international

inter-

between

malformed

mal-

wrongly, badly