Английский язык для архитектора и градостроителя. Учебное пособие по английскому языку

and colors you like. It may also be helpful to note any plants or colors you would like to avoid in your concept plan.

Things to consider before creating your landscape site design plans:

The overall mood and theme of your outdoor space.

The purpose of the plants in your yard. You may desire shade, want to attract wildlife, or create a privacy or wind barrier.

Landscape elements to include, like parking areas, pools and spas, or an outdoor kitchen.

Special areas you may need, such as space for children to play, a vegetable garden, or areas for entertaining.

Your budget and the amount of time you have to maintain your landscape.

Using an accurate plot plan or also referred to as plat map, draw in all existing structures as well as plants, landscape, and natural features of your property before creating your landscape design site plans. Accuracy is extremely important for a welldesigned concept plan.

8.3 Town planning

Text A

The Modern City as a Symbol of Modern Man

The modern city has still to be built, and the first step toward sinking its foundations into the earth is to raise its ideal structure in the mind. It is obvious that the "modern city" cannot be created by mechanical improvements, especially if it is conceived in the childish terms used in the 1920s by various American skyscraper architects in portraying super-skyscraper cities lived in largely under artificial light, zoned in horizontal layers according to incomes and utilizing every mechanical device. Even Le Corbusier's refinement of this picture—with wide green spaces, trees, sunlight, and sport-fields—though plainly more human, is still naive, for it neglects the essentials of family life and neighbourly intercourse.

The architectural embodiment of the modern city is in fact impossible until biological, social, and personal needs have been canvassed, until the cultural and

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educational purposes of the city have been outlined, and until all of man's activities have been integrated into a balanced whole. One cannot base an architectural conception on such a sociology as that which led a group of modern architects and planners to examine the modern city with reference to only four functions: work, transportation, dwelling, and recreation. The city, if it is anything, is an expression and symbolization of man.

Text B

The Modern City

Conceivably a city could be built underground, or it might be enclosed within a single massive air-conditioned skyscraper with no window opening to the outer world. Proposals were current for both types. But one important element would be lacking in such a city—the aesthetic symbolization of its contents, its activity, its meaning. Above all, the city is a symbol of social relationships. In cities not only do the social functions exist, they signify. Architecture and city planning are the visible translations of the total meaning of a culture. Each generation writes its biography in the buildings it creates; each culture characterizes in the city the unifying idea that runs through its activities. The medieval city says: "protection under the eye of God"; the Baroque city says: "power under the favour of the Prince"; the industrial city says: "production no matter what the human cost"; the American metropolis says: "finance must dominate". In the ideal form of the modern city one must look for a fuller embodiment of needs than any recent culture has produced.

The physical problems of planning and the question of architectural form are closely connected with the more fundamental concerns of the relation of population to industry and to the land, the possibilities of creating a new rural-urban pattern, and a reinterpretation of human needs in terms of twentieth-century political and technical possibilities. No ideal plan can do justice to the potential nature of modern man if it does not further the interaction of the urban and the rural patterns of life bringing gardens, parks and recreation spaces into the heart of the city and making available for the most isolated country dweller the fullest resources of culture and education.

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Text D

Limits to City's Growth

The setting of limits of population, area, and density is the first step in the art of building cities. It is interesting to note that Leonardo da Vinci recognized the evils of congestion that resulted from the overcrowding of Milan at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He proposed to put its 300,000 people into ten cities of 30,000 each.

Some architects recognize in the city the same limitation on biological growth that is seen in the cell. Every cell has a norm of development. When a cell has reached its optimum of growth, its nucleus divides in two, and two new cells are formed. Cities are not biological organisms, hence, except for a primitive dependence on a limited water and food supply there is no natural limit to their growth—but there is a social limit, and that limit has been constantly exceeded in the expansion of modern cities.

A city should be big enough to achieve social co-operation of a complex kind based on the necessary division of labour, but not so big as to handicap these functions.

Text E

Dubai Skyscrapers (1)

The word "skyscraper" was coined because tall buildings scraped the sky. Logical, isn't it? Some of the Tallest buildings in Dubai not only scrape the sky but go much beyond the skies. Dubai has 54 buildings that are taller than 180 metres (591 ft), and 44 buildings that are taller than 200 metres (656 ft). Sky is the limit, no longer holds true for Dubai Skyscrapers. Have a look. The images above are of Burj Dubai skyscraper, the tallest building Dubai or the world has seen built. It's the height! Of heights. Literally. Even the designs of these Dubai skyscrapers are revolutionizing Civil and Construction Engineering. They're planning to build the world's first moving building, an 80 storey tower with revolving floors.

The Dynamic Tower design is made up of 80 pre-fabricated apartments which will spin independently of each another. It's the first building that rotates, moves, and changes shape. The 420-metre (1,378-foot) building's apartments would spin a full 360 degrees, at

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voice command, around a central column by means of 79 giant power-generating wind turbines located between each floor.

Compare rates for the Giorgio Armani Hotel amongst all the booking sites on the

net.

Some of the other Dubai skyscrapers are: Almas Tower: A supertall skyscraper under construction in Dubai. It stands at 360 m (1,200 ft), becoming the second-tallest building in Dubai, after Burj Dubai. It will have 74 floors, 70 of which will be commercial and 4 service floors. Emirates Office Tower: Also known as Emirates Tower One, it is a 54 floor office building and is connected with the 56-floor Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel by a retail boulevard. The tower has a total structural height of 354.6 m (1,163 ft) and roof height of 311 m (1,020 ft), making it the 19th-tallest building in the world.

Rose Tower: Also known as Rose Rotana, is the tallest all-hotel building in the world. Consisting of 72 floors, its total height is 333m (1,090 ft). Search & Compare the BEST rates in some of the BEST Hotels in Dubai Skyscrapers: Princess Tower: It will rise to 414 meters (1,358 feet) and have 107 floors. It will be the world's tallest allresidential building, when complete.

The Pentominium: It will take the status of the tallest all-residential building in the world upon completion, which is after

Text F

Dubai Skyscrapers (2)

The Princess Tower. It will stand at 516 m (1,693 ft) , with 120 floors Ocean Heights: A skyscraper designed by Aedas under construction in Dubai Marina, the tower will stand 310 meters (1,017 feet) tall and have 82 floors. Lighthouse Tower: One amongst many commercial Dubai Skyscrapers under construction, it is designed by multinational architectural firm Atkins. Being built in the DIFC, it will rise to 400 m (1,312 feet) and have 66 floors. The tower is a Green Building with a huge emphasis put on reducing its carbon footprint and conserving energy.

The Nakheel Tower: It is another extremely tall development planned for construction in Dubai. Set to rise at least 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) in height, with 200 floors,

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it would surpass the Burj Dubai to become the tallest structure in the world if constructed.

Marina 101: It is a supertall skyscraper 412 m (1,352 feet) tall with 101 floors under construction in Dubai. It will have 324 hotel rooms and 506 residential units. When completed, the tower will (probably) be the second tallest residential skyscraper in the world, only 2 meters shorter than the Princess Tower (as above).

Dubai Towers Dubai: The developer, Sama Dubai, intends this Dubai Skyscraper to form the centre piece of The Lagoons, a megaproject located on Dubai Creek which will consist of seven islands. The towers have between 57 to 94 stories; and although the heights are not known, it is believed the tallest will top 400 metres (1,310 ft) while two others will rise beyond 300 metres. The Index: It is a mixed-use skyscraper designed by Foster and Partners, which will have 80 floors, the lower 25 being offices and 47 for residential use, including the world's highest apartment for a time before the Burj Dubai overtakes it. It will be 328 meters (1,076 feet) tall. The tower is oriented in such a way that the eastern and western concrete cores shelter the floors from the harsh, desert sun and the climatic effects of the area.

Dubai World Trade Centre: The first skyscraper in Dubai, built in 1979, it is 149 metre (489 ft) tall. The 39 storey office tower has a majority of the floors let commercially. At the time it was built, it was the tallest building in Dubai, The UAE, or for that matter, the entire Gulf Region. Burj Al Alam: It is a 108 storey, 510 meter (1673 ft) hyperboloid Dubai skyscraper under construction in the Business Bay area of Dubai. It is designed to resemble a crystal flower. It will contain 74 floors of office space, a retail area at the base, and a high-end 5 star hotel and serviced apartments in the top 27 floors, which by the way will be the highest hotel rooms in the world. A 6 storey crown will contain a Turkish bath, sky garden, etc.

Chelsea Tower: A 250 m (820 ft) skyscraper located on Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The 49 storey building is occupied by a hotel and residential apartments. The tower stands out in the Dubai skyline due to its distinctive shape, cladding and lighting. DAMAC Heights: It is a supertall skyscraper to be built in Dubai Marina. The tower is set to rise to 426 meters (1,398 feet) and have 100 floors for residential use.

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