Английский язык в сфере экономической безопасности. Учебное пособие

6.6 Answer the questions.

1)What are possible grounds for the classification of contracts?

2)What is a difference between express and implied contracts?

3)What are the two types of implied contracts? Define them.

4)What kind of contracts does not require the existence of mutual promises?

5)Is an unenforceable contract valid or void? Explain your choice.

6)Give the examples of unenforceable contracts.

7)What is a difference between voidable and void contracts? Give examples. 6.7 Make up the plan of the text

6.8 Retell the text according to your plan.

7 Unit 7 White-Collar Crime

7.1 Before reading the text learn the following words and phrases which are essential to the topic:

1) actor (syn. con-man, con artist, swindler, trickster, fraudster, rogue) – жулик,

мошенник, аферист, плут;

2)corrupter – лицо, пытающееся подкупить или склонить другого к совершению преступления либо проступка;

3)corruption – 1) продажность, коррупция 2) получение взятки 3) склонение к получению взятки или к совершению другого должностного преступления 4)

казнокрадство, взяточничество;

4)defraud – мошенничать, обманывать, обманом лишать чего-л. (собственности, прибыли или недвижимости); надувать, морочить, вводить в

заблуждение;

5)fraud – 1) мошенничество, обман, жульничество 2) подделка (подписей,

документов и т. д.) 3) фальшивка, что-либо поддельное, ненастоящее 4) обманщик,

мошенник 5) афера 6) сомнительная сделка;

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6) white-collar crime – “беловоротничковая преступность”; преступления в

экономической сфере (впервые выражение было употреблено криминалистом Э.

Сазерлендом в 1939);

7)advanced fee – авансированное вознаграждение, предоплата,

предварительная оплата услуг;

8)approach – обращаться (с просьбой, предложением);

9)newspaper stand – газетный киоск;

10)bill – банкнота, купюра;

11)antitrust – антитрестовский, антимонопольный;

12)price-fixing – искусственное вздувание цен, ценовой сговор;

13)stifle – подавлять, сдерживать, душить;

14)clone – делать точные копии, имитировать;

15)proprietary – вещно-правовой, защищенный какими-л. правами;

16)собственности, частный;

17)pass off – сбывать, подсовывать; выдавать (за кого-л.);

18)counterfeiting – контрафакция (незаконное использование фирменных обозначений), подделка (товаров), подделка денег, фальшивомонетничество;

19)forgery – подлог, подделка документа (в том числе денежных документов:

чеков, банкнот, ценных бумаг, кредитных карточек); подделка товаров; фабрикации

улик и свидетельств;

20)instrument – (финансовый) инструмент (ценные бумаги и т.п.);

21)security – ценная бумага;

22)guise – вид, видимость; личина, маска;

23)insider trading – инсайдерные (т.е. незаконные) операции с ценными бумагами на основе внутренней информации о деятельности компании-эмитента;

24)share – акция; доля, пай;

25)kickback – возвращение денег, уплата; взятка; откат; выплата

“благодарности”, выплата “под столом”;

26)collusive agreement – соглашение, в основе которого лежит тайный сговор;

27)racketeering – шантажирование, вымогательство; бандитизм;

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28)allegedly – будто бы, якобы; по утверждению, как утверждают;

29)distributorship – оптовое распределение;

30)franchise – франшиза, торговая привилегия (лицензия, подтверждающая право пользования торговой маркой (а также технологией и т д.);

31)investor – инвестор, вкладчик (капитала);

32)investment – вложение денег, инвестирование, инвестиция,

капиталовложение, размещение денег;

33)initiator – организатор;

34)stocks – акции и облигации, акционерный капитал, оборотные средства,

фонды;

35)shell game – игра “наперсток”, мошенничество, обман;

36)walnut shells – скорлупа грецких орехов;

37)encouragement – содействие;

38)bet – ставка (в пари);

39)take – добыча, материальная выгода, барыши, выручка;

40)boiler room – “котельная” (название комнаты, в которой работают дилеры,

непрерывно обзванивающие потенциальных клиентов и использующие методы

психологического давления, чтобы любой ценой уговорить последних);

41)tax evasion – уклонение от уплаты налога;

42)residence – дом, квартира; офис;

43)up front – авансом, вперёд, предварительно;

44)bid – выставлять на торги, предлагать цену (на аукционе); принимать участие в торгах.

7.2 Read the text White-Collar Crime

The term “white-collar crime” refers to illegal acts committed through the use of non-physical, nonviolent means by individuals, groups, or corporations for financial gain. White-collar crimes include but are not limited to the following types and schemes:

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1 Advanced fee schemes: Actor induces victim to give him some type of advanced fee in return for a future benefit. The future benefit never occurs and victim never receives the advanced fee back.

2 Airport/railway-station scam: Actor approaches victim stating that the newspaper stand cannot change his one hundred dollar bill and asks the victim for change. Victim provides actor with the change, actor returns to the store to get the one hundred dollar bill back, however, never returns to victim.

3 Antitrust fraud includes the use of practices such as pricefixing and monopolies to stifle competition.

4 Bankruptcy fraud is committed by businesses or individuals who conceal assets, mislead creditors, falsely claim bankruptcy, file multiple bankruptcy claims.

5 Bribery: When money, goods, services, information or anything else of value is promised to, given to, or taken from an individual or corporation with intent to influence the actions, opinions, or decisions of the taker (passive corrupter). A person may be charged with bribery whether he offers the bribe or accepts it.

6 Cellular phone fraud: The unauthorized use, tampering, or manipulation of a cellular phone or service. This can be accomplished by either use of a stolen phone, or where an actor signs up for service under false identification or where the actor clones a valid electronic serial number (ESN) by using an ESN reader and reprograms another cellular phone with a valid ESN number.

7 Computer fraud: Where computer hackers steal information sources contained on computers such as: bank information, credit cards, and proprietary information.

8 Counterfeiting: Occurs when someone copies or imitates an item without having been authorized to do so and passes the copy off for the genuine or original item. Counterfeiting is most often associated with money however can also be associated with designer clothing, handbags and watches.

9 Credit card fraud: The unauthorized use of a credit card to obtain goods of value. 10 Embezz1ement: When a person who has been entrusted with money or property

appropriates it for his or her own use and benefit.

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11 Forgery: When a person passes a false or worthless instrument such as a check or counterfeit security with the intent to defraud or injure the recipient.

12 Government fraud is any fraud committed against the Government or one of its contractors, including public housing, educational programs, and agricultural programs.

13 Health care fraud: Where an unlicensed health care provider provides services under the guise of being licensed and obtains monetary benefit for the service.

14 Identity fraud refers to the theft of one’s personal information so as to use it for opening credit card accounts, applying for loans, purchasing cellular phones, or committing serious crimes.

15 Insider trading: When a person uses inside, confidential, or advance information to trade in shares of publicly held corporations.

16 Insurance fraud is the filing of artificial or exaggerated claims to an insurance company.

17 Internet services: charges for services that were supposedly free, payment made online and Internet services that were never provided or were falsely represented.

18 Kickbacks are the return of money from a buyer to a seller as part of a collusive agreement.

19 Mail fraud involves the use of the Postal Service or another registered mail service to commit a crime.

20 Money laundering: The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate.

21 Police impersonation: Actor tells victim that his bank is being operated by fraudulent bank officers. Actor instructs victim to take money out of bank and place it into a good bank. After the money is withdrawn, the actor allegedly takes the money to the police station for safe keeping. The victim never sees the money again.

22 Pyramid: An investment fraud in which an individual is offered a distributorship or franchise to market a particular product. The attraction of the pyramid scheme is that it offers an unusually high rate of return on the initial investment. Investors are typically advised that they can get a full return on their money by getting two more “new” investors

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to make an investment. The new investors must then get two or more new investors and so it goes, on and on. Promoters fail to tell or deliberately conceal that profit from system becomes mathematically impossible for other than the initiators of the scheme.

23 Securities fraud: The act of artificially inflating the price of stocks by brokers so

that buyers can purchase a stock on the rise.

24 Shell game: Actor 1 manipulates a pea beneath three walnut shells or bottle caps. Actor 1 moves the caps around and shows victim the cap with the pea under it. With the encouragement of another player, also Actor 2, victim places larger and larger bets as to

which cap contains the pea. The game is ended by Actor 1 when the take is large enough.

25 Tax evasion: When a person commits fraud in filing or paying taxes.

26 Telemarketing fraud: Actors operate out of boiler rooms and place telephone

calls to residences and corporations where the actor requests a donation to an alleged charitable organization or where the actor requests money up front or a credit card number up front, and does not use the donation for the stated purpose.

27 Trade secret fraud is the theft of a confidential plan, formula, idea or collection

of information that could benefit a business.

28 Web auctions: items bid but never delivered by the sellers.

7.3 Agree or disagree with the following statements:

7.5 Fill in the proper words.

1 _____ induces victim to give him some type of _____ ___ in return for a future

_______.

2 ______ provides actor with the change, _____ returns to the store to get the one

hundred dollar _____ back, however, never returns to ____.

3 _____ fraud is committed by ________ or _______ who conceal assets, mislead

creditors, falsely claim ________, file multiple bankruptcy claims.

4 ______ are typically advised that they can get a _____ ______ on their money by

getting two more “new” investors to make an _______.

5 _____ secret fraud is the _____ of a confidential plan, formula, idea or collection of information that could ______ a business.

7.6 Answer the questions.

1 What does the term “white-collar crime” refer to?

2 What types and schemes of white-collar crimes does the text describe? Characterize them.

3 Can you describe any other acts of deceiving people not mentioned in the text? 4 What is counterfeiting?

5 What is tax evasion?

6 What does antitrust fraud include?

7 What is the principle of shell game?

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7.7Make up the plan of the text

7.8Retell the text according to your plan.

8 Unit 8 Computer Crimes

8.1 Before reading the text learn the following words and phrases which are essential to the topic:

1)explosive growth – взрывной, внезапный рост;

2)unauthorized access – несанкционированный доступ, получение нарушителем доступа к ресурсу в нарушение установленных в соответствии с политикой безопасности правил разграничения доступа;

3)accomplice – сообщник, соучастник (преступления);

4)adverse – неблагоприятный; вредный; негативный;

5)insert – вносить, вписывать, вставить, вставлять;

6)credit file – кредитное досье, данные по кредитам; картотека кредитной информации;

7)disgruntled – раздраженный, рассерженный;

8)reliable – заслуживающий доверия, достоверный; правдоподобный;

9)publicity – гласность, публичность, огласка;

10)inadequacy – несостоятельность, неполноценность, неадекватность,

недостаточность, несоответствие (требованиям), дефект, недостаток;

11)depositor – вкладчик; вкладчица,депозитор, депонент, инвестор;

12)withdraw – брать назад, забирать;

13)favor – польза, благосклонность, одолжение, привилегия;

14)of value – ценный;

15)in exchange for – в обмен на;

16)corrupter – взяткодатель, пытающийся подкупить или склонить другого к совершению преступления либо проступка;

17)corruptee – лицо, которое пытаются подкупить или склонить к совершению

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преступления либо проступка;

18)passive actor – взяткополучатель, взяточник;

19)perfection – совершать, завершить;

20)advantage – преимущество; выгода, польза;

21)public official – государственное должностное лицо;

22)orchestrate – организовывать, урегулировать;

23)solicitation – подстрекательство (к преступлению), обольщение, соблазн;

24)in exchange for business – в обмен на выгодную сделку;

25)acceptance – получение, принятие, согласие;

26)accommodations – услуги по проживанию (в гостинице и т.д.);

27)salary – жалованье, заработная плата служащего; оклад;

28)wages – заработная плата рабочих;

29)fix – “договориться” , фальсифицировать;

30)beneficiary – лицо, оказавшееся в выигрыше, к выгоде которого что-л.

происходит; выгодоприобретатель, бенефициар, бенефициарий;

31)pecuniary – денежный, финансовый, монетарный; облагаемый штрафом;

32)incarceration – тюремное заключение, взятие под стражу, водворение в

карцер;

33)envisage – предусматривать;

34)illicit proceeds – незаконные доходы.

8.2 Read the text. Computer Crimes

The explosive growth in the use of computers in the business world in the past few years has brought with it a corresponding increase in computer misuse. Computer crimes fall mainly into three broad categories: simple unauthorized access, theft of information, and theft of funds. Among schemes that have been subjects of litigations are (1) stealing a competitor's computer program; (2) paying an accomplice to delete adverse information and insert favorable false information into the defendant's credit file; (3) a disgruntled exemployee's inserting a “virus” into his former employer's computer to destroy its records.

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Some estimate that losses in the USA due to computer misuse may be as high as 35 dollars USA to 40 billion dollars USA per year (including thefts of funds, losses of computer programs and data, losses of trade secrets, and damage done to computer hardware). These estimates may not be reliable, but it is clear that a substantial amount of computer crime is never discovered and a high percentage of that which is discovered is never reported because:

1) companies do not want publicity about the inadequacy of their computer controls

and

2) financial institutions, such as banks, fear that reports of large losses of funds, even when insured, are likely to cause depositors to withdraw their funds in the interest of safety.

Bribery

Bribery or corruption is a white collar crime in which money, a favor or something else of value is promised to, given to, or taken from an individual or corporation in an attempt to sway his or its views, opinions, or decisions. For example, if an electoral candidate offered bottles of liquor in exchange for votes, it would be considered a bribe, and therefore, a crime.

The commission of this crime involves participation of two wrongdoers: a corrupter (active perpetrator) and a corruptee (passive actor), where the former offers an advantage and the later accepts it.

As far as the actual moment of the commission of the corruption crime is concerned, what matters is the collusive agreement, in the sense that the corruption is perfectioned when the passive actor does not expressly refuse the advantage offered to him by the corrupter. The fact that the promise is really maintained is not relevant for the purposes of the commitment of the offence. The legal authority has only to prove the abstract relationship between the illegitimate advantage and the performance or violation of the public function. Passive corruption involves the commission or omission of an act on the part of the passive actor.

Types of corruption include the following:

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