The topical issues of science and technology. Хрестоматия для студентов-бакалавров направления «Лингвистика»

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ТРАНСПОРТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«РОССИЙСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ТРАНСПОРТА»

Институт экономики и финансов Кафедра «Лингвистика»

Л.А. Чернышова, Н.А. Заломова, В.М. Кайдаш

THE TOPICAL ISSUES

OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Хрестоматия для студентов-бакалавров

направления «Лингвистика»

МОСКВА - 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Предисловие ………………………………………………….4

Road Transport …………….………………………………….6

Air Transport ………………………………………………...12 Maritime Transport …………………………………………..40

Rail Transport ……..…………………………………………51 Transportation Industry Trends ………………………….…..98

3

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

В настоящей хрестоматии собраны статьи на английском языке по актуальным проблемам научнотехнического развития различных видов транспорта: автомобильного, авиационного, водного и железнодорожного. Особое внимание уделено современным тенденциям и перспективам развития транспортной отрасли в целом.

Все оригинальные тексты написаны англоязычными специалистами-транспортниками для таких профессиональных транспортных изданий, как Rail News, Global Railway Review, International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology, Marine Industry 4.0 и пр. В

хрестоматию вошли также материалы специализированных международных конференций по транспортной тематике и доклады для международных транспортных организаций по отдельным видам транспорта. Так, в сборник включён обзор состоявшейся в Нью-Йорке международной конференции Института сварки рельса (The Institute of Rail Welding). Приводятся оригинальные выдержки из доклада

Future of the Airline Industry -2035, подготовленного для Международной Ассоциации Воздушного Транспорта

(ИАТА), и из доклада The Future Of Road Transport, 2019.

Использованы также материалы из интернет-изданий таких международных консалтинговых фирм, как STFalcon и GreenBiz, и производственных гигантов, как Siemens.

Тематика текстов весьма разнообразна и позволяет познакомиться с самым широким кругом научнотехнических проблем современных видов транспорта. И хотя основная задача подготовленного сборника состоит в том, чтобы предложить тексты по научно-техническому переводу студентам-лингвистам, специализирующимся в

4

области перевода и переводоведения и межкультурной коммуникации, пособие также может представлять интерес и для студентов технических специальностей и будущих экономистов различных профилей. Вошедшие в сборник тексты могут быть использованы как для письменного и устного перевода, так и для чтения при отработке навыков устной речи и перевода с листа.

Общий объём предлагаемых текстов составляет около 158 тысяч знаков, т.е. около 88 переводческих страниц. Для удобства преподавателей и студентов под каждым текстом указывается его объём в знаках. Специально были подобраны тексты разного объёма от менее одной до 13 переводческих страниц. Объёмные материалы легко разделяются на целый ряд самостоятельных текстов. Всё это позволяет рационально и гибко распределять учебную нагрузку для студентов как на практических занятиях, так и при выполнении домашних заданий.

5

Road Transport

A New Era For Road Transport Automation, Connectivity,

Decarbonisation And Sharing

"The Future Of Road Transport", 2019

Implications Of Automated, Connected, Low-Carbon And

Shared Mobility

Four fast-moving trends are currently shaping road mobility and have a disruptive potential to transform road transport as we know it:

Automation is defined as systems able to “perform part or all of the Dynamic Driving Task (DDT) – i.e. all of the real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic, excluding the strategic functions such as trip scheduling and selection of destinations and waypoints – on a sustained basis”. There are different levels of automation, as further explained in Section 2.2, referred to overall as

‘automated vehicles’ (AVs).

Connectivity refers to the use of technologies enabling road vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside infrastructure (e.g. traffic signals). Connectivity enables the concept of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) and is closely interlinked with automation, especially for the efficient management of AVs in traffic. “Connectivity,

Cooperation and Automation are complementary technologies

6

that reinforce each other and will over time merge completely”. The term ‘connected and automated vehicle’ (CAV) encompasses connectivity and automation.

Decarbonisation addresses the use of alternative fuels like electricity, hydrogen, biofuels and natural gas, which are crucial to break the European transport sector’s dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among these, electrification is widely considered as a viable strategy for reducing oil dependency and the environmental impacts of road transport. 11 2. A new era for road transport Four fast-moving trends promise to disrupt road transport as we know it: automation, connectivity, decarbonisation and sharing. Electric vehicles (EVs), including battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are definitely increasing their market penetration. In the near future, a reduction in the cost of key EV components (especially batteries) is expected which can further accelerate their adoption. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) could also be considered under the electrification category, with the battery being replaced by a fuel cell engine. Biofuels

(“liquid or gaseous transport fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol which are made from biomass”4 ) are also an important renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

Sharing is “an innovative transport strategy that enables users to gain short-term access to transport modes on an ‘as-needed basis’” and includes “various forms of car sharing, bike sharing, ride sharing (carpooling and vanpooling), and on-

7

demand ride services”. ‘Mobility-as-a-Service’ (MaaS) is also a frequently used term to describe the use of digital technologies that integrate various forms of transport services into a single mobility service accessible on demand.

The combination of these four elements can lead to a radical transformation of road transport as the interplay and integration between them has a reinforcing effect. For example, AVs can accelerate the adoption of shared mobility by reducing one significant operational cost: the driver.

In addition, vehicle electrification can be accelerated by shared, automated mobility. There are three factors which can affect maximisation of the return on investment (ROI) of EVs: greater use of such vehicles, the potentially lower need for maintenance and easier access to charging infrastructure. Furthermore, recent work suggests that AVs are easier to produce with electric rather than internal combustion engines, due in part to the easier integration of parts and component control. Finally, MaaS, combined with vehicle automation and electric engines, is expected to lower the costs of road transport significantly, resulting in the massive adoption of these technologies and services in the near future.

Present and future challenges for mobility

Sustainable and universal mobility has always been at the centre of EU transport policy as it meets citizens’ needs and plays a vital role in the competitiveness of European industry and services. Between 1995 and 2015, the total number of EU-

8

28 passenger kilometres (pkm) increased by 23.8 % to 6 602 billion pkm, the vast majority of which were covered by passenger cars (around 4 700 billion pkm).

It is expected that EU transport activity will continue to grow in the coming decades, with road transport maintaining its dominant role. Specifically, growth in road passenger transport is estimated at 16% during 2010-2030 and at 30% for 20102050. Road freight transport is projected to increase by 33% by 2030 and 55 % by 2050. (4828)

Challenges Facing Road Transport

"The Future Of Road Transport", 2019

Safety

In 2015, a total of 26 134 road traffic deaths and 1.09 million road accidents causing personal injuries occurred on EU-28 roads. Compared to their national average, cities score much better in terms of traffic safety, with almost all recording lower fatality rates. The EU aims to reduce traffic fatalities by 50 % by 2020 compared to 2010. However, in recent years, EU fatalities have deviated from the target and it would appear that the figures will not be reached. The 50 % reduction target corresponds to a fatality rate of less than 3.1 fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants. In 2015, the EU-28 had 5.1 fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants.

9

Urbanization

Globally, in 2015, more than 50% of people live in urban areas. In Europe, this figure is 75%. According to the UN, it is foreseen that urbanisation will continue to grow – reaching 68% globally and 84% in Europe by 2050. In general, an already dense and growing urban population means that the global challenges faced in relation to transport and mobility are intensified in urban areas. In larger cities, car ownership tends to be lower than the national average as people in cities prefer other modes of transport (i.e. public transport, walking and cycling). Capital cities have the lowest rates of residents using cars although the variation between cities is remarkable, ranging from more than 70% in Nicosia, Cyprus to less than 10% in Paris, France.

Commuting times

Housing in cities is expensive (e.g. on average, more than 40 % of disposable income). This calls for more daily in/ out city commuting for those going to work. Congestion Productivity losses from road congestion account for approximately 1-2 % of the EU’s gross domestic product (GDP)8. In 2015, on average, commuters spent between 45 (Paris) and 101 (London) hours in congestion (INRIX, 2015), accounting for the top 15 most-congested European cities. Environment According to the European Commission, in 2015, in the EU-28, 852.3 million tonnes of CO2 were emitted by road transport, constituting more than 70% of emissions from all modes of transport. Transport is also a significant and growing contributor to air pollution. In particular, it is estimated that road transport is responsible for up to 30% of small particulate

10