History of Russia Lectures for technical students. Part 1. Учебное пособие

Vasilieva Iulia

HISTORY OF RUSSIA: LECTURES FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS. PART 1

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Vasilieva Iulia

History of Russia: Lectures for technical students. Part 1

Самара

2017

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УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК Ш13Англ–923

В191

History of Russia: Lectures for technical students. Part 1: учебное пособие / Ю.С. Васильева. – Самара: СамГТУ, 2017. – 79 с.

Учебное пособие содержит лекционный материал по истории России на английском языке, а также вопросы и задания для самостоятельной работы и итогового контроля.

Данное пособие предназначено для бакалавров (направление «Строительство») первого курса, обучающихся по программе международного обмена, а также для преподавателей и широкого круга читателей.

Рецензент – к.и.н., доцент кафедры гуманитарных, правовых и естественнонаучных дисциплин АНО ВО Самарского университета государственного управления «Международный институт рынка» Н.В. Иванова.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК Ш13Англ–923

©Ю.С. Васильева, 2017

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CONTENT

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Данное учебное пособие составлено по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» и предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлению «Строительство».

Целью пособия является подготовка студентов технического вуза к применению английского языка в гуманитарной сфере, что достигается при помощи соответствующих текстов и видеоматериалов со специально разработанной к ним системой упражнений. Учебное пособие представлено в 11 разделах: тексты пособия посвящены ключевым событиям истории.

Каждый раздел содержит текст по определенной теме и несколько заданий на закрепление изученной лексики, видеофрагмент, нацеленный на развитие навыков аудирования, и задание для активизации пройденного материала в письменной речи. Тексты посвящены ключевым событиям истории России, значительны по объему для того, чтобы как можно глубже заинтересовать, увлечь читателя и заставить его задуматься. Все материалы адаптированы в соответствии с требованиями современного исторического и художественного повествования. Терминологический словарь отражает наиболее важные понятия и явления представленной темы. Ссылки на видеоотрывки сети Интернет непосредственно связаны с темой занятия. Данное видео может служить основой для дискуссии по теме. Задание на написание эссе по заданной теме направлено на развитие письменной речи, творческого характера и помогает обучающимся создавать самостоятельные письменные работы.

Интерес к содержанию текстов должен в большей мере способствовать наиболее эффективному усвоению лексико-грамматического материала. Несомненно, что изучение английского на базе увлекательных исторических текстов даст хорошие результаты как в рам-

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ках учебного процесса, так и в случае самостоятельной работы обучающихся.

Материалы настоящего учебного пособия прошли апробацию на занятиях со студентами, обучающимися по направлению «Строительство» в Самарском государственном техническом университете.

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LECTURE 1. MEDIEVAL RUSSIA: FIRST PRINCES

The first prince in Russia was Rurik. The only information about

and Kriviches ... drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them tribute, and set out to govern themselves". Afterwards the tribes started fighting each other and decided to invite the Varangians, led by Rurik to reestablish order.

According to the entries in the Radzivil and Hypatian Chronic under the years 862–864, Rurik’s first residence was in Ladoga. He later moved his seat of power to Novgorod, a fort built not far from the source of the Volkhov River. The meaning of this place name in medieval Russian is 'new fortification', while the current meaning ('new city') developed later. Rurik according to the 12th-century Primary Chronicle was a Varangian chieftain of Rus. Rurik remained in power

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until his death in 879. He was a founder of the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled the Kievan Rus and Muscovy until 1598, and numerous noble Russian and Ruthenian families claim a male-line descent from Rurik.

His successor Prince Oleg moved the capital to Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus, which persisted until the Mongol invasion in 1240. Prince Oleg came down from Novgorod with the army of the Varangians to Kiev and captured it in 882. So after that the new state is appeared – named Kievan Rus. Prince Oleg was a founder of this state. The consolidation of Kievan Rus was completed during the reign of Svyatoslav and Vladimir.

Oleg had tree main tasks:

gathering Slavic tribes into united state;

setting down dominance of new state to the east and west;

military campaigns against Byzantium.

The culmination of his reign was the expedition against Byzantium in 907. The result was recognition Russia as equal partner. Oleg died after his triumph and was succeeded by Prince Igor (Rurik’s son). Oleg was called “Veshchiy” by historians and writers.

Russian historians consider Igor as the true beginner of Russian princely line. Igor continued the policy of Prince Oleg. He led two attacks on Constantinople but without success. On his way back to Kiev Igor decided to stop and gather tribute from the tribe Drevlyane the second time. They attacked Igor’s small army and killed him.

The death of the Kievan Prince raised a question about the next ruler of the country. Igor’s son Svyatoslav was only 3 years old and Princess Olga (widow of Prince Igor) took the power into her hands.

Princes Olga’s life was full of great deeds described in numerous historical records as well as legendary facts. Olga was born in Pskov,

Varangian family. Oleg The Veshchy initiated Olga’s marriage with

Prince Igor. After killing Igor, the Drevlyans sent Olga proposal of marriage with their Prince Mal. The Princess took revenge upon her husband’s death, killing all ambassadors. It was took place in 946

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when Olga traveled around the land of the Drevlyans in order to gather tribute. She besieged the town Iskorosten, the capital of the Drevlyans and destroyed it by fire. Olga officially ruled over Kievan Rus until her son became 16.

Princess Olga became known for establishing the system of tribute gathering, which is sometimes considered to be the first legal tax system in Eastern Europe. She ordered to organize the centers of trade and taxation. The land were divided into administrative units. Olga set fixed amounts of tributes with detailed schedule for their gathering. One of the most well-known Olga’s actions was her conversion to

Christianity. She was the first to bring this religion to the pagan society of Kievan Rus. According to the Chronicles, Olga was baptized in Constantinople in 955 or 957. Her son Svyatoslav didn’t support his mother’s decision and he was pagan till his death but Olga had influence on her grandson Vladimir The Great who made Christianity the official religion of the state.

It’s difficult to say when Svyatoslav began his full reign because up to 959 Byzantium and Western European records name Olga as the main ruler of Kievan Rus. So Svyatoslav shared power with his mother until her death. Prince Svyatoslav spent most of his reign abroad organizing military campaigns. His goal was to extend and strengthen the borders of the state. Numerous military campaigns left little time for the civil aspects of government that’s why sometimes Svyatoslav couldn’t even defend his own country. In 968 when Svyatoslav was away and Kiev was attacked by The Pechenegs, new hostile nomads. Princess Olga with her grandchildren had to organize the defense of the city. She died soon after Kiev’s siege. Svyatoslav ordered to bury his mother according Christian canons. Svyatoslav proposed to transfer the capital from the banks of the Dnieper to the banks of the Danube. First he established on the Danube and after it he started campaigns against Byzantium. Emperor of Byzantium Zimisces with the help of the Bulgars defeated Russian forces and made them to sign a

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treaty. According the treaty Svyatoslav left all lands in Bulgaria and Crimea. On the way back home Svyatoslav met an end like his father: he was attacked and killed by the Pechenegs and his skull became a cup for the Pechenegs Khan.

TASKS

1.Answer the following questions:

1.Who was the first Prince in Russian lands and why?

2.What were the Oleg’s principal tasks?

3.What kind of policy did Prince Igor maintain?

4.What was Princess Olga famous for?

5.What new was appeared in Russia and had great consequences?

6.What was Svyatoslav’s policy and why he was called Alexander Macedonian of Eastern Europe?

7.What military campaigns of this period do you know?

2.Topics for writing essay.

1.The origin of Russian state: discussion of scolars.

2.The Norman theory: for and against.

3.The first princes and the Varangians.

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