Across technology. Учебное пособие

Future Continuous

Для образования будущего длительного времени используется формула will be + V-ing (will be watching).

Future Continuous употребляется:

-Действие, которое будет совершаться в определенный момент в будущем

(When you come I’ll be reading a book – Когда ты придешь, я буду читать) -Запланированное действие в будущем (This book will be putting on sale this May – Эта книга будет продаваться в мае)

В предложениях во времени Future Continuous часто используются следующие обстоятельства времени: tomorrow, next week, some time, at five o’clock etc. (I’ll be meeting him tomorrow – Я встречаюсь с ним завтра.)

Упражнения на времена группыContinuous

1.Put the verbs in the Past Continuous. Translate the sentences.

1.Around me people (to talk) German, Italian and English.

2.Robert (to talk) to some of the other guests on the terrace when Hardy came.

3.Michael (to look) at his watch.

4.All night long the stars (to glitter).

5.Lizzie (to eat) and didn’t raise her head.

6.He drank some of the wine and ate several chunks of bread while he (to wait) for his dinner to come up.

7.The family (to prepare) for the party.

8.She (to argue) that only Belinda knew how to treat men.

9.A few minutes later Dixon (to hurry) through the streets to his bus stop.

10.They moved across the room, which (to start) to fill up, to a vacant

corner.

2.Choose the right form of the verb (Present Simple or Present Continuous). Translate the sentences.

1.The professor (speak) five foreign languages.

2.Now he (speak) Dutch.

3.I usually (drive) to my work.

4.Be careful! You (drive) too fast.

5.You (eat) fruit every day?

6.What's the name of the fruit you (eat) with such pleasure?

7.She (not understand) what the teacher (explain) now.

8.I generally (feel) well in winter but right now I (feel) miserable.

9.Paul (hate) it when it (rain) outdoors.

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10.The concert (take) place on Saturday.

11.It's a national holiday today. The bank (work)?

12.Nelly, why you (hurry) so much? – My plane (leave) at 7 o'clock.

3.Choose the right form of the verb (Past Simple or Past Continuous). Translate the sentences.

1.I (sit) on the bench for half an hour and then (begin) reading a book.

2.–You (see) him this morning? – Yes. He (stand) in the hall laughing.

3.The businessman (fly) to England yesterday.

4.We (walk) in silence for 5 minutes, then he (speak).

5.He (not like) to play while others (work).

6.Sorry, what you (say)? I (not listen).

7.Why you (make) so many mistakes in the last test? – I (think) about my boyfriend.

8.When the taxi (arrive) I still (pack) my things.

9.When the telephone (ring) I (wash up) and (ask) Mary to answer the call.

10.What Father (do) while Mother (wash up)?

11.Ann (look for) her cat in the garden at about that time.

12.They (leave) the house when we (arrive).

13.He (invite) me to the theatre and I (accept) the invitation with pleasure.

14.When I (come) to the theatre my friend already (wait) for me.

4.Put the verbs in the Present Continuous

1.Not only is computing equipment getting smaller, it (get) more sophisticated. 2.Now that computers and software that computers (proliferate) in many areas and networks are available for people to access data and communicate with others, personal computers (become) interpersonal PCs.

3.Cheaper and more powerful personal computers (make) it possible to perform processor-intensive tasks on the desktop.

4.Breakthroughs in technology, such as speech recognition, (enable) new ways of interacting with computers.

5.The convergence of personal computers and consumer electronics devices (broad) the base of computer users and (place) a new emphasis on ease of use. 6.Companies (develop) products that organize information graphically in more intuitive ways.

7.The machine (play not) MIDI sound files. 8.Our programmer (play) computer games now. 9.Our layer (look) through his iPad pictures now.

10.Our programmer (create) a new website at the moment.

5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in Past Continuous

to do, to drive, to read, to talk, to listen, to discuss, to have, to make, to check, to study.

1.During lunch yesterday, we ___________ about our generation.

2.Last Sunday, we ___________ nothing the whole day.

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3.From 9 p.m. till 10 p.m. yesterday, our programmer ___________ pictures of fireworks.

4.All day long yesterday, I ___________ without a driving license.

5.At midday yesterday, my colleagues ___________ a new project.

6.All night long, my aunt ___________ a love novel.

7.At 5 p.m. yesterday, we ___________ tea and carrot cakes.

8.Two managers ___________ fun of our secretary the whole day yesterday.

9.Late in the evening, my friend _________ still ________ his Facebook profile.

10.We ___________ to the beautiful music on You Tube the whole night through.

11.In 1992, an undergraduate called Linus Torvalds____________ computer science in Helsinki, Finland.

6.Past continuous or past simple? (A-C)

Find the second part of each sentence. Put each verb into the correct form.

Vicky (have) a beautiful dream when she (touch) the wire. Vicky was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. When Andrew (see) the question, when I (find) a £10 note in it. When Andrew saw the question, he knew the answer immediately.

7. Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary:

regardless of size – независимо от формы и размера

on the basis of cost and performance – на основе затрат и производительности enhanced graphics – улучшенная графика

central processing units – ЦПУ, Центральное процессорное устройство execute trillions operations – производить триллионы операций

at the threshold – на пороге

artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект

The History of Computer Development

The rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer or ENIAC, the device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered.

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Later transistors appeared. The use of the transistor in computers began in the late 1950s. It marked the advent of smaller, faster elements than it was possible to create with the use of vacuum-tube machines. Because transistors use less power and have a much longer life, computers alone were improved a lot. They were called second-generation computers.

Components became smaller and the system became less expensive to build. Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size and shape. Nevertheless, they can be divided into several categories on the basis of cost

and performance.

The first one is the personal computer or microcomputer, a relatively lowcost machine, usually of desk-top size. Sometimes they are called laptops. They are small enough to fit in a briefcase. The second is the workstation, a microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities that make it especially useful for office work. And the server computers, a large expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments. The largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers.

A digital computer is not actually a single machine, in the sense that most people think of computers. Instead it is a system composed of five distinct elements: a central processing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices and a communications network, called a «bus» that links all the elements of the system and connects the system itself to the external world.

Talking about a central processing unit or the heart of computer; I would like to add that there were several generations of microprocessors. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. In the end of 80s such computer costs about 25-30 000 rubles in the former USSR. The third generation is represented by Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75,90,100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations.

Computer speeds are measured in gigahertz today. Recently, an optical central processing unit has been invented, which is capable of executing trillions discrete operations per second or it is as fast as the speed of light.

So, we are at the threshold of new computer era, when artificial intelligence could be invented. There are no questions with «if», the only question is «when». And time will show us either computers become our best friends or our evil enemies as it is shown in some movies.

Answer the questions after reading the text:

1.When was the first general-purpose electronic computer constructed?

2.When did the use of transistor in computers begin?

3.Are all modern digital computers conceptually similar?

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4.What is laptop?

5.What is a server computer?

6.What is supercomputer?

7.How many elements can be distinguished in a computer?

Perfect Tenses

Времена группы Perfect употребляются для обозначения действий, закончившихся в определенный момент в настоящем, прошлом или будущем. Образуются времена группы Perfect следующим образом:

Present Perfect

Для образования Present Perfect обычно используется вспомогательный глагол to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

Present Perfect употребляется:

-С наречиями ever, never, often, already, yet и т.д. (I haven’t eaten my breakfast yet – Я еще не завтракал)

-Действие, совершившееся к настоящему моменту, результат которого имеется налицо в настоящем времени (My laptop has broken down – Мой лэптоп сломался)

-Описание состояния, которое длится по настоящий момент включительно

(I’ve known him since we were at school – Я знаю его еще со школы) -Прошедшее действие без указания конкретного времени его совершения

(My brother has had three car accidents – Мой брат уже трижды попадал в аварию)

-Недавнее прошедшее действие без указания конкретного времени его совершения (I’ve missed my bus – Я опоздал на автобус)

Past Perfect

Для образования прошедшего времени обычно используется вспомогательный глагол to have в прошедшем времени (had) и причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

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2.Put the verbs in the form of Present Perfect.

1.I'm afraid I (forget) my book at home.

2.… the secretary (yet/come)?

3.I (learn) the rhyme. Сould you listen to me?

4.… you (ever/be) to Italy?

5.They (already/inform) me about the accident.

6.He is the most handsome man I (ever/know).

7.Kevin (already/leave) for Manchester.

8.He (not/receive) any letters from her this week.

9.I (not/hear) from him since he left Paris.

10.I (not/see) Tom for 5 years.

11.… you (have) a holiday this year?

12.We (see) some good films recently.

13.They (wait) for you for half an hour.

14.Mom (have) a headache since she came from the theatre.

3.Choose the right form of the verb (Past Simple or Present Perfect)

1.He (forget) his French since he (leave) Paris.

2.Years ago he (be) very poor, and (not know) how to live. He (become) very rich now.

3.I can get to my work easily now, as I (buy) a new car.

4.He is a man who (live) a remarkable life.

5.What you (do) last night?

6.I (get) a fax from Boston an hour ago, but I (not answer) it yet.

7.She (learn) to play chess when she (be) 16, but she (not play) much since then.

8.I (have) my teddy bear since my parents (give) it to me.

9.Yesterday I (work) on my computer for four hours, but I (not print) the material yet.

10.I (live) in London for seven years and now I miss it a lot.

11.Dickens (begin) to write when he (be) very young.

12.The rain (stop) and the sun is shining in the sky now.

13.You ever (spend) your holidays in the Crimea?

14.The lecture (not/begin) yet and the students are talking in the classroom.

4.Choose the right form of the verb (Past Simple or Past Perfect)

1.The teacher was a stranger to me. I … never (see) her before.

2.The house was very quiet when I (get) home.

3.We (feel) happier when they (leave).

4.She (give) him the book his teacher (recommend).

5.They (finish) the translation by five o'clock.

6.Tom wasn't at home when I (arrive). He just (go) home.

7.Margaret was late for work. Her friend (be) very surprised. She … never (be) late before.

8.By the time we (arrive), the party (finish).

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9.I (not/can) buy the record because I (lose) the money.

10.When we (buy) the house, it (be) empty for several years.

11.When he (write) and (send) the letter he (feel) better.

12.They (to complete) the test when the teacher (come).

13.The typist (type) the article by 5 o'clock.

14.More than a year (pass) since I first (meet) him.

15.The whole family (go) to bed when Tom (return).

16.I (not/go) to the museum with my group because I (be) there before.

5. Choose the right form of the verb (Past Simple / Present Perfect)

Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change) a great deal. The first computers (be) simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) much memory and they (be, not) very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) very little. Most computers (be) separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.

Times (change) have changed. Computers (become) powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create) a large selection of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games (become) faster, more exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users (get, also) also on the Internet and (begin) communicating with other computer users around the world. We (start) international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve) into an international World Wide Web of knowledge.

6.Read and translate the text. Before reading the text examine the vocabulary.

Vocabulary: assignment – задание

controls – средства управления

breaking news – срочная \главная новость decline – снижение

dedicate – посвящать

face-to-face communication – живое общение improve – улучшать

media – средства массовой информации, СМИ research – исследование

social network – социальная сеть, соцсеть trustworthy – достоверный

to be in touch with – находиться в контакте\на связи с...

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Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?

According to the Oxford Dictionary, a «social network» is a dedicated website or other application which enables users to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images, etc.

There are several types of social networks. Some of them are primarily for socializing with existing friends; others can help you to find specific information.

The most basic feature of these websites is a profile with a list of «friends» who are also users of the site. A profile is generated from answers to questions, such as age, location, interests, etc. Some sites allow users to upload pictures, add multimedia content or modify the look of the profile. User profiles often have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks typically have controls that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on. Apart from chatting with your friends and meeting new people who share your interests, social networks allow you to follow pages of celebrities you are interested in or groups that post information you need.

Today social networking sites spread any information faster than any other media. Over 50% of people learn about breaking news on social media. At the same time, not all the information spread in the social media is trustworthy. There were several cases when rumors spread in a social network caused panic in Mexico City in 2012.

Many users complain about lack of privacy but, on the other hand, there are cases when posts in social networks helped police to catch criminals.

Whereas in general Internet helps students to do better at school and they often use social networks to discuss educational topics and school assignments, the researches show 20% decline in test results of students who used social networking sites while studying.

Social networks seem to have improved our communication a lot. They help not only to keep in touch with friends and relatives who live far away but also to improve relationship with old friends and make new ones. At the same time some adults and especially teenagers have experienced problems with face-to-face communication after spending too much time in online dialogues.

Although social networks help employers to find employees and job-seekers to find a job, overuse of them can harm job stability. Researches prove that 40% of 8 to 18 year olds spend 54 minutes a day on social media sites. When alerted to a new social networking site activity, users take 20 to 25 minutes on average to return to the original task.

To sum up, all these fact show us that we should be careful while using social networks. They are great source of information and give us new opportunities for communication, but we should be aware that some information may be false and misleading. And what is more, we should not waste or precious time and forget about face-to-face communication in real life.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the definition of «social network»?

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2.What types of social networks do you know? What is the difference between them?

3.What are the main features of most social networks?

4.Translate the underlined expressions. Use them in your own sentences about social networks.

5.Explain what these numbers from the text mean: 20, 50, 20-25, 54, 2012

Perfect Continuous Tenses

Времена группы Perfect Continuous обозначают процесс, который начался и длился в течение некоторого времени до некоего момента в настоящем, прошлом или будущем.

Образуются времена группы Perfect Continuous следующим образом:

Present Perfect Continuous

Для образования Present Perfect Continuous обычно используется вспомогательный глагол to be в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been) и

причастие настоящего времени смыслового глагола.

Present Perfect Continuous употребляется:

-С обстоятельствами времени for a long time, for a month, since, etc. (It’s been raining since five o’clock – Дождь идет с пяти часов)

-Действие, которое началось в прошлом и еще совершается в настоящее время (I’ve been cleaning the house but I still haven’t finished – Я убирал в доме,

но все еще не закончил)

-Подчеркнуть продолжительность длительного действия (I’ve been writing letters all morning – Я все утро пишу письма)

Past Perfect Continuous

Для образования прошедшего времени обычно используется вспомогательный глагол to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и причастие настоящего времени смыслового глагола.

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется:

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