Заканчивание / Книга_заканчивание скважин

ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ - ɝɚɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɧɟɮɬɶ - ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɞɟɝɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɬɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ - ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɬɭɬɶ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ - ɜɨɞɚ - ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ, ɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ - ɜɫɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɝɥɚ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɉȺȼ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ.

ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ: ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ - ɧɟɮɬɶ ɨɬɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ - ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.

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1.9.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.

ɉɨɞ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʉɚ) ɜ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ɋɩɥ) ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ zɩɥ ɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ:

ɂɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ɋɩ) ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɶɹ.

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2. ȼɋɄɊɕɌɂȿ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌɂȼɇɕɏ ɉɅȺɋɌɈȼ ɉɊɂ ȻɍɊȿɇɂɂ

ȼɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ (ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ) - ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. ɉɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ (ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ) ɮɚɡɵ

[1].

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬ. ȿɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ, ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɉɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ [2].

Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɮɥɸɢɞɨɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ.

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Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ:

-ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ) ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ;

-ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ;

-ɤɨɥɶɦɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ;

-ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ;

-ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ. ɂɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ.

2.1.ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ

Ȼɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ, ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ - ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɝɥɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɤɨɥɶɦɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɸ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ

24

ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ [4].

2.1.1. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ.

Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ – ɷɬɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɥɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɟɥɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɥɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɜɟɪɧɚɦɢ. ɉɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɜɟɪɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɪɵ - ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ – ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɵ m:

25

ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɬɭɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɚɱɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ.

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɭ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:

m M'-Ɇ , ɞ.ɟ., (2.4) V Uɜ

ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1 – ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.

27

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ-ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 0,15-0,22 ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ.

ɉɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ Q, ɦ3/ɫ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ

ɗɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ – ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɟɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ȣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ Sɩ, ɦ2, ɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:

ɝɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞ.ɟ.;

ɞɟ

ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ dɯ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ dV:

(2.8)

ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:

ɢɥɢ

28

ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:

ɢɥɢ

ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɜ ɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ – ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

29

ȝ– ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɉɚ·ɫ;

ȼ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

Ɂɧɚɤ ɦɢɧɭɫ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ:

30