Заканчивание / Книга_заканчивание скважин

ɝɞɟ K ɱ - ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ (Ʉ =1,2 y1,4); Mi - ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ;

di - ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ i - ɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ:

dci , dcic - ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɢɬ.

1.3. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ - ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ:

ɝɞɟ: Q - ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ; F - ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ;

Ɋ1, Ɋ2 - ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ; K - ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ; l - ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɚɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɡ ɪɚcɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ȼɨɣɥɹ-Ɇɚɪɢɨɬɬɚ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:

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Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ - ɦ2 ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ 1 ɦ2 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1 ɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 1 ɦ2 ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ 1 ɉɚ ɟɠɟɫɟɤɭɧɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 1 ɦ3 ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɉɚ ɫ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɞɚɪɫɢ: 1 Ⱦ = 1,02 ɦɤɦ2, 10-12 ɦ2.

ȼ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɮɚɡɵ. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɭɯɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.

ɉɨɞ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ - ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.1.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

Ɏɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɨ-, ɧɟɮɬɟ- ɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.1). Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɪ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 20 %, ɨɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ

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ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɪ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɬɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 80 %, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 80 % ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ.

1.4.ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ

Ʉɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɟɪɟɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ.

Ⱦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ.

Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɤɚɜɟɪɧ, ɦɢɤɪɨɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɨ-ɬɪɟɳɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ.

13

1.5.ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ

ɇɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɚɡɨɬ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɪɟɞɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ: ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ, ɠɢɞɤɨɦ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɧ (ɞɨ 98 % ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ), ɷɬɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɟɧɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,2 %. ɀɢɞɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ.

ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɦɢ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ, ɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ, ɝɚɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɧɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɦ (ɠɢɞɤɨɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɡɚɥɟɠɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ.

1.6.ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɣ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ Ʉɥɚɩɟɣɪɨɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ:

14

ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, Ɇ - ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɚɡɚ, R - ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ, Ɍ - ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.

Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɚɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɚ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɫɢɥɵ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɸ Eɫ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɚɡ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɠɚɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ, Ec ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦ.

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɝɚɡɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ

ɤɢɥɨɦɨɥɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜ 22,4 ɦ3. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

ɝɞɟ Mr - ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɚɡɚ.

ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ɉɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɚɡɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ. ɋ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɚɡɨɜ

15

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 10 Ɇɉɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɍɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 1 ɉɚ:

- Eɧ (ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ) ɪɚɜɧɨ 4 10-10 y 7 10-10 ɉɚ

- Eɧ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ) ɪɚɜɧɨ 140 10-10 ɉɚ-1, ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ. Ɍɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɮɬɟɣ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ.

ɋ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ - ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɋ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ȼɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɦɉɚ ɫ.

1.7.ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ

ɇɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɨɞɭ. ȼɨɞɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ - ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɲɟ

16

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ; ɧɢɠɧɢɟ - ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ; ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ - ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɵ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ) ɡɚɥɟɠɶɸ ɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ; ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ - ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ.

ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ (ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ) ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɢɤɬɨɜɵɦɢ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɛɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɞɨ 300 ɤɝ/ɦ3. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟɧɧɨɣ.

ȼɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:

-ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ;

-ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ;

-ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ;

-ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ.

1.8.Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ "ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ - ɩɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ"

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɬ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ

17

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɛɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɝɨɥ ɭ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɣ ɢɨɧɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɜɟɧ 105°.

Ⱦɢɩɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɥɸɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɵɯɥɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. ȿɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.

Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ⱥɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɚɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɭɥɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɚɬɨɦɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ɂɨɧ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȿɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ.

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫɢɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 81 ɪɚɡ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɪɨɭɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.

Ⱦɢɩɨɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɨɧɭ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɩɨɥɸɫɚɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɬɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ

18

ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ.

ȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ. ȼ

ɟɟɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ, ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɢɩɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬ.

ȼɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ, ɫ ɚɬɨɦɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚɦɢ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɯ ɬɟɬɪɚɷɞɪɚ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɹɯ:

ɜɞɜɭɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɩɢɧɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ: ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɚɹ, ɤɥɚɬɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ).

ȼɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ (ɀ. ɇɟɦɟɬɢ, ɇ. ɒɟɪɟɝɚ) ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ - ɧɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ.

Ʉɥɚɬɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɋɚɦɨɣɥɨɜ ɋ.ə.) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ (ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ).

Ʉɨɧɬɢɧɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɂ. ɉɨɩɥ) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɵ.

ɋɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

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ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɦ2. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ.

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