новая папка / English consonants as units of phonological system

10. English consonants as units of phonological system.

**Classificatory principles provide the basis for the following distinctive oppositions in the system of English consonants:**

**Work of the vocal cords and force of exhalation:**

Voiceless-fortis vs voiced-lenis: [p-b] *pen – Ben*, [t-d] *ten – den*, [k-g] *coat – goat*.

**Active organ and place of articulation:**

Labial vs lingual: *pain – cane*, *bun – ton*, *fame – tame*.

Lingual vs glottal: *Tim – him*, *this – hiss*, *foam – home*.

Bilabial vs labio-dental: *wear – fair*, *mice – vice*.

Apical vs cacuminal: *dim – rim*.

Forelingual vs mediolingual: *tongue – young*, *jet – yet*.

**Manner of production of noise:**

Occlusive vs constrictive: *pine – fine*, *Bern – fern*, *dare – share*.

Constrictive vs affricates: *fare – chair*, *fail – jail*, *work – jerk*.

Noise vs sonorants: *pine – mine*, *boat – moat*, *tale – nail*, *dead – need*, *kick – king*.

Unicentral vs bicentral: *same – shame*, *thine – wine*.

Flat vs round narrowing: *fame – same*, *vat – sat*.

**Position of the soft palate:**

Oral vs nasal: *pit – pin*, *seek – seen*, *thieve – theme*, *sick – sing*.