- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1.1.1 The Vitreous
- •1.1.1.1 Embryology
- •1.1.1.2 The Anatomy
- •1.1.1.3 Anatomical Attachments of the Vitreous to the Surrounding Structures
- •1.1.2 The Retina
- •1.1.2.1 Embryology
- •1.1.2.2 Anatomy
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
- •Photoreceptor Layer
- •Intermediary Neurones
- •Ganglion Cells
- •Retinal Blood Vessels
- •Other Fundal Structures
- •1.1.3 The Physiology of the Vitreous
- •1.2 Clinical Examination and Investigation
- •1.2.1 Using the Database
- •1.2.2 Examination of the Eye
- •1.2.2.1 Examination Technique
- •Visual Acuity
- •1.2.2.2 The Slit Lamp
- •1.2.2.3 Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope
- •1.2.2.4 Using the Indenter
- •1.2.2.5 Ultrasonography
- •Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)
- •Retinal Tear
- •Retinal Detachment
- •Subretinal Haemorrhage
- •Retinoschisis
- •Choroidal Elevation
- •Trauma
- •1.2.2.6 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •Time-Domain OCT
- •Colour Coding
- •Frequency-Domain OCT
- •Full-Field OCT
- •Scan Resolution
- •Images and Measurements
- •Performing the Scan
- •Macular Scan Patterns
- •Central Retinal Thickness
- •Inner Segment and Outer Segment Junction and External Limiting Membrane
- •1.2.3 Subjective Tests
- •1.2.4 The Preoperative Assessment
- •1.3 Summary
- •References
- •2: Introduction to Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Choice of Anaesthesia
- •2.3 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- •2.3.1 Sclerotomies
- •2.3.2 Where to Place the Sclerotomies
- •2.3.3 Securing the Infusion Cannula
- •2.3.4 Checking the Infusion
- •2.3.6 The Superior Sclerotomies
- •2.3.6.1 Where to Place
- •2.3.7 Checking the View
- •2.3.8 The Independent Viewing System
- •2.3.9 Removing the Vitreous
- •2.4 Vitrectomy Cutters
- •2.5 Handling the Light Pipe
- •2.6 Use of Sclerotomy Plugs
- •2.7 The Internal Search
- •2.8 Endolaser
- •2.9 Using a Contact Lens
- •2.10 Maintaining a View
- •2.10.1 Microscope
- •2.10.3 Cornea
- •2.10.4 Blood in the Anterior Chamber
- •2.10.5 Condensation on an Intraocular Lens Implant
- •2.10.6 Cataract Formation
- •2.10.7 Pupillary Dilation
- •2.11 Closing
- •2.12 Peroperative Complications
- •2.12.1 Iatrogenic Breaks
- •2.12.1.1 Causes
- •2.12.2 Choroidal Haemorrhage
- •2.12.3 Haemorrhage from Retinal or Other Blood Vessels
- •2.12.4 Lens Touch
- •2.12.5 Hypotony
- •2.13 Postoperative Complications
- •2.13.1 Cataract
- •2.13.2 Endophthalmitis
- •2.13.3 Corneal Changes
- •2.13.4 Choroidal Haemorrhage
- •2.13.5 Raised Intraocular Pressure
- •2.13.6 Retinal Breaks and RRD
- •2.13.7 Hypotony
- •2.13.8 Scleritis
- •2.13.9 Sympathetic Uveitis
- •2.14 Adjustments for 20 Gauge Vitrectomy
- •2.14.1 Construction of Superior Sclerotomies
- •2.14.2 Priming
- •2.14.3 Self-Sealing Sclerotomies
- •2.15 Adjustments for 23 and 25 Gauge Vitrectomy
- •2.15.1 Instrumentation
- •2.15.2 Surgical Technique
- •2.15.2.1 Vitrectomy Technique
- •2.15.3 Flexibility
- •2.15.4 Indentation
- •2.15.5 Flow Rates
- •2.15.6 Trochar Internal Protrusion
- •2.15.7 Silicone Oil
- •2.16 Complications
- •2.16.1 Peroperative
- •2.16.1.1 Extrusion of the Trochar on Removal of Instrumentation
- •2.16.1.2 Conjunctival Chemosis
- •2.16.1.3 Hypotony
- •2.16.1.4 Endophthalmitis
- •2.16.2 Postoperative Retinal Break Formation
- •2.17 Advantages and Disadvantages of 23 and 25 G Systems
- •2.18 Combined Cataract Extraction and PPV
- •2.18.1 How to Decide Whether to Perform Combined Surgery
- •2.18.1.1 Accommodation
- •2.19 Biometry
- •2.20 Chandelier Systems and Bimanual Surgery
- •2.20.1 Possible Complications
- •2.21 Dyes
- •2.22 Intravitreal Injections
- •2.22.1 Injection Medications
- •2.23 Slow Release Preparations
- •2.24 Summary
- •References
- •3: Principles of Internal Tamponade
- •3.1 Gases
- •3.1.1 Principles
- •3.1.1.1 Properties
- •3.1.1.2 A Safe Method for Drawing Up Gas
- •3.1.2 Complications
- •3.1.2.1 Vision
- •3.1.2.2 Refraction
- •3.1.2.3 Cataract
- •3.1.2.5 Loss of the Gas Bubble
- •3.1.2.6 Gas in the Wrong Place
- •3.1.3 Important Postoperative Information
- •3.1.3.1 Flying or Travel to High Altitude
- •3.1.3.2 General Anaesthesia
- •3.2 Silicone Oil
- •3.2.1 Properties
- •3.2.3 Complications of Silicone Oil
- •3.2.3.1 Refractive Changes
- •3.2.3.2 Cataract
- •3.2.3.5 Cornea
- •3.2.3.6 Macular Toxicity
- •3.2.3.7 Oil in the Wrong Place
- •3.2.3.8 Emulsion
- •3.2.3.9 IOLs
- •3.2.4 Silicone Oil Removal
- •3.2.4.1 Alternative Methods
- •3.2.4.2 Retinal Redetachment Rates After Oil Removal
- •3.2.5 Heavy Silicone Oils
- •3.2.6 Heavy Liquids
- •3.2.7 ‘Light’ Heavy Liquids
- •3.3 Summary
- •References
- •4: Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.1.1 Symptoms
- •4.1.1.1 Floaters
- •4.1.1.2 Flashes
- •Introduction
- •Clinical Characteristics
- •4.1.2 Signs
- •4.1.2.1 Detection of PVD
- •4.1.2.2 Shafer’s Sign
- •4.1.2.3 Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •4.1.2.4 Ophthalmoscopy
- •4.1.3 Retinal Tears
- •4.1.3.1 U Tears
- •4.1.3.2 Atrophic Round Holes
- •4.1.3.3 Other Breaks
- •4.1.3.4 Progression to Retinal Detachment
- •4.1.4 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations
- •4.2 Summary
- •References
- •5: Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Aetiology
- •5.3 Natural History
- •5.4 Erythroclastic Glaucoma
- •5.5 Investigation
- •5.6 Ultrasound
- •5.7 Management
- •5.8 Surgery
- •5.9 Vitrectomy
- •5.10 Summary
- •References
- •6: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.1.1 Tears with Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •6.1.2 Breaks Without Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •6.1.3 Natural History
- •6.1.3.1 Chronic RRD
- •6.1.3.2 Risk to the Other Eye
- •6.2 Clinical Features
- •6.2.1 Anterior Segment Signs
- •6.2.2 Signs in the Vitreous
- •6.2.3 Subretinal Fluid Accumulation
- •6.2.4 Retinal Break Patterns in RRD
- •6.2.5 Macula Off or On
- •6.3 Surgery
- •6.3.1 Flat Retinal Breaks
- •6.3.1.1 Retinopexy
- •6.3.1.2 Cryotherapy
- •6.3.1.3 Cryotherapy in the Clinic Setting
- •6.3.1.4 Laser
- •6.3.1.5 Laser in the Clinic Setting
- •6.3.2 Retinal Detachment
- •6.3.2.1 Principles
- •6.3.2.2 Break Closure
- •6.3.2.3 Relief of Traction
- •6.3.2.4 Alteration of Fluid Currents
- •6.3.2.5 Retinopexy
- •6.3.3 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- •6.3.3.1 Introduction
- •6.3.3.2 Finding the Breaks
- •6.3.3.4 Draining Subretinal Fluid
- •6.3.3.5 When to Use Heavy Liquids
- •6.3.3.6 Removal of Heavy Liquid
- •6.3.3.7 Choice of Tamponade
- •6.3.3.8 Avoiding Retinal Folds
- •6.3.3.9 Inferior Breaks
- •6.3.3.10 Posterior Breaks
- •6.3.3.11 Multiple Breaks
- •6.3.3.12 Medial Opacities
- •6.3.3.13 Complications
- •6.3.3.14 Surgery for Eyes with No Breaks Found
- •6.3.3.15 Use of 360° Laser or Routine 360° Encirclage
- •6.3.3.16 Posturing
- •6.3.4.1 Operative Stages
- •6.3.4.2 Postoperative Care
- •6.3.4.3 Complications
- •6.3.4.4 Peroperative
- •6.3.4.5 Postoperative
- •6.3.5 Drainage Air Cryotherapy and Explant (DACE)
- •6.3.5.1 Subretinal Fluid (SRF) Drainage
- •6.3.5.2 Air Insertion
- •6.3.5.3 Complications
- •6.3.6 Pneumatic Retinopexy
- •6.3.6.1 Surgical Steps
- •6.3.6.2 Complications
- •6.4 Success Rates
- •6.5 Causes of Failure
- •6.6 Surgery for Redetachment
- •6.7 Secondary Macular Holes
- •6.8 Detachment with Choroidal Effusions
- •6.9 Removal of Explant
- •6.9.1 Diplopia
- •6.9.2 Erosion Through Conjunctiva
- •6.9.3 Infection
- •6.9.4 Cosmesis
- •6.9.5 Irritation
- •6.9.6 Surgery for Removal of the Explant
- •6.10 Summary
- •References
- •7.2 Atrophic Hole RRD with Attached Vitreous
- •7.3 Pseudophakic RRD
- •7.4 Aphakic RRD
- •7.5 Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.1 Clinical Features
- •7.5.2 Surgery for Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.2.1 Search
- •7.5.2.2 Cryotherapy
- •7.5.2.3 Marking the Break
- •7.5.2.4 Plombage
- •7.5.2.5 Checking the Indent
- •7.5.3 Complications
- •7.5.4 Giant Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.5 Dialysis and PVR
- •7.5.6 Par Ciliaris Tear
- •7.6 Giant Retinal Tear
- •7.6.1 Clinical Features
- •7.6.2 Stickler’s Syndrome
- •7.6.3 Surgery for Giant Retinal Tear
- •7.6.3.1 Heavy Liquids
- •7.6.3.2 Retinopexy
- •7.6.3.3 Trans-scleral Illumination Technique
- •7.6.3.4 Silicone Oil Insertion
- •7.6.3.5 Choice of Endotamponade
- •7.6.3.6 Success Rates
- •7.6.3.7 Removal of the Silicone Oil
- •7.6.3.8 The Other Eye
- •7.7 Retinal Detachment in High Myopes
- •7.7.1 Clinical Features
- •7.7.2 Surgery
- •7.8.1 Clinical Features
- •7.8.1.1 Infantile Retinoschisis
- •7.8.1.2 Senile Retinoschisis
- •7.8.1.4 Retinal Detachment in Retinoschisis
- •7.8.2 Surgery
- •7.9 Juvenile Retinal Detachment
- •7.10 Atopic Dermatitis
- •7.11 Refractive Surgery
- •7.12 Congenital Cataract
- •7.13 Others
- •7.14 Summary
- •References
- •8: Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Pathogenesis
- •8.3 Clinical Features
- •8.3.1 Introduction
- •8.3.2 Grading
- •8.3.3 Risk of PVR
- •8.4 Surgery
- •8.4.1 Mild PVR
- •8.4.2 Moderate PVR
- •8.4.3 Severe PVR
- •8.4.3.1 The Relieving Retinectomy
- •8.4.4 Radial Retinotomy
- •8.4.5 Silicone Oil Injection
- •8.4.6 Applying Laser
- •8.4.7 ROSO Plus
- •8.4.8 Very Severe PVR
- •8.4.9 Choice of Endotamponade
- •8.4.9.1 Silicone Oil or Perfluoropropane Gas
- •8.4.9.2 Heavy Oils
- •8.4.10 Removal of Subretinal Bands
- •8.4.11 Adjunctive Therapies
- •8.4.12 Success Rates
- •8.4.13 Postoperative Complications
- •8.5 Summary
- •References
- •9: Macular Hole
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Idiopathic Macular Hole
- •9.2.1 Clinical Features
- •9.2.1.1 Introduction
- •9.2.1.2 Watzke–Allen Test
- •9.2.1.3 Grading
- •9.2.1.4 Natural History
- •9.2.1.5 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •9.2.2 Secondary Macular Holes
- •9.2.3 Lamellar and Partial Thickness Holes
- •9.2.4 Surgery
- •9.2.4.1 Introduction
- •9.2.4.2 Surgery
- •9.2.4.3 Peeling the Posterior Hyaloid Membrane
- •9.2.4.4 ILM Peel and Other Adjunctive Therapies
- •9.2.4.5 Choice of Tamponade
- •9.2.4.6 Postoperative Posturing of the Patient
- •9.2.4.9 Visual Field Loss
- •9.2.5 Success Rates
- •9.2.6 Reoperation
- •9.3 Microplasmin
- •9.4 Summary
- •References
- •10.1 Clinical Features
- •10.1.1 Other Conditions
- •10.1.2 Secondary Macular Pucker
- •10.2 Surgery
- •10.3 Success Rates
- •10.5 Membrane Recurrence
- •10.6 Summary
- •References
- •11: Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
- •11.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- •11.1.1 Clinical Features
- •11.1.2 Vitreous Haemorrhage and CNV
- •11.1.3 Pneumatic Displacement of Subretinal Haemorrhage
- •11.1.4 Surgery for Failed Anti-VEGF Therapy
- •11.1.4.1 Introduction
- •11.1.4.2 360° Macular Translocation
- •11.1.6 Success Rates
- •11.2 Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Not from ARMD
- •11.2.1 Introduction
- •11.2.2 Surgery
- •11.3 Summary
- •References
- •12: Diabetic Retinopathy
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Diabetic Retinopathy
- •12.2.1 Introduction
- •12.2.1.1 Diabetic Retinopathy Grading
- •12.2.2 Diabetic Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •12.2.3 Progression to Vitreous Haemorrhage and Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.3.1 Clinical Features
- •12.2.3.2 Surgery
- •12.2.4 Diabetic Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.4.1 Clinical Features
- •12.2.4.2 Surgery
- •12.2.4.3 Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.4.4 Peroperative Panretinal Photocoagulation
- •12.2.4.6 Bimanual Surgery
- •12.2.4.7 Dealing with Bleeding Vessels
- •12.2.4.8 Iatrogenic Breaks
- •12.2.4.9 Silicone Oil
- •12.2.4.10 Combined TRD and RRD
- •12.2.5 Postoperative Complications
- •12.2.5.1 Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •12.2.5.2 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.5.3 Iris Neovascularisation
- •12.2.5.4 Phthisis Bulbi
- •12.2.5.5 Maculopathy
- •12.2.5.6 Survival After Surgery
- •12.2.6 Success Rates
- •12.2.7 Diabetic Maculopathy
- •References
- •13: Other Vascular Disorders
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Retinal Vein Occlusion
- •13.2.1 Chorioretinal Anastomosis
- •13.2.2 Arteriovenous Decompression
- •13.2.3 Radial Optic Neurotomy
- •13.2.4 Intravitreal Steroid and Anti-VEGF Agents
- •13.2.5 Tissue Plasminogen Activator
- •13.3 Sickle-Cell Disease
- •13.3.1 Introduction
- •13.3.2 Types of Sickle-Cell Disease
- •13.3.3 Systemic Investigation
- •13.3.4 Inheritance and Race
- •13.3.5 Systemic Manifestations
- •13.3.6 Ophthalmic Presentation
- •13.3.7 Laser Therapy
- •13.3.8 Surgery
- •13.3.9 Visual Outcome
- •13.3.10 Screening
- •13.3.11 Survival
- •13.4 Retinal Vasculitis
- •13.5 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- •13.6 Summary
- •References
- •14: Trauma
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.3 Contusion Injuries
- •14.3.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.3.2 Types of Retinal Break
- •14.3.2.1 Dialysis
- •14.3.2.2 Pars Ciliaris Tears
- •14.3.2.3 Ragged Tear in Commotio Retinae
- •14.3.2.4 Giant Retinal Tears
- •14.3.3 Surgery
- •14.3.4 Visual Outcome
- •14.4 Rupture
- •14.4.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.4.2 Surgery
- •14.4.3 Visual Outcome
- •14.5 Penetrating Injury
- •14.5.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.5.1.1 Endophthalmitis
- •14.5.1.2 Retinal Detachment
- •14.5.2 Surgery
- •14.5.3 Visual Outcome
- •14.6 Trauma Scores
- •14.7 Intraocular Foreign Bodies
- •14.7.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.7.1.1 Diagnostic Imaging
- •14.7.2 IOFB Materials
- •14.7.3 Surgery
- •14.7.4 The Primary Procedure
- •14.7.5 PPV: The Anterior Segment
- •14.7.5.1 The Lens
- •14.7.6 PPV: The Posterior Segment
- •14.7.7 The Magnet
- •14.7.8 Visual Outcome
- •14.7.9 Siderosis
- •14.8 Perforating Injury
- •14.9 Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- •14.10 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- •14.11 Phthisis Bulbi
- •14.12 When Not to Operate
- •14.12.1 At Presentation
- •14.12.2 Postoperatively
- •14.13 Summary
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Dropped Nucleus
- •15.2.1 Clinical Features
- •15.2.2 Surgery
- •15.2.2.1 Primary Management
- •15.2.2.2 Vitrectomy Surgery
- •15.2.2.4 Success Rates
- •15.3 Intraocular Lens Dislocations
- •15.3.1 Clinical Presentation
- •15.3.2 Surgery
- •15.3.2.1 Removal of the IOL
- •15.4 Surgical Options for the Aphakic Eye
- •15.4.1 McCannell Sutured IOL
- •15.4.2 Iris-Clip IOL
- •15.4.3 Haptic Capture Method
- •15.4.4 Anterior Chamber IOL
- •15.4.5 Sutured Posterior Chamber IOLs
- •15.4.6 The Aphakic and Aniridic Eye
- •15.5 Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- •15.5.1 Clinical Features
- •15.5.2 Surgery
- •15.5.2.1 Vitreous Tap
- •15.5.2.2 Vitreous Biopsy
- •15.5.3 Infective Organisms
- •15.5.4 Antibiotics
- •15.5.5 The Role of Vitrectomy
- •15.5.6 Success Rates
- •15.6 Chronic Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- •15.7 Needlestick Injury
- •15.7.1 Clinical Features
- •15.7.2 Surgery
- •15.8 Intraocular Haemorrhage
- •15.9 Retinal Detachment
- •15.10 Chronic Uveitis
- •15.11 Postoperative Cystoid Macular Oedema
- •15.12 Postoperative Vitreomacular Traction
- •15.13 Postoperative Choroidal Effusion
- •15.13.1 External Drainage
- •15.14 Summary
- •References
- •16: Uveitis and Allied Disorders
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Non-infectious Uveitis of the Posterior Segment
- •16.2.2 Retinal Detachment
- •16.2.3 Cystoid Macular Oedema
- •16.2.4 Hypotony
- •16.2.5 The Vitreous Biopsy
- •16.2.6 Sampling at the Beginning of a PPV
- •16.2.6.1 Special Situations
- •16.3 Acute Retinal Necrosis
- •16.3.1 Clinical Features
- •16.3.2 Surgery
- •16.3.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.3.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.3.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.4 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
- •16.4.1 Clinical Features
- •16.4.2 Surgery
- •16.4.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.4.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.4.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.5 Fungal Endophthalmitis
- •16.5.1 Clinical Features
- •16.5.2 Surgery
- •16.5.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.5.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.5.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.6 Other Infections
- •16.6.1 Clinical Features
- •16.6.2 Surgery
- •16.6.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.6.2.2 Chorioretinal Biopsy
- •16.6.2.3 For Treatment
- •16.6.3 Visual Outcome and Survival
- •16.7 Paraneoplastic Retinopathy
- •16.8 Summary
- •References
- •17: Miscellaneous Conditions
- •17.1 Vitrectomy for Vitreous Opacities
- •17.2 Vitreous Anomalies
- •17.2.1 Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
- •17.2.2 Asteroid Hyalosis
- •17.2.3 Amyloidosis
- •17.3 Retinal Haemangioma and Telangiectasia
- •17.4 Optic Disc Anomalies
- •17.4.1 Optic Disc Pits and Optic Disc Coloboma
- •17.4.2 Morning Glory Syndrome
- •17.5 Retinochoroidal Coloboma
- •17.6 Marfan’s Syndrome
- •17.7 Retinopathy of Prematurity
- •17.8 Uveal Effusion Syndrome
- •17.8.1 Clinical Features
- •17.8.2 Surgery
- •17.9 Terson’s Syndrome
- •17.10 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- •17.11 Retinal Prosthesis
- •17.12 Summary
- •References
- •Glossary of Abbreviations
- •Others in Database
- •Appendices
- •Useful Formulae and Rules
- •Cryotherapy
- •Fluids (i.e. Both Gases and Liquids)
- •Gases
- •Liquids
- •Ultrasound
- •Diffusion and Viscosity
- •Visual Acuity
- •Diffusion
- •Fick’s Law
- •Stokes-Einstein
- •Darcy’s Law
- •Starling’s Law
- •Index
References |
361 |
|
|
15.14 Summary
Vitreoretinal procedures can be used to correct the various complications of intraocular surgery. The vitreoretinal surgeon requires anterior segment surgical skills because cataract extraction is often required during vitrectomy to maximise visualisation of the retina, and because vitreoretinal surgery may require anterior segment intervention in addition.
References
Aaberg TM Jr, Rubsamen PE, Flynn HW Jr et al (1997) Giant retinal tear as a complication of attempted removal of intravitreal lens fragments during cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 124(2):222–226
Aasuri MK, Kompella VB, Majji AB (2001) Risk factors for and management of dropped nucleus during phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 27(9):1428–1432
Agustin AL, Miller KM (2000) Posterior dislocation of a plate-haptic silicone intraocular lens with large fixation holes. J Cataract Refract Surg 26(9):1428–1429
Al-Khaier A, Wong D, Lois N et al (2001) Determinants of visual outcome after pars plana vitrectomy for posteriorly dislocated lens fragments in phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 27(8): 1199–1206
Bannerman TL, Rhoden DL, McAllister SK et al (1997) The source of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A comparison of eyelid and intraocular isolates using pulsedfield gel electrophoresis. Arch Ophthalmol 115(3):357–361
Benhamou N, Massin P, Haouchine B et al (2003) Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory pseudophakic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 135(2):246–249
Bessant DA, Sullivan PM, Aylward GW (1998) The management of dislocated lens material after phacoemulsification. Eye 12(Pt 4): 641–645
Borne MJ, Tasman W, Regillo C et al (1996) Outcomes of vitrectomy for retained lens fragments. Ophthalmology 103(6):971–976
Campochiaro PA, Conway BP (1991) Aminoglycoside toxicity–a survey of retinal specialists. Implications for ocular use. Arch Ophthalmol 109(7):946–950
Campochiaro PA, Lim JI (1994) Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis. The Aminoglycoside Toxicity Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 112(1):48–53
Chen JC, Roy M (2000) Epidemic Bacillus endophthalmitis after cataract surgery II: chronic and recurrent presentation and outcome. Ophthalmology 107(6):1038–1041
Chien AM, Raber IM, Fischer DH et al (1992) Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis after intracapsular cataract extraction. Ophthalmology 99(4):487–490
Chiquet C, Maurin M, Thuret G et al (2009) Analysis of diluted vitreous samples from vitrectomy is useful in eyes with severe acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 116(12):2437– 2441.e1
Ciulla TA, Beck AD, Topping TM, Baker AS (1997) Blebitis, early endophthalmitis, and late endophthalmitis after glaucoma-filtering surgery. Ophthalmology 104(6):986–995
Costen MT, Williams CP, Asteriades S, Luff AJ (2007) An unusual maculopathy after routine cataract surgery. Eye (Lond) 21(11):1416–1418
Deramo VA, Lai JC, Winokur J et al (2008) Visual outcome and bacterial sensitivity after methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus-associated acute endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 145(3): 413–417
Doft BH, Kelsey SF, Wisniewski S et al (1994) Treatment of endophthalmitis after cataract extraction. Retina 14(4):297–304
Doft BH, Kelsey SF, Wisniewski SR (1998) Additional procedures after the initial vitrectomy or tap-biopsy in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Ophthalmology 105(4):707–716
Doft BM, Kelsey SF, Wisniewski SR (2000) Retinal detachment in the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Arch Ophthalmol 118(12): 1661–1665
Duker JS, Belmont JB, Benson WE et al (1991) Inadvertent globe perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia. Patient characteristics, surgical management, and visual outcome. Ophthalmology 98(4):519–526
Edge R, Navon S (1999) Scleral perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia: risk factors and outcome in 50,000 consecutive injections. J Cataract Refract Surg 25(9):1237–1244
Eifrig CW, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D (2003) Endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ophthalmology 110(9):1714–1717
Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group (1996) Microbiologic factors and visual outcome in the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Am J Ophthalmol 122(6):830–846
Ferencz JR, Assia EI, Diamantstein L, Rubinstein E (1999) Vancomycin concentration in the vitreous after intravenous and intravitreal administration for postoperative endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 117(8):1023–1027
Frieman BJ, Friedberg MA (2001) Globe perforation associated with subtenon’s anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 131(4):520–521
Gadkari SS (2007) Evaluation of 19 cases of inadvertent globe perforation due to periocular injections. Indian J Ophthalmol 55(2):103–107
Gan IM, van Dissel JT, Beekhuis WH et al (2001) Intravitreal vancomycin and gentamicin concentrations in patients with postoperative endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol 85(11):1289–1293
Gentile RC, Eliott D (2010) Silicone oil retention sutures in aphakic eyes with iris loss. Arch Ophthalmol 128(12):1596–1599
Gilliland GD, Hutton WL, Fuller DG (1992) Retained intravitreal lens fragments after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 99(8):1263–1267 Haddad WM, Monin C, Morel C et al (2002) Retinal detachment after phacoemulsification: a study of 114 cases. Am J Ophthalmol
133(5):630–638
Han DP, Wisniewski SR, Wilson LA et al (1996) Spectrum and susceptibilities of microbiologic isolates in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Am J Ophthalmol 122(1):1–17
Han DP, Wisniewski SR, Kelsey SF et al (1999) Microbiologic yields and complication rates of vitreous needle aspiration versus mechanized vitreous biopsy in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Retina 19(2):98–102
Hansson LJ, Larsson J (2002) Vitrectomy for retained lens fragments in the vitreous after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 28(6):1007–1011
Hutton WL, Snyder WB, Vaiser A (1978) Management of surgically dislocated intravitreal lens fragments by pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 85(2):176–189
Irvine WD, Flynn HW Jr, Murray TG, Rubsamen PE (1992) Retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification manifesting as marked intraocular inflammation with hypopyon. Am J Ophthalmol 114(5):610–614
Jackson TL, Williamson TH (1999) Amikacin retinal toxicity. Br J Ophthalmol 83(10):1199–1200
Javitt JC, Vitale S, Canner JK et al (1991) National outcomes of cataract extraction. Endophthalmitis following inpatient surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 109(8):1085–1089
Kageyama T, Ayaki M, Ogasawara M et al (2001) Results of vitrectomy performed at the time of phacoemulsification complicated by intravitreal lens fragments. Br J Ophthalmol 85(9):1038–1040
362 |
15 Complications of Anterior Segment Surgery |
|
|
Kamalarajah S, Silvestri G, Sharma N et al (2004) Surveillance of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery in the UK. Eye 18(6):580–587
Kim JE, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE et al (1994) Retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Ophthalmology 101(11):1827–1832
Kim JE, Flynn HW Jr, Rubsamen PE et al (1996) Endophthalmitis in patients with retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Ophthalmology 103(4):575–578
Ling R, Cole M, James C et al (2004) Suprachoroidal haemorrhage complicating cataract surgery in the UK: epidemiology, clinical features, management, and outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 88(4):478–480 Margherio RR, Margherio AR, Pendergast SD et al (1997) Vitrectomy forretainedlensfragmentsafterphacoemulsification.Ophthalmology
104(9):1426–1432
Mathai A, Thomas R (1999) Incidence and management of posteriorly dislocated nuclear fragments following phacoemulsification. Indian J Ophthalmol 47(3):173–176
McCombe M, Heriot W (1995) Penetrating ocular injury following local anaesthesia. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 23(1):33–36
Meisler DM, Mandelbaum S (1989) Propionibacterium-associated endophthalmitis after extracapsular cataract extraction. Review of reported cases. Ophthalmology 96(1):54–61
Minihan M, Williamson TH (2000) Ocular explosions from periocular anesthetic injections. Ophthalmology 107(11):1965
Narang S, Gupta A, Gupta V et al (2001) Fungal endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: clinical presentation, microbiological spectrum, and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol 132(5):609–617
Ng JQ, Morlet N, Pearman JW et al (2005) Management and outcomes of postoperative endophthalmitis since the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study the endophthalmitis population study of Western Australia (EPSWA)’s fifth report. Ophthalmology 112:1199–1206
Oruc S, Kaplan HJ (2001) Outcome of vitrectomy for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 9(1):41–47 Puri P, Verma D, McKibbin M (1999) Management of ocular perforations resulting from peribulbar anaesthesia. Indian J Ophthalmol 47(3):
181–183
Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (1995) A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 113(12):1479–1496
Ross WH (1996) Management of dislocated lens fragments after phacoemulsification surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 31(5):234–240 Rossetti A, Doro D (2002) Retained intravitreal lens fragments after
phacoemulsification: complications and visual outcome in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 28(2):310–315
Schneiderman TE, Vine AK (1995) Retained lens fragment after phacoemulsification. Ophthalmology 102(12):1735–1736
Scott IU, Matharoo N, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D (2004) Endophthalmitis caused by Klebsiella species. Am J Ophthalmol 138(4):662–663 Seawright AA, Bourke RD, Cooling RJ (1996) Macula toxicity after
intravitreal amikacin. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 24(2):143–146
Shah GK, Stein JD, Sharma S et al (2000) Visual outcomes following the use of intravitreal steroids in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 107(3):486–489
Smiddy WE, Guererro JL, Pinto R, Feuer W (2003) Retinal detachment rate after vitrectomy for retained lens material after phacoemulsification. Am J Ophthalmol 135(2):183–187
Speaker MG, Guerriero PN, Met JA et al (1991) A case-control study of risk factors for intraoperative suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage. Ophthalmology 98(2):202–209
Stefaniotou M, Aspiotis M, Pappa C et al (2003) Timing of dislocated nuclear fragment management after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 29(10):1985–1988
Stilma JS, van der Sluijs FA, van Meurs JC, Mertens DA (1997) Occurrence of retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification in the Netherlands. J Cataract Refract Surg 23(8):1177–1182
Vilar NF, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE et al (1997) Removal of retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification reverses secondary glaucoma and restores visual acuity. Ophthalmology 104(5): 787–791
Vote BJ, Tranos P, Bunce C et al (2006) Long-term outcome of combined pars plana vitrectomy and scleral fixated sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 141(2): 308–312
Wadood AC, Dhillon B, Singh J (2002) Inadvertent ocular perforation and intravitreal injection of an anesthetic agent during retrobulbar injection. J Cataract Refract Surg 28(3):562–565
Wallace RT, McNamara JA, Brown G et al (1993) The use of perfluorophenanthrene in the removal of intravitreal lens fragments. Am J Ophthalmol 116(2):196–200
Waltz K, Margo CE (1991) Intraocular gentamicin toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol 109(7):911
Wisniewski SR, Capone A, Kelsey SF et al (2000) Characteristics after cataract extraction or secondary lens implantation among patients screened for the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. Ophthalmology 107(7):1274–1282
Wykoff CC, Parrott MB, Flynn HW Jr et al (2010) Nosocomial acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis at a university teaching hospital (2002–2009). Am J Ophthalmol 150(3):392–398.e2
Yeo LM, Charteris DG, Bunce C et al (1999) Retained intravitreal lens fragments after phacoemulsification: a clinicopathological correlation. Br J Ophthalmol 83(10):1135–1138
Yoder DM, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D (2004) Endophthalmitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Ophthalmology 111(11): 2023–2026