- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1.1.1 The Vitreous
- •1.1.1.1 Embryology
- •1.1.1.2 The Anatomy
- •1.1.1.3 Anatomical Attachments of the Vitreous to the Surrounding Structures
- •1.1.2 The Retina
- •1.1.2.1 Embryology
- •1.1.2.2 Anatomy
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
- •Photoreceptor Layer
- •Intermediary Neurones
- •Ganglion Cells
- •Retinal Blood Vessels
- •Other Fundal Structures
- •1.1.3 The Physiology of the Vitreous
- •1.2 Clinical Examination and Investigation
- •1.2.1 Using the Database
- •1.2.2 Examination of the Eye
- •1.2.2.1 Examination Technique
- •Visual Acuity
- •1.2.2.2 The Slit Lamp
- •1.2.2.3 Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope
- •1.2.2.4 Using the Indenter
- •1.2.2.5 Ultrasonography
- •Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)
- •Retinal Tear
- •Retinal Detachment
- •Subretinal Haemorrhage
- •Retinoschisis
- •Choroidal Elevation
- •Trauma
- •1.2.2.6 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •Time-Domain OCT
- •Colour Coding
- •Frequency-Domain OCT
- •Full-Field OCT
- •Scan Resolution
- •Images and Measurements
- •Performing the Scan
- •Macular Scan Patterns
- •Central Retinal Thickness
- •Inner Segment and Outer Segment Junction and External Limiting Membrane
- •1.2.3 Subjective Tests
- •1.2.4 The Preoperative Assessment
- •1.3 Summary
- •References
- •2: Introduction to Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Choice of Anaesthesia
- •2.3 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- •2.3.1 Sclerotomies
- •2.3.2 Where to Place the Sclerotomies
- •2.3.3 Securing the Infusion Cannula
- •2.3.4 Checking the Infusion
- •2.3.6 The Superior Sclerotomies
- •2.3.6.1 Where to Place
- •2.3.7 Checking the View
- •2.3.8 The Independent Viewing System
- •2.3.9 Removing the Vitreous
- •2.4 Vitrectomy Cutters
- •2.5 Handling the Light Pipe
- •2.6 Use of Sclerotomy Plugs
- •2.7 The Internal Search
- •2.8 Endolaser
- •2.9 Using a Contact Lens
- •2.10 Maintaining a View
- •2.10.1 Microscope
- •2.10.3 Cornea
- •2.10.4 Blood in the Anterior Chamber
- •2.10.5 Condensation on an Intraocular Lens Implant
- •2.10.6 Cataract Formation
- •2.10.7 Pupillary Dilation
- •2.11 Closing
- •2.12 Peroperative Complications
- •2.12.1 Iatrogenic Breaks
- •2.12.1.1 Causes
- •2.12.2 Choroidal Haemorrhage
- •2.12.3 Haemorrhage from Retinal or Other Blood Vessels
- •2.12.4 Lens Touch
- •2.12.5 Hypotony
- •2.13 Postoperative Complications
- •2.13.1 Cataract
- •2.13.2 Endophthalmitis
- •2.13.3 Corneal Changes
- •2.13.4 Choroidal Haemorrhage
- •2.13.5 Raised Intraocular Pressure
- •2.13.6 Retinal Breaks and RRD
- •2.13.7 Hypotony
- •2.13.8 Scleritis
- •2.13.9 Sympathetic Uveitis
- •2.14 Adjustments for 20 Gauge Vitrectomy
- •2.14.1 Construction of Superior Sclerotomies
- •2.14.2 Priming
- •2.14.3 Self-Sealing Sclerotomies
- •2.15 Adjustments for 23 and 25 Gauge Vitrectomy
- •2.15.1 Instrumentation
- •2.15.2 Surgical Technique
- •2.15.2.1 Vitrectomy Technique
- •2.15.3 Flexibility
- •2.15.4 Indentation
- •2.15.5 Flow Rates
- •2.15.6 Trochar Internal Protrusion
- •2.15.7 Silicone Oil
- •2.16 Complications
- •2.16.1 Peroperative
- •2.16.1.1 Extrusion of the Trochar on Removal of Instrumentation
- •2.16.1.2 Conjunctival Chemosis
- •2.16.1.3 Hypotony
- •2.16.1.4 Endophthalmitis
- •2.16.2 Postoperative Retinal Break Formation
- •2.17 Advantages and Disadvantages of 23 and 25 G Systems
- •2.18 Combined Cataract Extraction and PPV
- •2.18.1 How to Decide Whether to Perform Combined Surgery
- •2.18.1.1 Accommodation
- •2.19 Biometry
- •2.20 Chandelier Systems and Bimanual Surgery
- •2.20.1 Possible Complications
- •2.21 Dyes
- •2.22 Intravitreal Injections
- •2.22.1 Injection Medications
- •2.23 Slow Release Preparations
- •2.24 Summary
- •References
- •3: Principles of Internal Tamponade
- •3.1 Gases
- •3.1.1 Principles
- •3.1.1.1 Properties
- •3.1.1.2 A Safe Method for Drawing Up Gas
- •3.1.2 Complications
- •3.1.2.1 Vision
- •3.1.2.2 Refraction
- •3.1.2.3 Cataract
- •3.1.2.5 Loss of the Gas Bubble
- •3.1.2.6 Gas in the Wrong Place
- •3.1.3 Important Postoperative Information
- •3.1.3.1 Flying or Travel to High Altitude
- •3.1.3.2 General Anaesthesia
- •3.2 Silicone Oil
- •3.2.1 Properties
- •3.2.3 Complications of Silicone Oil
- •3.2.3.1 Refractive Changes
- •3.2.3.2 Cataract
- •3.2.3.5 Cornea
- •3.2.3.6 Macular Toxicity
- •3.2.3.7 Oil in the Wrong Place
- •3.2.3.8 Emulsion
- •3.2.3.9 IOLs
- •3.2.4 Silicone Oil Removal
- •3.2.4.1 Alternative Methods
- •3.2.4.2 Retinal Redetachment Rates After Oil Removal
- •3.2.5 Heavy Silicone Oils
- •3.2.6 Heavy Liquids
- •3.2.7 ‘Light’ Heavy Liquids
- •3.3 Summary
- •References
- •4: Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.1.1 Symptoms
- •4.1.1.1 Floaters
- •4.1.1.2 Flashes
- •Introduction
- •Clinical Characteristics
- •4.1.2 Signs
- •4.1.2.1 Detection of PVD
- •4.1.2.2 Shafer’s Sign
- •4.1.2.3 Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •4.1.2.4 Ophthalmoscopy
- •4.1.3 Retinal Tears
- •4.1.3.1 U Tears
- •4.1.3.2 Atrophic Round Holes
- •4.1.3.3 Other Breaks
- •4.1.3.4 Progression to Retinal Detachment
- •4.1.4 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations
- •4.2 Summary
- •References
- •5: Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Aetiology
- •5.3 Natural History
- •5.4 Erythroclastic Glaucoma
- •5.5 Investigation
- •5.6 Ultrasound
- •5.7 Management
- •5.8 Surgery
- •5.9 Vitrectomy
- •5.10 Summary
- •References
- •6: Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.1.1 Tears with Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •6.1.2 Breaks Without Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •6.1.3 Natural History
- •6.1.3.1 Chronic RRD
- •6.1.3.2 Risk to the Other Eye
- •6.2 Clinical Features
- •6.2.1 Anterior Segment Signs
- •6.2.2 Signs in the Vitreous
- •6.2.3 Subretinal Fluid Accumulation
- •6.2.4 Retinal Break Patterns in RRD
- •6.2.5 Macula Off or On
- •6.3 Surgery
- •6.3.1 Flat Retinal Breaks
- •6.3.1.1 Retinopexy
- •6.3.1.2 Cryotherapy
- •6.3.1.3 Cryotherapy in the Clinic Setting
- •6.3.1.4 Laser
- •6.3.1.5 Laser in the Clinic Setting
- •6.3.2 Retinal Detachment
- •6.3.2.1 Principles
- •6.3.2.2 Break Closure
- •6.3.2.3 Relief of Traction
- •6.3.2.4 Alteration of Fluid Currents
- •6.3.2.5 Retinopexy
- •6.3.3 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- •6.3.3.1 Introduction
- •6.3.3.2 Finding the Breaks
- •6.3.3.4 Draining Subretinal Fluid
- •6.3.3.5 When to Use Heavy Liquids
- •6.3.3.6 Removal of Heavy Liquid
- •6.3.3.7 Choice of Tamponade
- •6.3.3.8 Avoiding Retinal Folds
- •6.3.3.9 Inferior Breaks
- •6.3.3.10 Posterior Breaks
- •6.3.3.11 Multiple Breaks
- •6.3.3.12 Medial Opacities
- •6.3.3.13 Complications
- •6.3.3.14 Surgery for Eyes with No Breaks Found
- •6.3.3.15 Use of 360° Laser or Routine 360° Encirclage
- •6.3.3.16 Posturing
- •6.3.4.1 Operative Stages
- •6.3.4.2 Postoperative Care
- •6.3.4.3 Complications
- •6.3.4.4 Peroperative
- •6.3.4.5 Postoperative
- •6.3.5 Drainage Air Cryotherapy and Explant (DACE)
- •6.3.5.1 Subretinal Fluid (SRF) Drainage
- •6.3.5.2 Air Insertion
- •6.3.5.3 Complications
- •6.3.6 Pneumatic Retinopexy
- •6.3.6.1 Surgical Steps
- •6.3.6.2 Complications
- •6.4 Success Rates
- •6.5 Causes of Failure
- •6.6 Surgery for Redetachment
- •6.7 Secondary Macular Holes
- •6.8 Detachment with Choroidal Effusions
- •6.9 Removal of Explant
- •6.9.1 Diplopia
- •6.9.2 Erosion Through Conjunctiva
- •6.9.3 Infection
- •6.9.4 Cosmesis
- •6.9.5 Irritation
- •6.9.6 Surgery for Removal of the Explant
- •6.10 Summary
- •References
- •7.2 Atrophic Hole RRD with Attached Vitreous
- •7.3 Pseudophakic RRD
- •7.4 Aphakic RRD
- •7.5 Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.1 Clinical Features
- •7.5.2 Surgery for Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.2.1 Search
- •7.5.2.2 Cryotherapy
- •7.5.2.3 Marking the Break
- •7.5.2.4 Plombage
- •7.5.2.5 Checking the Indent
- •7.5.3 Complications
- •7.5.4 Giant Retinal Dialysis
- •7.5.5 Dialysis and PVR
- •7.5.6 Par Ciliaris Tear
- •7.6 Giant Retinal Tear
- •7.6.1 Clinical Features
- •7.6.2 Stickler’s Syndrome
- •7.6.3 Surgery for Giant Retinal Tear
- •7.6.3.1 Heavy Liquids
- •7.6.3.2 Retinopexy
- •7.6.3.3 Trans-scleral Illumination Technique
- •7.6.3.4 Silicone Oil Insertion
- •7.6.3.5 Choice of Endotamponade
- •7.6.3.6 Success Rates
- •7.6.3.7 Removal of the Silicone Oil
- •7.6.3.8 The Other Eye
- •7.7 Retinal Detachment in High Myopes
- •7.7.1 Clinical Features
- •7.7.2 Surgery
- •7.8.1 Clinical Features
- •7.8.1.1 Infantile Retinoschisis
- •7.8.1.2 Senile Retinoschisis
- •7.8.1.4 Retinal Detachment in Retinoschisis
- •7.8.2 Surgery
- •7.9 Juvenile Retinal Detachment
- •7.10 Atopic Dermatitis
- •7.11 Refractive Surgery
- •7.12 Congenital Cataract
- •7.13 Others
- •7.14 Summary
- •References
- •8: Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Pathogenesis
- •8.3 Clinical Features
- •8.3.1 Introduction
- •8.3.2 Grading
- •8.3.3 Risk of PVR
- •8.4 Surgery
- •8.4.1 Mild PVR
- •8.4.2 Moderate PVR
- •8.4.3 Severe PVR
- •8.4.3.1 The Relieving Retinectomy
- •8.4.4 Radial Retinotomy
- •8.4.5 Silicone Oil Injection
- •8.4.6 Applying Laser
- •8.4.7 ROSO Plus
- •8.4.8 Very Severe PVR
- •8.4.9 Choice of Endotamponade
- •8.4.9.1 Silicone Oil or Perfluoropropane Gas
- •8.4.9.2 Heavy Oils
- •8.4.10 Removal of Subretinal Bands
- •8.4.11 Adjunctive Therapies
- •8.4.12 Success Rates
- •8.4.13 Postoperative Complications
- •8.5 Summary
- •References
- •9: Macular Hole
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Idiopathic Macular Hole
- •9.2.1 Clinical Features
- •9.2.1.1 Introduction
- •9.2.1.2 Watzke–Allen Test
- •9.2.1.3 Grading
- •9.2.1.4 Natural History
- •9.2.1.5 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •9.2.2 Secondary Macular Holes
- •9.2.3 Lamellar and Partial Thickness Holes
- •9.2.4 Surgery
- •9.2.4.1 Introduction
- •9.2.4.2 Surgery
- •9.2.4.3 Peeling the Posterior Hyaloid Membrane
- •9.2.4.4 ILM Peel and Other Adjunctive Therapies
- •9.2.4.5 Choice of Tamponade
- •9.2.4.6 Postoperative Posturing of the Patient
- •9.2.4.9 Visual Field Loss
- •9.2.5 Success Rates
- •9.2.6 Reoperation
- •9.3 Microplasmin
- •9.4 Summary
- •References
- •10.1 Clinical Features
- •10.1.1 Other Conditions
- •10.1.2 Secondary Macular Pucker
- •10.2 Surgery
- •10.3 Success Rates
- •10.5 Membrane Recurrence
- •10.6 Summary
- •References
- •11: Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
- •11.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- •11.1.1 Clinical Features
- •11.1.2 Vitreous Haemorrhage and CNV
- •11.1.3 Pneumatic Displacement of Subretinal Haemorrhage
- •11.1.4 Surgery for Failed Anti-VEGF Therapy
- •11.1.4.1 Introduction
- •11.1.4.2 360° Macular Translocation
- •11.1.6 Success Rates
- •11.2 Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Not from ARMD
- •11.2.1 Introduction
- •11.2.2 Surgery
- •11.3 Summary
- •References
- •12: Diabetic Retinopathy
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Diabetic Retinopathy
- •12.2.1 Introduction
- •12.2.1.1 Diabetic Retinopathy Grading
- •12.2.2 Diabetic Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •12.2.3 Progression to Vitreous Haemorrhage and Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.3.1 Clinical Features
- •12.2.3.2 Surgery
- •12.2.4 Diabetic Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.4.1 Clinical Features
- •12.2.4.2 Surgery
- •12.2.4.3 Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.4.4 Peroperative Panretinal Photocoagulation
- •12.2.4.6 Bimanual Surgery
- •12.2.4.7 Dealing with Bleeding Vessels
- •12.2.4.8 Iatrogenic Breaks
- •12.2.4.9 Silicone Oil
- •12.2.4.10 Combined TRD and RRD
- •12.2.5 Postoperative Complications
- •12.2.5.1 Vitreous Haemorrhage
- •12.2.5.2 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- •12.2.5.3 Iris Neovascularisation
- •12.2.5.4 Phthisis Bulbi
- •12.2.5.5 Maculopathy
- •12.2.5.6 Survival After Surgery
- •12.2.6 Success Rates
- •12.2.7 Diabetic Maculopathy
- •References
- •13: Other Vascular Disorders
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Retinal Vein Occlusion
- •13.2.1 Chorioretinal Anastomosis
- •13.2.2 Arteriovenous Decompression
- •13.2.3 Radial Optic Neurotomy
- •13.2.4 Intravitreal Steroid and Anti-VEGF Agents
- •13.2.5 Tissue Plasminogen Activator
- •13.3 Sickle-Cell Disease
- •13.3.1 Introduction
- •13.3.2 Types of Sickle-Cell Disease
- •13.3.3 Systemic Investigation
- •13.3.4 Inheritance and Race
- •13.3.5 Systemic Manifestations
- •13.3.6 Ophthalmic Presentation
- •13.3.7 Laser Therapy
- •13.3.8 Surgery
- •13.3.9 Visual Outcome
- •13.3.10 Screening
- •13.3.11 Survival
- •13.4 Retinal Vasculitis
- •13.5 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- •13.6 Summary
- •References
- •14: Trauma
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.3 Contusion Injuries
- •14.3.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.3.2 Types of Retinal Break
- •14.3.2.1 Dialysis
- •14.3.2.2 Pars Ciliaris Tears
- •14.3.2.3 Ragged Tear in Commotio Retinae
- •14.3.2.4 Giant Retinal Tears
- •14.3.3 Surgery
- •14.3.4 Visual Outcome
- •14.4 Rupture
- •14.4.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.4.2 Surgery
- •14.4.3 Visual Outcome
- •14.5 Penetrating Injury
- •14.5.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.5.1.1 Endophthalmitis
- •14.5.1.2 Retinal Detachment
- •14.5.2 Surgery
- •14.5.3 Visual Outcome
- •14.6 Trauma Scores
- •14.7 Intraocular Foreign Bodies
- •14.7.1 Clinical Presentation
- •14.7.1.1 Diagnostic Imaging
- •14.7.2 IOFB Materials
- •14.7.3 Surgery
- •14.7.4 The Primary Procedure
- •14.7.5 PPV: The Anterior Segment
- •14.7.5.1 The Lens
- •14.7.6 PPV: The Posterior Segment
- •14.7.7 The Magnet
- •14.7.8 Visual Outcome
- •14.7.9 Siderosis
- •14.8 Perforating Injury
- •14.9 Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- •14.10 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- •14.11 Phthisis Bulbi
- •14.12 When Not to Operate
- •14.12.1 At Presentation
- •14.12.2 Postoperatively
- •14.13 Summary
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Dropped Nucleus
- •15.2.1 Clinical Features
- •15.2.2 Surgery
- •15.2.2.1 Primary Management
- •15.2.2.2 Vitrectomy Surgery
- •15.2.2.4 Success Rates
- •15.3 Intraocular Lens Dislocations
- •15.3.1 Clinical Presentation
- •15.3.2 Surgery
- •15.3.2.1 Removal of the IOL
- •15.4 Surgical Options for the Aphakic Eye
- •15.4.1 McCannell Sutured IOL
- •15.4.2 Iris-Clip IOL
- •15.4.3 Haptic Capture Method
- •15.4.4 Anterior Chamber IOL
- •15.4.5 Sutured Posterior Chamber IOLs
- •15.4.6 The Aphakic and Aniridic Eye
- •15.5 Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- •15.5.1 Clinical Features
- •15.5.2 Surgery
- •15.5.2.1 Vitreous Tap
- •15.5.2.2 Vitreous Biopsy
- •15.5.3 Infective Organisms
- •15.5.4 Antibiotics
- •15.5.5 The Role of Vitrectomy
- •15.5.6 Success Rates
- •15.6 Chronic Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- •15.7 Needlestick Injury
- •15.7.1 Clinical Features
- •15.7.2 Surgery
- •15.8 Intraocular Haemorrhage
- •15.9 Retinal Detachment
- •15.10 Chronic Uveitis
- •15.11 Postoperative Cystoid Macular Oedema
- •15.12 Postoperative Vitreomacular Traction
- •15.13 Postoperative Choroidal Effusion
- •15.13.1 External Drainage
- •15.14 Summary
- •References
- •16: Uveitis and Allied Disorders
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Non-infectious Uveitis of the Posterior Segment
- •16.2.2 Retinal Detachment
- •16.2.3 Cystoid Macular Oedema
- •16.2.4 Hypotony
- •16.2.5 The Vitreous Biopsy
- •16.2.6 Sampling at the Beginning of a PPV
- •16.2.6.1 Special Situations
- •16.3 Acute Retinal Necrosis
- •16.3.1 Clinical Features
- •16.3.2 Surgery
- •16.3.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.3.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.3.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.4 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
- •16.4.1 Clinical Features
- •16.4.2 Surgery
- •16.4.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.4.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.4.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.5 Fungal Endophthalmitis
- •16.5.1 Clinical Features
- •16.5.2 Surgery
- •16.5.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.5.2.2 For Treatment
- •16.5.3 Visual Outcome
- •16.6 Other Infections
- •16.6.1 Clinical Features
- •16.6.2 Surgery
- •16.6.2.1 For Diagnosis
- •16.6.2.2 Chorioretinal Biopsy
- •16.6.2.3 For Treatment
- •16.6.3 Visual Outcome and Survival
- •16.7 Paraneoplastic Retinopathy
- •16.8 Summary
- •References
- •17: Miscellaneous Conditions
- •17.1 Vitrectomy for Vitreous Opacities
- •17.2 Vitreous Anomalies
- •17.2.1 Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
- •17.2.2 Asteroid Hyalosis
- •17.2.3 Amyloidosis
- •17.3 Retinal Haemangioma and Telangiectasia
- •17.4 Optic Disc Anomalies
- •17.4.1 Optic Disc Pits and Optic Disc Coloboma
- •17.4.2 Morning Glory Syndrome
- •17.5 Retinochoroidal Coloboma
- •17.6 Marfan’s Syndrome
- •17.7 Retinopathy of Prematurity
- •17.8 Uveal Effusion Syndrome
- •17.8.1 Clinical Features
- •17.8.2 Surgery
- •17.9 Terson’s Syndrome
- •17.10 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- •17.11 Retinal Prosthesis
- •17.12 Summary
- •References
- •Glossary of Abbreviations
- •Others in Database
- •Appendices
- •Useful Formulae and Rules
- •Cryotherapy
- •Fluids (i.e. Both Gases and Liquids)
- •Gases
- •Liquids
- •Ultrasound
- •Diffusion and Viscosity
- •Visual Acuity
- •Diffusion
- •Fick’s Law
- •Stokes-Einstein
- •Darcy’s Law
- •Starling’s Law
- •Index
Thomas H. Williamson
Vitreoretinal Surgery
DVD VIDEO
INCLUDED
Second Edition
123
Vitreoretinal Surgery
Thomas H. Williamson
Vitreoretinal Surgery
Second Edition
Thomas H. Williamson
Department of Ophthalmology
St. Thomas’ Hospital
London
UK
ISBN 978-3-642-31871-9 ISBN 978-3-642-31872-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-31872-6
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938739
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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Preface
Readers of the first edition will know that the purpose of this textbook is to provide a cohesive approach to vitreoretinal diagnosis and surgery. The book has been deliberately written singlehandedly by the author to prevent the duplication that makes multiauthor texts often unwieldy. The text is a description of the knowledge I have built up over 17 years in vitreoretinal surgery in a tertiary referral unit in central London in the UK. The surgical methods provide an effective way of dealing with almost all vitreoretinal problems.
Surgical technique is in constant development, a reflection of the excitement that surrounds this great speciality. Even in the short time from publication of the first edition in 2008, there have been major changes in methodology such as the adoption of small-gauge vitrectomy in many centres. This edition brings the subject up to date and therefore should be beneficial to existing users of the book and to new.
The text has been extensively overhauled and expanded, and the figures increased from 600 to approximately 1,000. The text provides the essential information to diagnose vitreoretinal disorders and perform surgery. The figures are used to illustrate clinical features and describe surgical methods.
To provide the reader with an alternative viewpoint on surgery, 16 international experts have provided surgical pearls of wisdom. More contributions have been added both from new experts and also those who provided for the first edition. These are scattered through the text. I am very grateful to the contribution of these surgeons to the book.
An accompanying DVD provides videos with voice-overs to complement the text. In addition, a version of VITREOR, an access database which I have developed and used as an electronic patient record for the last 13 years, is provided. This is compliant with the UK rhegmatogenous retinal detachment dataset (VITREOR RRD has retinal detachment recording only). My own personal database has been used to monitor outcomes of my surgery and includes the details of over 8,000 operations. It has been an essential tool in my clinical practice, allowing audit of surgery, rapid access to clinical details in busy outpatient clinics and a useful clinical research tool. You will need Microsoft Access 2010 to run these databases and Microsoft Paint to create drawings.
Thank you to Prof. Anthony Goddard of Imperial College London for the help with the physics in the Appendix and to Mano Shunmugan who researched the Optical Coherence Tomography section of Chapter 1. Finally, my thanks go to all the trainees and surgeons who have been kind enough to provide me with feedback on the book and for their compliments and support.
I hope you enjoy the second edition; any feedback will be gratefully received. If you wish to give feedback, you can find my contact details on www.retinasurgery.co.uk.
v
vi Preface
Surgical Pearls of Wisdom
Bill Aylward |
UK |
Carl C. Awh |
USA |
David E. Barañano |
USA |
Federica G. Ebert |
Italy |
Andrew W. Eller |
USA |
Vlassis Grigoropolis |
Greece |
Richard Haynes |
UK |
Nancy M. Holekamp |
USA |
D. Alistair H. Laidlaw |
UK |
Harvey Lincoff |
USA |
Sarit Lesnik Oberstein |
Netherlands |
Ian L. McAllister |
Australia |
Stanislao Rizzo |
Italy |
Jan C. van Meurs |
Netherlands |
George A. Williams |
USA |
David Wong |
China |
The Databases
There are two versions of the database you can employ: VITREOR 2012 which allows you to collect data on all of the vitreoretinal conditions you encounter and VITREOR RRD for retinal detachments only. For both you will need Microsoft Access 2010 and Microsoft Paint. Put the retinal template folder on your C: drive (C:\retinal template\retinal template.bmp) to allow the drawing processes to pick up the retinal template bitmap. There are queries allowing analysis; note that because the database record right and left eyes, the queries convert right and left into affected and fellow eyes. The affected eye is the first eye operated upon. Watch the video which shows data collection and some of the features of the databases. A modicum of knowledge of Access will help. The databases are provided in an uneditable format. Note: They have been scanned by MacAfee, but please check with your own protection software. If you would like an editable version, please contact me directly, contact details are available from www.retinasurgery.co.uk. If you are using the database, please also let me know.
Contents
1 Anatomy and Clinical Examination of the Eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
||
1.1 |
Surgical Anatomy of the Retina and Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
|
|
1.1.1 |
The Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
|
1.1.2 |
The Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
1.1.3 |
The Physiology of the Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
|
1.1.4 |
Anatomy and Physiology and the Vitreoretinal Surgeon . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
1.2 |
Clinical Examination and Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
|
|
1.2.1 |
Using the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
|
1.2.2 |
Examination of the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
7 |
|
1.2.3 |
Subjective Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
17 |
|
1.2.4 |
The Preoperative Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
17 |
1.3 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
|
2 Introduction to Vitreoretinal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
21 |
||
2.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
|
2.2 |
Choice of Anaesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
|
2.3 |
Pars Plana Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
|
|
2.3.1 |
Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
2.3.2 |
Where to Place the Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
2.3.3 |
Securing the Infusion Cannula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
2.3.4 |
Checking the Infusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
2.3.5 |
How to Clear the End of Non-penetrating Infusion Cannula . . . . . . |
25 |
|
2.3.6 |
The Superior Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
|
2.3.7 |
Checking the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
|
2.3.8 |
The Independent Viewing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
|
2.3.9 |
Removing the Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
2.4 |
Vitrectomy Cutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
|
2.5 |
Handling the Light Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
|
2.6 |
Use of Sclerotomy Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
|
2.7 |
The Internal Search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
|
2.8 |
Endolaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
|
2.9 |
Using a Contact Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
|
2.10 |
Maintaining a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
|
|
2.10.1 |
Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
|
2.10.2 |
IVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
|
2.10.3 |
Cornea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
|
2.10.4 |
Blood in the Anterior Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
|
2.10.5 |
Condensation on an Intraocular Lens Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
|
2.10.6 |
Cataract Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
|
2.10.7 |
Pupillary Dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
vii
viii |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
2.11 |
Closing |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
2.12 |
Peroperative Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
|
|
2.12.1 |
Iatrogenic Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
|
2.12.2 |
Choroidal Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
|
2.12.3 |
Haemorrhage from Retinal or Other Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
38 |
|
2.12.4 |
Lens Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
38 |
|
2.12.5 |
Hypotony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
2.13 |
Postoperative Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
|
|
2.13.1 |
Cataract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
|
2.13.2 |
Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
|
2.13.3 |
Corneal Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
|
2.13.4 |
Choroidal Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
|
2.13.5 |
Raised Intraocular Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
|
2.13.6 |
Retinal Breaks and RRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
|
2.13.7 |
Hypotony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
|
2.13.8 |
Scleritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
|
2.13.9 |
Sympathetic Uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
2.14 |
Adjustments for 20 Gauge Vitrectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
44 |
|
|
2.14.1 |
Construction of Superior Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
45 |
|
2.14.2 |
Priming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
45 |
|
2.14.3 |
Self-Sealing Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
45 |
2.15 |
Adjustments for 23 and 25 Gauge Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
|
2.15.1 |
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 |
|
2.15.2 |
Surgical Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
|
2.15.3 |
Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
|
2.15.4 |
Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
|
2.15.5 |
Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
|
2.15.6 |
Trochar Internal Protrusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
|
2.15.7 |
Silicone Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
2.16 |
Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
53 |
|
|
2.16.1 |
Peroperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
53 |
|
2.16.2 |
Postoperative Retinal Break Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
2.17 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of 23 and 25 G Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
|
2.18 |
Combined Cataract Extraction and PPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
|
|
2.18.1 |
How to Decide Whether to Perform Combined Surgery . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
2.19 |
Biometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
|
2.20 |
Chandelier Systems and Bimanual Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
|
|
2.20.1 |
Possible Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
2.21 |
Dyes . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
2.22 |
Intravitreal Injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
|
|
2.22.1 |
Injection Medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
2.23 |
Slow Release Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 |
|
2.24 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 |
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 |
|
3 Principles of Internal Tamponade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
||
3.1 |
Gases. . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
|
3.1.1 |
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
|
3.1.2 |
Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
|
3.1.3 |
Important Postoperative Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
3.2 |
Silicone Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
69 |
|
|
3.2.1 |
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
69 |
|
3.2.2 |
Silicone Oil in the Anterior Chamber During Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . |
70 |
Contents |
|
|
|
ix |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2.3 Complications of Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
72 |
|
|
|
3.2.4 |
Silicone Oil Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
|
|
3.2.5 |
Heavy Silicone Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
|
|
3.2.6 |
Heavy Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
83 |
|
|
3.2.7 |
‘Light’ Heavy Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
86 |
|
3.3 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
86 |
|
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
86 |
|
4 |
Posterior Vitreous Detachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
89 |
||
|
4.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
89 |
|
|
|
4.1.1 |
Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
91 |
|
|
4.1.2 |
Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
93 |
|
|
4.1.3 |
Retinal Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
|
|
4.1.4 |
Peripheral Retinal Degenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
|
4.2 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
|
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
|
5 |
Vitreous Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
101 |
||
|
5.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
101 |
|
|
5.2 |
Aetiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
102 |
|
|
5.3 |
Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
102 |
|
|
5.4 |
Erythroclastic Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
103 |
|
|
5.5 |
Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
103 |
|
|
5.6 |
Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
105 |
|
|
5.7 |
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
106 |
|
|
5.8 |
Surgery . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
107 |
|
5.9 |
Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
108 |
|
|
5.10 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
|
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
|
6 |
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
||
|
6.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
|
|
|
6.1.1 Tears with Posterior Vitreous Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
|
|
|
6.1.2 Breaks Without Posterior Vitreous Detachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
|
|
|
6.1.3 |
Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
|
6.2 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
117 |
|
|
|
6.2.1 |
Anterior Segment Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
117 |
|
|
6.2.2 Signs in the Vitreous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
117 |
|
|
|
6.2.3 |
Subretinal Fluid Accumulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
118 |
|
|
6.2.4 Retinal Break Patterns in RRD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
120 |
|
|
|
6.2.5 Macula Off or On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
120 |
|
|
6.3 |
Surgery . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
121 |
|
|
6.3.1 |
Flat Retinal Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
121 |
|
|
6.3.2 |
Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
123 |
|
|
6.3.3 |
Pars Plana Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
126 |
|
|
6.3.4 |
The Non-drain Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
141 |
|
|
6.3.5 Drainage Air Cryotherapy and Explant (DACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
152 |
|
|
|
6.3.6 |
Pneumatic Retinopexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
155 |
|
6.4 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
155 |
|
|
6.5 |
Causes of Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
156 |
|
|
6.6 |
Surgery for Redetachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
156 |
|
|
|
6.6.1 Redo Vitreous-Attached RRD Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
|
|
|
6.6.2 |
Redo Vitreous-Detached RRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
|
6.7 |
Secondary Macular Holes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
|
x |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
6.8 |
Detachment with Choroidal Effusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
|
6.9 |
Removal of Explant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
|
6.9.1 |
Diplopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
6.9.2 |
Erosion Through Conjunctiva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
6.9.3 |
Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
6.9.4 |
Cosmesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
6.9.5 |
Irritation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
|
6.9.6 |
Surgery for Removal of the Explant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
158 |
6.10 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
159 |
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
159 |
|
7 Different Presentations of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments. . . . . . . . . . . |
163 |
||
7.1 |
Age-Related RRD from PVD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
163 |
|
7.2 |
Atrophic Hole RRD with Attached Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
164 |
|
7.3 |
Pseudophakic RRD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
164 |
|
7.4 |
Aphakic RRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
165 |
|
7.5 |
Retinal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
165 |
|
|
7.5.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
165 |
|
7.5.2 |
Surgery for Retinal Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
166 |
|
7.5.3 |
Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
166 |
|
7.5.4 |
Giant Retinal Dialysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
167 |
|
7.5.5 |
Dialysis and PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
167 |
|
7.5.6 |
Par Ciliaris Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
167 |
7.6 |
Giant Retinal Tear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168 |
|
|
7.6.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168 |
|
7.6.2 |
Stickler’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168 |
|
7.6.3 |
Surgery for Giant Retinal Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
171 |
7.7 |
Retinal Detachment in High Myopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
|
|
7.7.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
|
7.7.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
175 |
7.8 |
Retinoschisis-Related Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
176 |
|
|
7.8.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
176 |
|
7.8.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
181 |
7.9 |
Juvenile Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
184 |
|
7.10 |
Atopic Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
184 |
|
7.11 |
Refractive Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
184 |
|
7.12 |
Congenital Cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
184 |
|
7.13 |
Others . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
184 |
7.14 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
185 |
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
185 |
|
8 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
189 |
||
8.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
189 |
|
8.2 |
Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
190 |
|
8.3 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
190 |
|
|
8.3.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
190 |
|
8.3.2 |
Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
190 |
|
8.3.3 |
Risk of PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
194 |
8.4 |
Surgery . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
196 |
|
8.4.1 |
Mild PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
196 |
|
8.4.2 |
Moderate PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
196 |
|
8.4.3 |
Severe PVR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
198 |
|
8.4.4 |
Radial Retinotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
200 |
|
8.4.5 |
Silicone Oil Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
200 |
|
8.4.6 |
Applying Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
201 |
Contents |
|
|
|
xi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.4.7 |
ROSO Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
|
|
8.4.8 |
Very Severe PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
202 |
|
|
8.4.9 |
Choice of Endotamponade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
203 |
|
|
8.4.10 |
Removal of Subretinal Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
204 |
|
|
8.4.11 |
Adjunctive Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
205 |
|
|
8.4.12 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
205 |
|
|
8.4.13 |
Postoperative Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
205 |
|
8.5 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
207 |
|
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
207 |
|
9 |
Macular Hole . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
209 |
|
|
9.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
209 |
|
|
9.2 |
Idiopathic Macular Hole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
210 |
|
|
|
9.2.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
210 |
|
|
9.2.2 |
Secondary Macular Holes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
220 |
|
|
9.2.3 |
Lamellar and Partial Thickness Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
220 |
|
|
9.2.4 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
222 |
|
|
9.2.5 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
234 |
|
|
9.2.6 |
Reoperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
235 |
|
9.3 |
Microplasmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
236 |
|
|
9.4 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
236 |
|
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
236 |
|
10 |
Macular Pucker and Vitreomacular Traction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
239 |
||
|
10.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
239 |
|
|
|
10.1.1 |
Other Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
245 |
|
|
10.1.2 |
Secondary Macular Pucker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
245 |
|
10.2 |
Surgery . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
248 |
|
10.3 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
250 |
|
|
10.4 |
Specific Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
250 |
|
|
10.5 |
Membrane Recurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
251 |
|
|
10.6 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
251 |
|
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
253 |
|
11 |
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
255 |
||
|
11.1 |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
255 |
|
|
|
11.1.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
255 |
|
|
11.1.2 |
Vitreous Haemorrhage and CNV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
257 |
|
|
11.1.3 |
Pneumatic Displacement of Subretinal Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . |
258 |
|
|
11.1.4 |
Surgery for Failed Anti-VEGF Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
259 |
|
|
11.1.5 |
Specific Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
261 |
|
|
11.1.6 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
261 |
|
11.2 |
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Not from ARMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
262 |
|
|
|
11.2.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
262 |
|
|
11.2.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
265 |
|
11.3 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
265 |
|
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
265 |
|
12 Diabetic Retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.2 Diabetic Retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
12.2.2 Diabetic Vitreous Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
12.2.3Progression to Vitreous Haemorrhage
and Tractional Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
272 |
12.2.4 Diabetic Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
276 |
xii |
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Contents |
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12.2.5 |
Postoperative Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
288 |
|
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12.2.6 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
289 |
|
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12.2.7 |
Diabetic Maculopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
290 |
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
292 |
|
13 |
Other Vascular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
295 |
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13.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
295 |
|
|
13.2 |
Retinal Vein Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
295 |
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13.2.1 |
Chorioretinal Anastomosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
296 |
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13.2.2 |
Arteriovenous Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
296 |
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13.2.3 |
Radial Optic Neurotomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
297 |
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13.2.4 |
Intravitreal Steroid and Anti-VEGF Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
297 |
|
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13.2.5 |
Tissue Plasminogen Activator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
301 |
|
13.3 |
Sickle-Cell Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
301 |
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13.3.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
301 |
|
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13.3.2 |
Types of Sickle-Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
|
13.3.3 |
Systemic Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
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13.3.4 |
Inheritance and Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
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13.3.5 |
Systemic Manifestations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
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13.3.6 |
Ophthalmic Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
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13.3.7 |
Laser Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
303 |
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13.3.8 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
305 |
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13.3.9 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
305 |
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13.3.10 |
Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
|
13.3.11 |
Survival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
13.4 |
Retinal Vasculitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
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13.5 |
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
|
13.6 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
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References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
14 |
Trauma . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
309 |
|
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14.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
309 |
|
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14.2 |
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
309 |
|
|
14.3 |
Contusion Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
310 |
|
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14.3.1 |
Clinical Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
312 |
|
|
14.3.2 |
Types of Retinal Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
316 |
|
|
14.3.3 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
318 |
|
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14.3.4 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
322 |
|
14.4 |
Rupture . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
322 |
|
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14.4.1 |
Clinical Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
322 |
|
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14.4.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
324 |
|
|
14.4.3 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
325 |
|
14.5 |
Penetrating Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
325 |
|
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|
14.5.1 |
Clinical Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
325 |
|
|
14.5.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
327 |
|
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14.5.3 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
328 |
|
14.6 |
Trauma Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
328 |
|
|
14.7 |
Intraocular Foreign Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
329 |
|
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14.7.1 |
Clinical Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
329 |
|
|
14.7.2 |
IOFB Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
332 |
|
|
14.7.3 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
334 |
|
|
14.7.4 |
The Primary Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
334 |
|
|
14.7.5 |
PPV: The Anterior Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
335 |
|
|
14.7.6 |
PPV: The Posterior Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
335 |
Contents |
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xiii |
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14.7.7 |
The Magnet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
336 |
|
14.7.8 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
336 |
|
14.7.9 |
Siderosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
337 |
14.8 |
Perforating Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
338 |
|
14.9 |
Sympathetic Ophthalmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
|
14.10 |
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
|
14.11 |
Phthisis Bulbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
|
14.12 |
When Not to Operate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
|
|
14.12.1 |
At Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
|
14.12.2 |
Postoperatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
339 |
14.13 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
340 |
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
340 |
|
15 Complications of Anterior Segment Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
||
15.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
|
15.2 |
Dropped Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
|
|
15.2.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
343 |
|
15.2.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
344 |
15.3 |
Intraocular Lens Dislocations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
347 |
|
|
15.3.1 |
Clinical Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
347 |
|
15.3.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
347 |
15.4 |
Surgical Options for the Aphakic Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
|
|
15.4.1 |
McCannell Sutured IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
|
15.4.2 |
Iris-Clip IOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
|
15.4.3 |
Haptic Capture Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
348 |
|
15.4.4 |
Anterior Chamber IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
349 |
|
15.4.5 |
Sutured Posterior Chamber IOLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
349 |
|
15.4.6 |
The Aphakic and Aniridic Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
350 |
15.5 |
Postoperative Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
351 |
|
|
15.5.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
351 |
|
15.5.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
352 |
|
15.5.3 |
Infective Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
352 |
|
15.5.4 |
Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
353 |
|
15.5.5 |
The Role of Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
353 |
|
15.5.6 |
Success Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
353 |
15.6 |
Chronic Postoperative Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
355 |
|
15.7 |
Needlestick Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
355 |
|
|
15.7.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
355 |
|
15.7.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
357 |
15.8 |
Intraocular Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
357 |
|
15.9 |
Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
358 |
|
15.10 |
Chronic Uveitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
358 |
|
15.11 |
Postoperative Cystoid Macular Oedema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
359 |
|
15.12 |
Postoperative Vitreomacular Traction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
359 |
|
15.13 |
Postoperative Choroidal Effusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
359 |
|
|
15.13.1 |
External Drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
360 |
15.14 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
361 |
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
361 |
|
16 Uveitis and Allied Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
363 |
||
16.1 |
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
363 |
|
16.2 |
Non-infectious Uveitis of the Posterior Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
363 |
|
|
16.2.1 |
Vitreous Opacification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
366 |
|
16.2.2 |
Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
366 |
xiv |
|
|
Contents |
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|
|
|
16.2.3 |
Cystoid Macular Oedema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
367 |
|
16.2.4 |
Hypotony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
367 |
|
16.2.5 |
The Vitreous Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
370 |
|
16.2.6 Sampling at the Beginning of a PPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
370 |
|
16.3 |
Acute Retinal Necrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
372 |
|
|
16.3.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
372 |
|
16.3.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
374 |
|
16.3.3 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
375 |
16.4 |
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
375 |
|
|
16.4.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
375 |
|
16.4.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
376 |
|
16.4.3 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
377 |
16.5 |
Fungal Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
377 |
|
|
16.5.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
377 |
|
16.5.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
378 |
|
16.5.3 |
Visual Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
380 |
16.6 |
Other Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
380 |
|
|
16.6.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
380 |
|
16.6.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
383 |
|
16.6.3 Visual Outcome and Survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
385 |
|
16.7 |
Paraneoplastic Retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
387 |
|
16.8 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
387 |
|
References . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
387 |
|
17 Miscellaneous Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
391 |
||
17.1 |
Vitrectomy for Vitreous Opacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
391 |
|
17.2 |
Vitreous Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
|
|
17.2.1 Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
|
|
17.2.2 |
Asteroid Hyalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
|
17.2.3 |
Amyloidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
17.3 |
Retinal Haemangioma and Telangiectasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
394 |
|
17.4 |
Optic Disc Anomalies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
398 |
|
|
17.4.1 Optic Disc Pits and Optic Disc Coloboma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
399 |
|
|
17.4.2 |
Morning Glory Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
401 |
17.5 |
Retinochoroidal Coloboma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
402 |
|
17.6 |
Marfan’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
404 |
|
17.7 |
Retinopathy of Prematurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
404 |
|
17.8 |
Uveal Effusion Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
405 |
|
|
17.8.1 |
Clinical Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
405 |
|
17.8.2 |
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
17.9 |
Terson’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
|
17.10 |
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
408 |
|
17.11 |
Retinal Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
408 |
|
17.12 |
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
408 |
|
References . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
408 |
|
Glossary of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
411 |
||
Appendices. . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
413 |
|
Index. . . . |
. . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
419 |
