- •Acknowledgment
- •Abbreviations and Glossary
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1: Should You Become a VR Surgeon?
- •2.2 A Word of Caution
- •Introduction
- •3: Fundamental Rules for the VR Surgeon
- •3.4 The “What, When, How – and Why” Questions
- •3.5 Don’t Start What You Cannot Finish
- •3.6 Common Sense vs Dogma
- •3.7 Maximal Concentration During the Entire Operation
- •3.8 Make Life as Easy for Yourself as Possible
- •3.9 Under Peer Pressure: To Yield or Not to Yield
- •3.10 Referral of the Patient
- •3.11 The Rest of the Eyeball…
- •4.1 What If the Surgeon Has Tremor?
- •4.2 How Important Is Good Dexterity?
- •4.5 Combined Surgery or Cataract Surgery Separately?
- •4.7 How Much Confidence in Himself Should the VR Surgeon Have?
- •4.8 How Long Do Vitrectomies Take?
- •4.9 Was Surgery Successful?
- •5.1 The “Target” of Counseling
- •5.2 The Patient Does Not Know Most of What Is so Obvious to the Surgeon
- •5.3 Communicating with the Patient
- •5.4 Coaching vs Trying to Be Objective
- •5.5 The Ultimate Treatment Decision: “Whose Eye Is It?”
- •5.6 Which of the Two Eyes to Operate on First?
- •5.7 What if the Eye Has Two Diseases?
- •5.8 What if the Eye Has Severe Visual Loss and the Chance of Improvement with Another Surgery Is Low?
- •5.9 Empathy: The Single Most Important Component of Counseling
- •5.10 The Prognosis with the Chosen Surgical Option
- •5.11 If the Patient Chooses to Undergo Surgery
- •5.12 The Benefits of Proper Counseling
- •5.14 The Dogmas
- •6: The VR Surgeon’s Relation to His Nurse
- •7: Examination
- •8: The Indication Whether to Operate
- •8.1 The Argument in Favor of Surgery
- •8.3 The Age of the Patient
- •8.4 The Condition of the Fellow Eye
- •11: The Surgeon’s Relation to Himself
- •11.3 Self-Examination
- •Introduction
- •12.1.1 The Pump
- •12.1.1.1 Peristaltic Pump: Flow Control
- •12.1.2 The Probe
- •12.1.2.2 Port Location
- •12.1.2.3 Port Configuration and Size
- •12.1.2.4 Cut Rate
- •12.1.2.6 Probe Length
- •12.1.3 The Light Source/Pipe
- •12.1.4 The Infusion Supply
- •12.1.5 The Trocar
- •12.1.6 The Cannula
- •12.1.7 System to Inject/Extract Viscous Fluid
- •12.1.8 The Pedal
- •12.1.10 Endodiathermy Probe
- •12.1.11 The User Interface of the Vitrectomy Console
- •12.1.12 Troubleshooting
- •12.2 The Microscope
- •13: Instruments, Tools, and Their Use
- •13.2.1.1 General Concepts of Working with Squeezable Instruments
- •13.2.1.2 The Handle
- •13.2.1.3 Forceps
- •13.2.1.4 Scissors
- •13.2.2 Hybrid Instruments
- •13.2.2.2 Retractable Instruments
- •13.2.3 Non-squeezable Hand Instruments
- •13.2.3.1 Bent (Hooked, Barbed) Needle
- •13.2.3.2 Membrane Scraper
- •13.2.3.3 Spatula/Pic
- •13.2.3.4 Intraocular Magnet
- •13.3.1 Membrane Dissection (“Viscosurgery”): Viscoelastics as a Spatula
- •13.3.2 Opening a Closed Funnel
- •14: Materials and Their Use
- •14.2 Intravitreal Gas
- •14.3 Silicone Oil
- •14.3.1 Types of Silicone Oil
- •14.3.3 Complications Related to Silicone Oil Use
- •14.3.4 Complications Related to Silicone Oil Use Removal
- •14.4 PFCL
- •14.6 Sutures
- •15: Anesthesia
- •15.1 How to Decide the Type of Anesthesia
- •15.2 If Local Anesthesia Is Chosen
- •15.3 Medications If Local Anesthesia Is Used
- •16: The Surgeon at the Operating Table
- •16.1 The OR Personnel
- •16.2 The Operating Table and the Surgeon’s Chair
- •16.2.1 The Operating Table
- •16.2.2 The Surgeon’s Chair
- •16.4 The Microscope
- •16.5 The BIOM
- •16.5.1 BIOM: The Advantages
- •16.5.2 BIOM Use: Practical Information
- •16.5.3 BIOM: Setting Up for Daily Use
- •16.5.4 BIOM: Checklist
- •16.5.5 BIOM: Troubleshooting
- •16.6 The Patient
- •16.7 The Surgeon
- •16.7.2 At the Start of Vitrectomy
- •16.7.3 Staring into the Microscope
- •16.8 Music in the OR
- •16.9 The Brightness in the OR
- •16.10 The Quality of the Air in the OR
- •16.12 The Blueprint of the OR
- •16.13 The Captain in the OR
- •16.14 The Fundamental Technical Rules of Performing Intravitreal Surgery
- •Introduction
- •17.3 The Endoscope Approach (EAV)
- •17.4 Portable Systems
- •17.5 3D Viewing
- •18.1 Disinfection and Draping
- •18.2 The Monocular Patient
- •18.3 At the Conclusion of the Operation
- •19: The Speculum and Its Placement
- •19.1 General Considerations
- •19.2 Speculum Placement
- •20.3 Injecting into the Vitreous Cavity During Surgery
- •21: Sclerotomies and the Cannulas
- •21.2 Location of the Sclerotomies
- •21.2.1 Distance from the Limbus
- •21.2.2 Location in Clock Hours
- •21.2.3 In Case of a Reoperation
- •21.2.4 In Case of Scleral Thinning
- •21.3 Inserting the Cannula
- •21.4 The Order of Cannula Placement
- •21.5 If the Palpebral Opening Is Small
- •21.6 Checking the (Infusion) Cannula
- •21.6.1 Cannula Under the Choroid/Retina: Prevention
- •21.6.2 Cannula Under the Choroid/Retina: Management
- •21.6.3 Infusion Going Under the Choroid/Retina: Management
- •21.7 The Cannulas in Use
- •21.8 The Removal of the Cannulas
- •21.8.1 Hypotony: The Causes
- •21.8.2 Hypotony: The Consequences
- •21.8.3 Hypotony: Prevention
- •21.8.4 Hypotony: Postoperative Management
- •22: Illumination
- •22.1 The Light Pipe
- •22.3 Light Built into the Handheld Instruments
- •24: Using the Vitrectomy Probe
- •24.1 Removal of the Vitreous
- •24.2 Removal of Proliferative Membranes
- •24.3 Removal of the Retina
- •24.4 Removal of the Lens
- •25: Maintaining Good Visualization
- •25.1.1 The Microscope
- •25.1.2 The Contact Lens
- •25.1.3 The Corneal Surface
- •25.1.4 The Corneal Stroma
- •25.2 Internal Factors
- •25.2.2 Pupil
- •25.2.2.1 Mechanical Forces Preventing Pupil Dilation
- •25.2.2.2 Intracameral Adrenalin or Visco
- •25.2.2.4 Iris Ring
- •25.2.2.5 Iridotomy
- •25.2.3 Lens
- •25.2.3.1 Cataract
- •25.2.3.2 “Feathering”
- •25.2.3.3 “Gas Cataract”
- •25.2.3.4 “Lens Touch”
- •25.2.4.1 Phimosis of the Anterior Capsule
- •25.2.4.2 Deposit on the Anterior IOL Surface
- •25.2.4.3 Problems with the IOL Itself
- •25.2.4.4 Fluid Condensation
- •25.2.5 The Posterior Capsule
- •25.2.6 The Vitreous Cavity
- •25.2.7 Epiretinal (Subhyaloidal) Materials
- •25.2.7.1 Blood
- •25.2.8 The Surgeon’s Actions
- •25.2.9 “Chromovitrectomy”
- •26.1.1 Vitreous Macroanatomy
- •26.1.2 Vitreous Biochemistry and Its Anatomical and Functional Implications
- •26.1.3 Retinal Histology and Macroanatomy
- •26.1.4 Anterior Segment Dimensions
- •26.2 External Anatomy for the VR Surgeon
- •26.3 Physiology: What Keeps the Retina Attached?
- •26.3.1 The RPE Pump
- •26.3.3 Presence of the Vitreous Gel
- •27: The Basics of Vitreous Removal
- •27.1 The Rationale for PPV
- •27.2 How Much Vitreous to Remove?
- •27.3 Recognizing the Presence of the Vitreous Gel
- •27.3.1 Mechanical Aids
- •27.3.2 Air (Pneumovitrectomy)
- •27.3.3 Stains and Markers
- •27.4 The Sequence of Vitreous Removal
- •27.5.2 Vitrectomy Anterior to the Equator
- •27.5.3 Vitrectomy Behind the Lens
- •28: Scleral Indentation
- •28.1 The Advantages of Scleral Indentation
- •28.2 The Mechanics of Vitrectomy with Scleral Indentation
- •28.3 Internal vs External Illumination
- •28.5 External Illumination and Nurse Indentation
- •28.6 Instrumentation and Technique
- •29: Cryopexy
- •29.1 Indication in RD
- •29.2 Surgical Technique
- •29.3 Cryopexy as a Destructive Force
- •30: Endolaser
- •30.1 The Consequences of Laser Treatment
- •30.2 The Setup
- •30.3 The Technique of Endolaser Treatment
- •30.3.1 General Considerations
- •30.3.2 Panretinal Treatment
- •30.3.3 Endolaser Cerclage and Its Complications
- •30.3.4 Endolaser as a Walling-Off (Barricading) Tool
- •30.3.5 Endolaser as a Welding Tool
- •30.4 Peripheral Laser and the Beginner VR Surgeon
- •30.5 Endocyclophotocoagulation
- •30.6 Laser Cerclage at the Slit Lamp
- •31: Working With and Under Air
- •31.1.1 Attached Retina
- •31.3 The Utilization of an Air Bubble
- •32: Working with Membranes
- •32.1.1 Instrumentation and Infrastructure
- •32.1.2 Opening the ILM
- •32.1.2.1 Sharp Opening: Incision First
- •32.1.2.2 Blunt Opening: No Incision
- •The Scraper
- •32.1.3 Peeling the Membrane
- •32.1.4 The Extent of ILM Peeling
- •32.1.5 What If the ILM Cannot Be Peeled?
- •32.1.6 ILM Removal in Eyes with Detached Macula
- •32.1.6.1 Reattaching the Macula First
- •32.1.6.2 Peeling When the Macula Is Still Detached
- •32.2.2 Removal Technique
- •32.2.2.1 Staining or Not?
- •32.2.2.2 Instrumentation
- •32.2.2.3 Location of the Point of Attack
- •32.2.2.4 The Major Risks When First Grabbing an EMP
- •32.2.2.5 The Direction of Peeling: Centripetal vs Centrifugal
- •32.2.2.6 The Speed of Peeling
- •32.2.2.7 The Extent of Peeling
- •32.2.2.8 ILM Peeling
- •32.2.2.9 Completion of Surgery
- •32.3.1.1 Recognition
- •32.3.1.2 The Goals of Surgery
- •32.3.1.3 Instrumentation
- •32.3.1.4 Surgical Steps
- •32.3.1.5 Closed Funnel/Retinal Incarceration
- •32.3.1.6 ILM Removal
- •32.4 Subretinal Membranes/Strands
- •33.1 Retinectomy
- •34: Chromovitrectomy
- •34.1 Posterior Vitreous Cortex
- •34.3.1 False-Positive Staining with ICG
- •34.3.2 Injection Technique for Staining the ILM
- •34.4 Newly Formed (PVR) Membranes
- •35: Tamponades
- •35.2 Gases
- •35.2.1 General Considerations
- •35.2.3 Gas Injection into the Nonvitrectomized Eye
- •35.2.4 The Eye with Gaseous Tamponade
- •35.3.1 Indications to Use Heavier-Than-Water Liquids
- •35.3.2 Surgical Technique
- •35.3.2.1 Implantation
- •35.4 Silicone Oil
- •35.4.1 Selecting the Type of Silicone Oil to Implant
- •35.4.2 General Considerations
- •35.4.3 Indications
- •35.4.3.1 Semipermanent Tamponade
- •35.4.3.2 Permanent Tamponade
- •35.4.4 Implantation
- •35.4.5 With Silicone Oil in the Eye
- •35.4.5.1 General Considerations
- •35.4.5.2 Emulsification
- •35.4.6 Removal
- •35.4.6.1 Timing
- •35.4.6.2 Surgical Technique
- •35.5 Exchanges
- •35.6 If the Eye Is Aphakic
- •36: Submacular Hemorrhage
- •36.1 The Nonsurgical Approach: Intravitreal Gas and tPA
- •36.2 Removal of the Clot In Toto
- •36.4 The Minimalistic Surgical Approach
- •37: Subretinal Biopsy
- •38: Combined Surgery
- •38.1 Phacoemulsification
- •38.2 Lensectomy
- •38.2.1 Lens In Situ
- •38.3.1 Lens In Situ
- •38.3.2 Lens in Vitreous
- •38.4.2 No IOL Implantation
- •38.5 Capsule Removal
- •38.5.1 Indications
- •38.5.2 Surgical Technique
- •38.6.1 Advantages
- •38.6.2 Surgical Technique
- •38.6.3 Subsequent Sub/luxation of an Iris-Claw IOL
- •38.6.3.1 Subluxated Lens
- •38.6.3.2 Luxated Lens
- •39: AC Basics
- •39.1 Paracentesis
- •39.2 Iris Prolapse
- •39.3 Anterior Synechia
- •39.5 Material in the AC
- •40.2 Retinal Tear
- •40.3 Reopening of a Posterior Scleral Wound
- •40.4 Lens/IOL Trauma
- •41: Pediatric Patients
- •42: The Highly Myopic Eye
- •42.1 The Risk of RD If Cataract Surgery Is Needed
- •42.2 Vitrectomy in the Highly Myopic Eye
- •42.3 Posterior RD over a Staphyloma
- •43: Intravitreal Injections
- •Introduction
- •44: Dropped Nucleus and Dislocated IOL
- •44.1 General Considerations
- •44.1.2 Dislocated IOL
- •44.2 Surgical Technique
- •44.2.1 Dropped Nucleus
- •45: Endophthalmitis
- •45.1 General Considerations
- •45.1.1 Etiology
- •45.1.2 Clinical Diagnosis
- •45.1.3 Timing
- •45.1.4 Treatment Options and Management Philosophy
- •45.2 Surgical Technique
- •45.3 Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis
- •46: Floaters
- •46.1 General Considerations
- •46.1.1 Indication for Surgery
- •46.1.2 Timing of Surgery
- •46.2 Surgical Technique
- •47: Hyphema
- •47.1 General Considerations
- •47.1.1 The Rationale for Surgical Removal
- •47.1.2 Medical Treatment
- •47.2 Surgical Technique
- •47.2.1 Liquid Blood
- •47.2.1.1 Monomanual Technique
- •47.2.1.2 Bimanual Technique
- •47.2.2 Clotted Blood
- •48: Iris Abnormalities
- •48.1 General Considerations
- •48.1.2 Timing of Iris Reconstruction
- •48.2 Surgical Technique
- •48.2.2 Iridodialysis
- •48.2.3 Permanent Mydriasis
- •49: Macular Disorders: Edema
- •49.1 General Considerations
- •49.1.1 Etiology
- •49.1.2 Indications for Treatment: Surgical or Nonsurgical?
- •50.1 General Considerations
- •50.1.1 VMTS
- •50.1.2 Cellophane Maculopathy
- •50.1.3 Macular Pucker
- •50.1.4 Macular Hole
- •50.2.1 VMTS
- •50.2.2 Cellophane Maculopathy
- •50.2.3 Macular Pucker
- •50.2.4 Macular Hole
- •50.2.5 If Surgery Failed for a Macular Hole
- •51: Optic Pit
- •51.1 General Considerations
- •51.2 Surgical Technique
- •52.1 General Considerations
- •52.1.1 Indications
- •52.1.2 Preoperative Considerations
- •52.2 Surgical Technique
- •53.1 General Considerations
- •53.2 Surgical Technique
- •54: Retinal Detachment
- •54.1.1 RD Due to a Horseshoe or Giant Tear
- •54.1.2 RD Due to a Dialysis
- •54.1.3 RD Due to a Round Hole
- •54.1.4 RD Due to a Staphyloma
- •54.2 Additional Information About RD
- •54.2.1 History
- •54.2.3 Clinical Course
- •54.2.4 Using Laser to Prevent RD Development
- •54.2.4.1 Prophylaxis in the Affected Eye (RD, Current or Past)
- •54.2.4.2 Prophylaxis in the Fellow Eye
- •54.2.4.3 The Patient with a History of a Retinal Tear (No RD)
- •54.3 Treatment Principles
- •54.3.2 The Goals of Surgery
- •54.3.3 Prognosis
- •54.4.1 Preoperatively
- •54.4.2.1 Initial Steps
- •54.4.2.2 Creating a Chorioretinal Adhesion
- •54.4.2.3 Drainage of the Subretinal Fluid
- •54.4.2.5 Suturing
- •54.4.2.7 Adjusting the Buckle
- •54.4.2.8 Closing the Conjunctiva
- •54.4.2.9 Gas Tamponade
- •54.4.3 Major Intraoperative Complications of SB
- •54.5 Vitrectomy
- •54.5.2.3 Intraoperative Retinal Reattachment
- •54.5.2.4 Laser Retinopexy
- •54.5.2.5 Intraocular Tamponade
- •54.5.2.6 Postoperative Positioning
- •54.5.3 Follow-Up Visits
- •54.5.4 Prognosis
- •54.5.5 RD After Silicone Oil Removal
- •54.6 Pneumatic Retinopexy
- •54.6.1 General Considerations
- •54.6.2 Patient Selection
- •54.6.3 Surgical Options
- •54.6.3.1 Cryopexy, Followed by Gas Injection
- •54.6.3.2 Gas Injection, Followed by Laser
- •54.7 Reoperation
- •55: RD, Tractional and Combined
- •55.1.1 Characteristics of the RD
- •55.1.2 Management Principles
- •56: RD, Central
- •56.1 General Considerations
- •56.2 Surgical Technique
- •57: Retinoschisis
- •57.1.1 Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- •57.1.2 Prophylactic Laser Treatment
- •57.2 Surgical Technique
- •58.1 General Considerations
- •58.1.1 Treatment Options
- •58.1.2 The Vitrectomy Option
- •58.2 Surgical Technique
- •59: Scleroplasty
- •59.1 General Considerations
- •59.2 Surgical Technique
- •60: Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
- •60.1.1 Indications for Surgery
- •60.1.2 Timing of Surgery
- •60.2 Surgical Technique
- •61: Uveitis, Posterior
- •62: Vitreous Hemorrhage
- •62.1 General Considerations
- •62.2 Surgical Technique
- •62.3 Severe Bleeding in a Young Patient
- •62.4 Rebleeding in a Vitrectomized Eye
- •63: Trauma
- •63.1 The Timing of Surgery
- •63.2 Contusion
- •63.3 Wound Toilette
- •63.5 Suturing the Sclera
- •63.6 Subluxated Lens
- •63.7 IOFB
- •63.7.2 Posterior Segment
- •63.8 Perforating Trauma and Ruptures
- •63.9 NLP and Sympathetic Ophthalmia
- •63.11 Hemorrhagic RD
- •63.12 Additional Considerations
- •64: Postoperative Care
- •Further Reading
- •Appendix
- •Part 2. Important Personal Experiences
Contents
Part I Becoming a VR Surgeon
1 Should You Become a VR Surgeon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 How to Train as a VR Surgeon Outside a Formal Fellowship . . . . . . . 11 2.1 The “To-Do” List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 A Word of Caution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Part II VR Surgery: Basic Principles
3 Fundamental Rules for the VR Surgeon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.1 Plan (Not Trial and Error) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2 Control (as Opposed to Playing Russian Roulette) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3 Do Not Try to Adapt the Eye to Your Own Preferences . . . . . . . . . 24 3.4 The “What, When, How – and Why” Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.5 Don’t Start What You Cannot Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.6 Common Sense vs Dogma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.7 Maximal Concentration During the Entire Operation . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.8 Make Life as Easy for Yourself as Possible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.9 Under Peer Pressure: To Yield or Not to Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.10 Referral of the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.11 The Rest of the Eyeball… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 Frequently Asked Questions About the Basics of VR Surgery. . . . . . . 31 4.1 What If the Surgeon Has Tremor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 How Important Is Good Dexterity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3 Monoor Bimanual Surgery Is Preferable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4 Which Gauge? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.5 Combined Surgery or Cataract Surgery Separately? . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6Is It Acceptable That Financial Decisions Override
the Medical Ones? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.7How Much Confidence in Himself Should the VR
|
Surgeon Have? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
4.8 |
How Long Do Vitrectomies Take?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
4.9 |
Was Surgery Successful? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
40 |
xvii
xviii |
Contents |
|
|
5 The VR Surgeon’s Relation to His Patient: Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.1 The “Target” of Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2The Patient Does Not Know Most of What Is so Obvious
to the Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.3 Communicating with the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.4 Coaching vs Trying to Be Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.5 The Ultimate Treatment Decision: “Whose Eye Is It?”. . . . . . . . . . 48 5.6 Which of the Two Eyes to Operate on First? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.7 What if the Eye Has Two Diseases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.8What if the Eye Has Severe Visual Loss and the Chance
of Improvement with Another Surgery Is Low? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.9Empathy: The Single Most Important Component of
Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.10 The Prognosis with the Chosen Surgical Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.11 If the Patient Chooses to Undergo Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.12 The Benefits of Proper Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.13 To Say It or to Keep Quiet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.14 The Dogmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6 The VR Surgeon’s Relation to His Nurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7 Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8 The Indication Whether to Operate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 8.1 The Argument in Favor of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 8.2 The Argument Against Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 8.3 The Age of the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 8.4 The Condition of the Fellow Eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9 The Indication When to Operate (Timing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
10 The Order of Cases If Multiple Surgeries Are Performed . . . . . . . . . . 71
11 The Surgeon’s Relation to Himself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 11.1 Self-Confidence Versus Overconfidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 11.2 A Series of “Bad-Luck Cases”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 11.3 Self-Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 11.4 My Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Part III The VR Surgeon in the OR
12 Major Equipment, Their Accessories and Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 12.1 The Vitrectomy Machine and Its Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 12.1.1 The Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 12.1.2 The Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 12.1.3 The Light Source/Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 12.1.4 The Infusion Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 12.1.5 The Trocar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Contents |
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xix |
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12.1.6 |
The Cannula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
84 |
|
12.1.7 |
System to Inject/Extract Viscous Fluid . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
84 |
|
12.1.8 |
The Pedal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
|
12.1.9 |
Integrated Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
|
12.1.10 |
Endodiathermy Probe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
|
12.1.11 |
The User Interface of the Vitrectomy Console . . . . . . . . . |
86 |
|
|
12.1.12 |
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
87 |
12.2 |
The Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
87 |
|
12.3 |
The BIOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
91 |
|
12.4 |
The Video Camera and the Recording of Surgeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
92 |
||
13 Instruments, Tools, and Their Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
||
13.1 |
The Contact Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
|
13.2 |
Hand Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
|
|
13.2.1 |
Squeezable Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
|
13.2.2 |
Hybrid Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
|
13.2.3 |
Non-squeezable Hand Instruments . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
106 |
13.3 |
Viscoelastics as an Intravitreal Instrument. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
112 |
|
|
13.3.1 |
Membrane Dissection (“Viscosurgery”): |
|
|
|
|
Viscoelastics as a Spatula. . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
112 |
|
13.3.2 |
Opening a Closed Funnel. . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
113 |
14 Materials and Their Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
||
14.1 |
Air . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
14.2 |
Intravitreal Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
116 |
|
14.3 |
Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
117 |
|
|
14.3.1 |
Types of Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
119 |
|
14.3.2 |
Achieving a 100% Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
119 |
|
14.3.3 |
Complications Related to Silicone Oil Use . . . . . . . . . . . . |
122 |
|
|
14.3.4 |
Complications Related to Silicone Oil Use Removal . . . . |
123 |
|
14.4 |
PFCL . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
123 |
14.5 |
Viscoelastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
|
14.6 |
Sutures . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
126 |
15 Anesthesia . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
131 |
|
15.1 |
How to Decide the Type of Anesthesia . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
133 |
|
15.2 |
If Local Anesthesia Is Chosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
134 |
|
15.3 |
Medications If Local Anesthesia Is Used . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
136 |
|
16 The Surgeon at the Operating Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 16.1 The OR Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 16.2 The Operating Table and the Surgeon’s Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 16.2.1 The Operating Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 16.2.2 The Surgeon’s Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
16.3The Vitrectomy Machine, Its Footpedal,
and the Arrangement of All the Pedals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
141 |
16.4 The Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
143 |
xx |
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Contents |
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16.5 |
The BIOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 144 |
|
|
16.5.1 BIOM: The Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 144 |
|
|
16.5.2 |
BIOM Use: Practical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 145 |
|
16.5.3 BIOM: Setting Up for Daily Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 145 |
|
|
16.5.4 BIOM: Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 145 |
|
|
16.5.5 BIOM: Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 146 |
|
16.6 |
The Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 147 |
|
16.7 |
The Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 150 |
|
|
16.7.1 |
The Posture (Ergonomics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 150 |
|
16.7.2 |
At the Start of Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 152 |
|
16.7.3 |
Staring into the Microscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 153 |
16.8 |
Music in the OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 153 |
|
16.9 |
The Brightness in the OR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 154 |
|
16.10 |
The Quality of the Air in the OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 154 |
|
16.11 |
The Nurse’s Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 154 |
|
16.12 |
The Blueprint of the OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 156 |
|
16.13 |
The Captain in the OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 157 |
|
16.14 |
The Fundamental Technical Rules of Performing |
|
|
|
Intravitreal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 159 |
|
|
Part IV VR Surgery: General Strategies and Tactics |
|
|
17 Vitrectomy Performed via the “Standard” Method |
|
||
and Its Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 163 |
||
17.1 |
The “Standard” Approach: Microscope and BIOM. . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 163 |
|
17.2 |
The Slit-Lamp Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 164 |
|
17.3 |
The Endoscope Approach (EAV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 165 |
|
17.4 |
Portable Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 165 |
|
17.5 |
3D Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 167 |
|
18 Disinfection, Draping, and Perioperative Medications . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 169 |
||
18.1 |
Disinfection and Draping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 169 |
|
18.2 |
The Monocular Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 171 |
|
18.3 |
At the Conclusion of the Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 172 |
|
19 The Speculum and Its Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 173 |
||
19.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 173 |
|
19.2 |
Speculum Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 176 |
|
20 Holding and Operating Hand Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 177 |
||
20.1 |
Holding an Intraocular Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 177 |
|
20.2 |
Operating an Intraocular Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 178 |
|
20.3 |
Injecting into the Vitreous Cavity During Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 180 |
|
21 Sclerotomies and the Cannulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 181 |
||
21.1 |
Transconjunctival vs Conjunctiva-Opening Surgery . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 181 |
|
21.2 |
Location of the Sclerotomies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 181 |
|
|
21.2.1 |
Distance from the Limbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 181 |
|
21.2.2 |
Location in Clock Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 184 |
Contents |
xxi |
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21.2.3 In Case of a Reoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 21.2.4 In Case of Scleral Thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 21.3 Inserting the Cannula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
21.4 The Order of Cannula Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 21.5 If the Palpebral Opening Is Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 21.6 Checking the (Infusion) Cannula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 21.6.1 Cannula Under the Choroid/Retina: Prevention . . . . . . . . . 192 21.6.2 Cannula Under the Choroid/Retina: Management. . . . . . . . 193
21.6.3 Infusion Going Under the Choroid/Retina:
Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 21.7 The Cannulas in Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 21.8 The Removal of the Cannulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 21.8.1 Hypotony: The Causes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 21.8.2 Hypotony: The Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 21.8.3 Hypotony: Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 21.8.4 Hypotony: Postoperative Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 21.9 20 g PPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
22 Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 22.1 The Light Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 22.2 Chandelier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 22.3 Light Built into the Handheld Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
23 The Checklist Before the First Cut with the Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
24 Using the Vitrectomy Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 24.1 Removal of the Vitreous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 24.2 Removal of Proliferative Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 24.3 Removal of the Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 24.4 Removal of the Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
25 Maintaining Good Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 25.1 External Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 25.1.1 The Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 25.1.2 The Contact Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 25.1.3 The Corneal Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 25.1.4 The Corneal Stroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 25.2 Internal Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 25.2.1 AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 25.2.2 Pupil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 25.2.3 Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 25.2.4 IOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 25.2.5 The Posterior Capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 25.2.6 The Vitreous Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 25.2.7 Epiretinal (Subhyaloidal) Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 25.2.8 The Surgeon’s Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 25.2.9 “Chromovitrectomy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
xxii |
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Contents |
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26 Anatomy and Physiology: What the VR Surgeon Must Know. . . . . |
. . 227 |
||
26.1 |
Internal Ocular Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 227 |
|
|
26.1.1 |
Vitreous Macroanatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 227 |
|
26.1.2 |
Vitreous Biochemistry and Its Anatomical |
|
|
|
and Functional Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 228 |
|
26.1.3 |
Retinal Histology and Macroanatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 232 |
|
26.1.4 |
Anterior Segment Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 234 |
26.2 |
External Anatomy for the VR Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 234 |
|
26.3 |
Physiology: What Keeps the Retina Attached? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 235 |
|
|
26.3.1 The RPE Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 235 |
|
|
26.3.2 The IPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 236 |
|
|
26.3.3 |
Presence of the Vitreous Gel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 236 |
|
26.3.4 IOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 236 |
|
27 The Basics of Vitreous Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 237 |
||
27.1 |
The Rationale for PPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 237 |
|
27.2 |
How Much Vitreous to Remove?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 241 |
|
27.3 |
Recognizing the Presence of the Vitreous Gel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 244 |
|
|
27.3.1 |
Mechanical Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 244 |
|
27.3.2 |
Air (Pneumovitrectomy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 245 |
|
27.3.3 |
Stains and Markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 246 |
27.4 |
The Sequence of Vitreous Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 246 |
|
27.5 |
The Technique of Vitreous Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 247 |
|
|
27.5.1 PVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 247 |
|
|
27.5.2 |
Vitrectomy Anterior to the Equator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 248 |
|
27.5.3 |
Vitrectomy Behind the Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 249 |
28 Scleral Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 251 |
||
28.1 |
The Advantages of Scleral Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 251 |
|
28.2 |
The Mechanics of Vitrectomy with Scleral Indentation . . . . . . . |
. . 251 |
|
28.3 |
Internal vs External Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 254 |
|
28.4 |
Nurse vs Surgeon Indenting the Sclera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 255 |
|
28.5 |
External Illumination and Nurse Indentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 255 |
|
28.6 |
Instrumentation and Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 256 |
|
29 Cryopexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
29.1 Indication in RD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
29.2 Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
29.3 Cryopexy as a Destructive Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
30 Endolaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 30.1 The Consequences of Laser Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 30.2 The Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 30.3 The Technique of Endolaser Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 30.3.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 30.3.2 Panretinal Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 30.3.3 Endolaser Cerclage and Its Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Contents |
|
|
xxiii |
|
|
|
|
|
30.3.4 |
Endolaser as a Walling-Off (Barricading) Tool . . . . . . . . . . |
272 |
|
30.3.5 |
Endolaser as a Welding Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
273 |
30.4 |
Peripheral Laser and the Beginner VR Surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
273 |
|
30.5 |
Endocyclophotocoagulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
275 |
|
30.6 |
Laser Cerclage at the Slit Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
276 |
|
31 Working With and Under Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
277 |
||
31.1 |
The Technique of F-A-X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
277 |
|
|
31.1.1 |
Attached Retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
277 |
|
31.1.2 |
Detached Retina (Retinal Reattachment via |
|
|
|
Draining Through a Retinal Break) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
278 |
31.2 |
Working in the Air-Filled Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
280 |
|
31.3 |
The Utilization of an Air Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
281 |
|
32 Working with Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
283 |
||
32.1 |
ILM . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
283 |
|
32.1.1 |
Instrumentation and Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
283 |
|
32.1.2 Opening the ILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
284 |
|
|
32.1.3 Peeling the Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
288 |
|
|
32.1.4 |
The Extent of ILM Peeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
291 |
|
32.1.5 What If the ILM Cannot Be Peeled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
292 |
|
|
32.1.6 ILM Removal in Eyes with Detached Macula. . . . . . . . . . . |
294 |
|
32.2 |
EMP . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
294 |
|
32.2.1 |
The Clinical Characteristics of the EMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
295 |
|
32.2.2 Removal Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
296 |
|
32.3 |
Proliferative Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
|
32.3.1 PVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
302 |
|
|
32.3.2 PDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
306 |
|
32.4 |
Subretinal Membranes/Strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
309 |
|
|
32.4.1 PVR and PDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
309 |
|
|
32.4.2 CNV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
313 |
|
32.5 |
Membranes Over the Ciliary Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
314 |
|
32.6 |
Cutting Epiretinal Membranes with Scissors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
314 |
|
33 Retinectomy, Retinotomy, and Chorioretinectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
317 |
||
33.1 |
Retinectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
317 |
|
33.2 |
Retinotomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
321 |
|
33.3 |
Chorioretinectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
321 |
|
34 Chromovitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
325 |
||
34.1 |
Posterior Vitreous Cortex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
325 |
|
34.2 |
EMP . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
327 |
34.3 |
ILM . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
327 |
|
34.3.1 |
False-Positive Staining with ICG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
327 |
|
34.3.2 |
Injection Technique for Staining the ILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
328 |
|
34.3.3 |
Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
330 |
34.4 |
Newly Formed (PVR) Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
330 |
|
xxiv |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
35 Tamponades. |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 331 |
|
35.1 |
Air . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 331 |
35.2 |
Gases . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 332 |
|
35.2.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 332 |
|
35.2.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 332 |
|
35.2.3 |
Gas Injection into the Nonvitrectomized Eye . . . . . . . . . |
. . 334 |
|
35.2.4 The Eye with Gaseous Tamponade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 334 |
|
35.3 |
PFCL . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 334 |
|
35.3.1 |
Indications to Use Heavier-Than-Water Liquids . . . . . . . |
. . 334 |
|
35.3.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 335 |
35.4 |
Silicone Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 336 |
|
|
35.4.1 |
Selecting the Type of Silicone Oil to Implant . . . . . . . . . |
. . 337 |
|
35.4.2 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 337 |
|
35.4.3 |
Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 338 |
|
35.4.4 |
Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 339 |
|
35.4.5 |
With Silicone Oil in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 342 |
|
35.4.6 Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 344 |
|
35.5 |
Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 350 |
|
35.6 |
If the Eye Is Aphakic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 350 |
|
36 Submacular Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 355 |
||
36.1 |
The Nonsurgical Approach: Intravitreal Gas and tPA . . . . . . . . . |
. . 355 |
|
36.2 |
Removal of the Clot In Toto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 355 |
|
36.3 |
Submacular Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 357 |
|
36.4 |
The Minimalistic Surgical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 358 |
|
37 Subretinal Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 359 |
||
38 Combined Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 361 |
||
38.1 |
Phacoemulsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 361 |
|
38.2 |
Lensectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 362 |
|
|
38.2.1 |
Lens In Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 363 |
|
38.2.2 |
Lens in the Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 364 |
38.3 |
Phacofragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 364 |
|
|
38.3.1 |
Lens In Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 365 |
|
38.3.2 |
Lens in Vitreous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 366 |
38.4 |
IOL Implantation: Whether and When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 366 |
|
|
38.4.1 |
In-the-Bag IOL Implantation at the Conclusion |
|
|
|
of the Cataract Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 366 |
|
38.4.2 |
No IOL Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 367 |
|
38.4.3 |
Delayed IOL Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 367 |
|
38.4.4 |
Secondary IOL Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 367 |
38.5 |
Capsule Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 367 |
|
|
38.5.1 |
Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 368 |
|
38.5.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 368 |
38.6 |
Implantation of an Iris-Claw IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 369 |
|
|
38.6.1 |
Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 369 |
|
38.6.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 370 |
|
38.6.3 |
Subsequent Sub/luxation of an Iris-Claw IOL. . . . . . . . . |
. . 371 |
Contents |
|
|
xxv |
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
AC Basics . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
373 |
|
|
39.1 |
Paracentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
373 |
|
|
39.2 |
Iris Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
376 |
|
|
39.3 |
Anterior Synechia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
378 |
|
|
39.4 |
Posterior Synechia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
378 |
|
|
39.5 |
Material in the AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
378 |
|
40 |
Handling of Major Intraoperative Complications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
379 |
||
|
40.1 |
Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
379 |
|
|
40.2 |
Retinal Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
382 |
|
|
40.3 |
Reopening of a Posterior Scleral Wound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
382 |
|
|
40.4 |
Lens/IOL Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
383 |
|
41 |
Pediatric Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
385 |
||
42 |
The Highly Myopic Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
387 |
||
|
42.1 |
The Risk of RD If Cataract Surgery Is Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
387 |
|
|
42.2 |
Vitrectomy in the Highly Myopic Eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
388 |
|
|
42.3 |
Posterior RD over a Staphyloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
388 |
|
43 |
Intravitreal Injections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
389 |
||
|
|
|
Part V Tissue Tactics in VR Surgery |
|
44 |
Dropped Nucleus and Dislocated IOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
||
|
44.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
|
|
|
44.1.1 Dropped Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
393 |
|
|
|
44.1.2 |
Dislocated IOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
394 |
|
44.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
394 |
|
|
|
44.2.1 Dropped Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
394 |
|
|
|
44.2.2 |
Dislocated IOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
394 |
45 |
Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
397 |
||
|
45.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
397 |
|
|
|
45.1.1 |
Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
397 |
|
|
45.1.2 |
Clinical Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
398 |
|
|
45.1.3 |
Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
398 |
|
|
45.1.4 Treatment Options and Management Philosophy . . . . . . . . |
398 |
|
|
45.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
402 |
|
|
45.3 |
Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
404 |
|
46 |
Floaters. . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
405 |
|
|
46.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
405 |
|
|
|
46.1.1 |
Indication for Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
405 |
|
|
46.1.2 |
Timing of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
406 |
|
46.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
406 |
|
47 |
Hyphema . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
|
|
47.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
|
|
|
47.1.1 |
The Rationale for Surgical Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
|
|
47.1.2 |
Medical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
407 |
xxvi |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
47.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 408 |
|
|
47.2.1 |
Liquid Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 408 |
|
47.2.2 |
Clotted Blood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 409 |
48 Iris Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 411 |
||
48.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 411 |
|
|
48.1.1 |
The Important Functions of the Iris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 411 |
|
48.1.2 |
Timing of Iris Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 411 |
48.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 413 |
|
|
48.2.1 |
Iris Laceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 414 |
|
48.2.2 |
Iridodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 415 |
|
48.2.3 |
Permanent Mydriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 417 |
49 Macular Disorders: Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 419 |
||
49.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 419 |
|
|
49.1.1 |
Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 419 |
|
49.1.2 |
Indications for Treatment: Surgical or Nonsurgical?. . . . |
. . 419 |
49.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 420 |
|
50 Macular Disorders Related to Traction: VMTS, Cellophane |
|
||
Maculopathy, EMP, Macular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 425 |
||
50.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 425 |
|
|
50.1.1 VMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 425 |
|
|
50.1.2 |
Cellophane Maculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 426 |
|
50.1.3 |
Macular Pucker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 426 |
|
50.1.4 Macular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 428 |
|
50.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 428 |
|
|
50.2.1 VMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 428 |
|
|
50.2.2 |
Cellophane Maculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 429 |
|
50.2.3 |
Macular Pucker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 429 |
|
50.2.4 Macular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 430 |
|
|
50.2.5 |
If Surgery Failed for a Macular Hole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 433 |
51 Optic Pit . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 435 |
|
51.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 435 |
|
51.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 436 |
|
52 PDR . |
. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 439 |
52.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 439 |
|
|
52.1.1 |
Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 439 |
|
52.1.2 |
Preoperative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 440 |
52.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 440 |
|
53 PVR . |
. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 445 |
53.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 445 |
|
|
53.1.1 |
The Timing of Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 446 |
|
53.1.2 The Recurrence of PVR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 446 |
|
53.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 447 |
|
Contents |
|
|
xxvii |
|
|
||
54 Retinal Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
449 |
||
54.1 |
The Pathophysiology of RD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
449 |
|
|
54.1.1 RD Due to a Horseshoe or Giant Tear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
450 |
|
|
54.1.2 |
RD Due to a Dialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
456 |
|
54.1.3 RD Due to a Round Hole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
456 |
|
|
54.1.4 RD Due to a Staphyloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
456 |
|
54.2 |
Additional Information About RD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
456 |
|
|
54.2.1 |
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
456 |
|
54.2.2 |
Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
457 |
|
54.2.3 |
Clinical Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
457 |
|
54.2.4 Using Laser to Prevent RD Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
458 |
|
54.3 |
Treatment Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
460 |
|
|
54.3.1 |
The Timing of Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
460 |
|
54.3.2 |
The Goals of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
461 |
|
54.3.3 |
Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
465 |
54.4 |
Scleral Buckling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
465 |
|
|
54.4.1 |
Preoperatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
465 |
|
54.4.2 |
Intraoperatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
466 |
|
54.4.3 |
Major Intraoperative Complications of SB . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
475 |
54.5 |
Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
475 |
|
|
54.5.1 |
Preoperative Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
476 |
|
54.5.2 |
Surgical Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
476 |
|
54.5.3 |
Follow-Up Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
481 |
|
54.5.4 |
Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
481 |
|
54.5.5 |
RD After Silicone Oil Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
481 |
54.6 |
Pneumatic Retinopexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
481 |
|
|
54.6.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
482 |
|
54.6.2 |
Patient Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
482 |
|
54.6.3 |
Surgical Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
482 |
54.7 |
Reoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
483 |
|
55 RD, Tractional and Combined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
485 |
||
55.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
485 |
|
|
55.1.1 |
Characteristics of the RD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
485 |
|
55.1.2 |
Management Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
486 |
55.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
486 |
|
56 RD, Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
56.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
56.2 Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
57 Retinoschisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
57.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
57.1.1 Anatomy and Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
57.1.2 Prophylactic Laser Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
57.2 Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
xxviii |
|
|
Contents |
|
|
|
|
58 RVO . |
. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 495 |
58.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 495 |
|
|
58.1.1 |
Treatment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 495 |
|
58.1.2 |
The Vitrectomy Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 495 |
58.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 496 |
|
59 Scleroplasty . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 499 |
|
59.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 499 |
|
59.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 499 |
|
60 Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 503 |
||
60.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 503 |
|
|
60.1.1 |
Indications for Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 503 |
|
60.1.2 |
Timing of Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 504 |
60.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 504 |
|
61 Uveitis, posterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 507 |
||
62 Vitreous Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 511 |
||
62.1 |
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 511 |
|
62.2 |
Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 513 |
|
62.3 |
Severe Bleeding in a Young Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 513 |
|
62.4 |
Rebleeding in a Vitrectomized Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 515 |
|
63 Trauma. . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 517 |
|
63.1 |
The Timing of Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 517 |
|
63.2 |
Contusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 517 |
|
63.3 |
Wound Toilette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 520 |
|
63.4 |
Suturing the Cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 520 |
|
63.5 |
Suturing the Sclera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 527 |
|
63.6 |
Subluxated Lens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 531 |
|
63.7 |
IOFB . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 531 |
|
63.7.1 AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 531 |
|
|
63.7.2 |
Posterior Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 532 |
63.8 |
Perforating Trauma and Ruptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 532 |
|
63.9 |
NLP and Sympathetic Ophthalmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 534 |
|
63.10 |
TKP-PPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 535 |
|
63.11 |
Hemorrhagic RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 536 |
|
63.12 |
Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 537 |
|
64 Postoperative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 539 |
||
Further Reading |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 543 |
|
Appendix |
. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . 545 |
- #28.03.202639.38 Mб0The Wills eye manual office and emergency room diagnosis and treatment of eye disease Adam T. Gerstenblith, Michael P. Rabinowitz.chm
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- #28.03.202614.01 Кб0[Офтальмология] Jack J. Kanski Джек Дж. Кански - Клиническая офтальмология систематизированный подход [2006, PDF DjVu, RUS] [rutracker-5395873].torrent
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