Ординатура / Офтальмология / Учебные материалы / Uveitis Text and Imaging Text and Imaging Text and Imaging 2009

prognosis 351 treatment 357

biological agents 358 immunosuppressive therapy 358 pars plana vitrectomy 358 periocular depot steroids posterior

subTenon injection 358 systemic steroids 358

Interpreting the fluorescein angiogram 66 abnormal patterns 69

hyperfluorescence 69 hypofluorescence 71

phases 66

arterial phase 67 arteriovenous phase 67 choroidal phase 67 recirculation phase 68 transit phase 67 venous phase 67

Iris bombe 23

Island of traquair 246

J

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis 316

classification 316 clinical features 317 diagnosis 318

frequency and risk factors 316 treatment 318

K

Koeppe nodules 25

L

Layers of the retina 9 Lofgren’s syndrome 291 Lyme disease 600

diagnosis 603

ophthalmic manifestations 601 childhood ocular Lyme disease 603 neuro-ophthalmic manifestations

602

ocular surface involvement 602 other ophthalmic manifestations

603 uveitis 602

prevention 604 systemic features 601

treatment and evolution 603

M

Masquerade syndromes 746 fundus photography 747

diagnostic pathology 750 evolution, prognosis, and treatment

751

fundus fluorescein angiography 747

indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) 749

optical coherence tomography (OCT) 749

ultrasonography 748 non-malignant disorders 753

infections 753

intraocular foreign body and trauma 753

retinal degenerations 753 other malignant disorders 752

primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) 746

clinical manifestations and examinations 747

epidemiology 747 Microperimetry in inflammatory

chorioretinal diseases 265 MP1 microperimeter 266

acquisition system 266 automated tracking system 267 duration of fundus perimetry test

271

fixation target 267 fixation test 271

follow-up examination 273 fundus perimetry results 270 kinetic fundus perimetry 270 manual rechecking 270 microperimetry test 266 MP1 map overlapping 273 normal MP1 data 274 preliminary steps 266 projection system 266 reliability stimulus test 269 threshold strategies 268

topographic strategy and static grids 269

Microperimetry in posterior inflammatory eye diseases 274

acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 279

multifocal choroiditis 277 serpiginous choroiditis 275 uveitis-associated cystoid macular

edema 274 Müller cells 8

Multifocal choroiditis 456 clinical findings 457 differential diagnosis 465 electroretinography 465 fluorescein angiography 459

fundus autofluorescence (FAF) 462 historical aspects 456

indocyanine green angiography 458 optical coherence tomography (OCT)

459 symptoms 457 treatment 466

visual field testing 463

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome 441

differential diagnosis 445 electroretinography and pathophysio-

logic implications 445 fluorescein angiography 444 fundus autofluorescence (FAF) 444

general and ocular symptoms clinical findings and evolution 442

ICG angiography 442

optical coherence tomography 444 visual field testing 445

N

Necrotizing disease 735 investigations 736 prognosis 736

systemic associations 736 treatment 736

types 735

granulomatous necrotising scleritis 735

venular occlusive necrotising scleritis 735

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 781 Noninfectious uveitus 798

multifocal choroiditis 798

other inflammatory diseases associated with CNV 801

punctate inner choroidopathy 799 serpiginous choroiditis 799 treatment 802

O

Ocular fundus periphery 8

Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome 131 Ocular leptospirosis 605

case history 608 causative organism 605 differential diagnoses 607 investigation 608 laboratory diagnosis 606

serological tests 606 ocular leptospirosis 606 prognosis 608

systemic leptospirosis 606 treatment 608

Ocular manifestations in AIDS 634 microangiopathy 634 neuro-ophthalmological alterations

642

opportunistic infections 634 cytomegalovirus retinitis 634 fungal retinitis 638

herpetic retinitis 636 neoplasms 641 syphilis 640 toxoplasmosis 637 tuberculosis 640

side effects of medications 642 Ocular manifestations of syphilis 591 Ocular tuberculosis in endemic areas 563

clinical spectrum 564 anterior uveitis 564 atypical presentations 573 intermediate uveitis 564 posterior uveitis 568 retinal vasculitis 571

serpiginouslike choroiditis 568 subretinal abscess 568

diagnosis 573 epidemiology 563 interferon-γ assay test 574

microscopic examination 575 pathogenesis 563 polymerase chain reaction 575 treatment 575

tuberculin skin test 574 Ocular vasculitis 363

concept 363

primary systemic vasculitides 371 primary vasculitis 366

secondary systemic vasculitides 373 secondary vasculitis 372

Optic disc 10

Optical coherence tomography and confocal ophthalmoscopy 201

case presentations 209

acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy 210

choroidal folds in uveitic patient 210

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada’s disease 209

clinical use 203

evaluation of the normal fundus 204 evaluation of uveitic patients: cystoid

macular oedema 207 hardware 203

overlay with conventional angiography 208

principle 202 scanning regimen 202

topography: value in follow-up 207 Other non-infectious non-granulomatous

anterior uveitis 319 Behçet’s disease 319 Kawasaki disease 319 lens-induced uveitis 319

medication-induced uveitis 319 traumatic uveitis 319

tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome 319

Overlapping clinical pictures in PICCP 493

P

Parasitic infections 661 cysticercosis 679

clinical symptoms and signs 679 epidemiological aspects 679 investigations 680

treatment 681

diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) 672

clinical features 672 differential diagnosis 677 electroretinogram 676 fluorescein angiography 675 identity of the worm 674 pathogenesis 676

treatment 676 ocular toxocariasis 682

clinical forms 683

clinical signs and symptoms 683 diagnosis 685

epidemiology 682

life cycle and pathogenesis 682 prognosis 686

treatment 686 toxoplasmosis 661

aetiology and transmission 661 clinical picture 662 complications 668

diagnosis 666 epidemiology 661 prevention 669 therapy 668

Pars plana vitrectomy 782 Pars planitis in childhood 360

Pathological conditions causing flare increase 32

Peripheral retina 8

Physiological flare values and variations 31

Posner-Schlossman syndrome 332 clinical features 332

diagnosis 333 differential diagnosis 333

epidemiology and pathogenesis 332 treatment 333

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome 654

clinical characteristics 655 epidemiology 654 natural history 655 treatment 655

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) 466

Presumed tubercular (serpiginous) like choroiditis 479

clinical features 479 diffuse choroiditis 479

multifocal progressive choroiditis 479

diagnosis 484 differential diagnosis 486 etiopathogenesis 482

fundus fluorescein angiography 484 indocyanine green angiography 484 optical coherence tomography (OCT)

484 prognosis 489 treatment 486

Primary stromal choroiditis 517 treatment 536 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 517

additional diagnostic imaging 521 fluorescein angiography 520 indocyanine green angiography

519 therapy 521

Principle of laser flare (cell) photometry 30

Principles for the interpretation of ICGA 95

clinico-pathologic-angiographic correlations 101

differences between fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography 100

ICG hyperfluorescence 97 ICG hypofluorescence 95

relevance of ICG angiography in ocular inflammatory diseases 102 Principles of fundus autofluorescence

analysis 149

Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) 466

R

Rare entities 492

acute annular outer retinopathy 492 acute macular neuroretinopathy 493 acute zonal occult outer retinopathy

492

Reiter’s disease 716 Reiter’s syndrome 282 Retina 72

activity of focal inflammation 73 cystoid macular oedema 74 other retinal vascular changes 80 retinal neovascularisation 78 retinal vascular occlusion 77 retinal vasculitis 73

Retinal pigment epithelium 10, 81 anatomic RPE changes 82

RPE changes associated with exudative retinal detachment 82

Retinal vasculitis 376 clinical findings 376

complications and prognosis 393 diagnostic evaluation 392 infectious retinal vasculitis 377

acute retinal necrosis 381 cytomegalovirus 380 mediteranean spotted fever 382 rift valley fever virus 381 syphilis 379

toxoplasmosis 379 tuberculosis 377

west nile virus infection 381

local retinal vasculitis without systemic disease 388

birdshot chorioretinopathy 392 frosted branch angiitis 388 idiopathic recurrent branch retinal

arterial occlusion 390

idiopathic retinal vasculitis aneurysms, and neuroretinitis 389

retinal vasculitis associated with neurologic disease 382

microangiopathy of the brain, retina, and cochlea 383

multiple sclerosis 382

retinal vasculitis with systemic inflammatory disease 384

Behçet’s disease 384 Crohn’s disease 388 polyarteritis nodosa 388 sarcoidosis 384

systemic lupus erythematosus 386 Wegener’s granulomatosis 387

Rheumatic diseases and uveitis 722 Behçet’s disease (BD) 728

characteristics of arthritis 728 characteristics of uveitis 729 course and prognosis 730 role of the paediatrician 730

salient features in treatment 730 chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous

and articular (CINCA) syndrome 730

characteristics of arthritis 730 characteristics of uveitis 730 course and prognosis 730 role of the paediatrician 730

salient features in treatment 730 juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS)

724

characteristics of arthritis 724 characteristics of uveitis 725 course and prognosis 725 role of the paediatrician 725

salient features in treatment 725 juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPSA) 725 characteristics of arthritis 725

characteristics of uveitis 727 course and prognosis 727

role of the paediatrician 727 salient features in treatment 727

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) 723 characteristics of arthritis 723 characteristics of uveitis 723 course and prognosis 724

role of the paediatrician 723 salient features in treatment 724

Kawasaki disease 725 characteristics of arthritis 725 characteristics of uveitis 725 course and prognosis 725 role of the paediatrician 725

salient features in treatment 725 sarcoidosis 728

characteristics of arthritis 728 characteristics of uveitis 728 course and prognosis 728 role of the paediatrician 728

salient features in treatment 728 Rickettsial diseases 687

differential diagnosis 691 evolution and prognosis 692 ophthalmic manifestations 688

adnexal and anterior segment manifestations 688

neuro-ophthalmic manifestations 690

retinochoroidal involvement 688 systemic features 687

treatment 691 Rift valley fever 712

diagnosis 712

ocular manifestations 712 prognosis 714

systemic manifestations 712 treatment 713

Role of laser flare photometry in clinical studies on intraocular inflammation 33

S

Sarcoidosis 414 complications 424 diagnosis 422 differential diagnosis 424 epidemiology 414 etiology 414 investigations 422

bronchoalveolar lavage 423 imaging studies 422 laboratory studies 422 pulmonary function tests 423 tissue biopsy 423

tuberculin skin test 422 new criteria for diagnosis 423 ocular manifestations 415

adnexal involvement 415 anterior segment disease 415

posterior segment disease 417 prognosis 424

role of fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography in ocular sarcoidosis 418

fluorescein angiography 418 indocyanine green angiography

419

systemic manifestations 414 treatment 424

Sclera 3

Scleral replacement and patching 745 Scleritis 732

classification 732 complications 736

general considerations on the management of scleritis 743

investigations 739 posterior scleritis 739

presentation 740 prognosis 739 symptoms 732

course 734 onset 733

other symptoms 732 pain 732 presentation 734

systemic associations 738 course 739 presentation 739

scleromalacia perforans 739 systemic association 739

therapy 739

Secondary stromal choroiditis 521 sarcoidosis 521

fluorescein angiography 523 symptoms and signs 523 therapy 523

tuberculous choroiditis 524 angiographic characteristics 525

Sensory retina 7 histology 8 macular region 8

central versus peripheral retina 9 vascularisation 9

Serpiginous choroiditis 468 clinical investigations 469

electroretinogram (ERG) 470 fluorescein angiography 469 indocyanine green angiography

470 OCT 470

visual fields 470 clinical manifestations 468

ampiginous choroiditis 469 macular SC 468 peripapillary geographic 468

complications 475 differential diagnosis 472 histological findings 472

pathogenesis 473 treatment 475

Slit lamp photographic modes 15 direct illumination 15

diffuse illumination 15

direct broad tangential beam illumination 16

direct fine slit beam illumination 16 indirect illumination 16

iris transillumination 17 retro-illumination 17 sclerotic scatter 16

Slit-lamp photographic biomicroscope 14 Spectral domain OCT 212

cirrus OCT machine 212 patient preparation 213 principle 212

scan acquisition 213

advanced interactive analysis (AIA) 216

analysis of scan 213

choroidal neovascular membrane 218

cystoid macular oedema (CME) 217 five-line raster 213

high definition image analyses for five line raster scan 213

macular cube 200 x 200 combo 213 serous retinal detachments 217 vitreomacular traction 220

spectral versus time domain OCT in uveitis 220

technique of scan acquisition 212 Subretinal fibrosis 466

Sympathetic ophthalmia 540 aetiology 541

clinical features 542 complications 542 differential diagnosis 544 epidemiology 540 investigations 543 management 548 pathogenesis 541 pathology 541

prognosis 550

Syphilitic uveitis in HIV infected patients 596

Systemic examination and imaging in uveitis 282

Behcet’s disease 290

herpes zoster skin infection 292 leprosy 295

relapsing polychondritis 289 rheumatoid arthritis 287 sarcoidosis 291

seronegative spondyloarthropathies and uveitis 282

ankylosing spondylitis 282 psoriasis 286

ultrasonographic biomicroscopy examination 718

ultrasonography 717

V

Visual field defects in uveitis patients 249 acute macular neuroretinopathy 260 acute retinal pigment epithelitis

(ARPE) 254

acute zonal occult outer retinopathy 258

birdshot chorioretinopathy 254 complications of uveitis 260 multifocal choroiditis 251

multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) 250

neuroretinitis 260

punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) 256

serpiginous choroiditis 253 subretinal fibrosis and uveitis

syndrome (SFU) 257 toxoplasmosic retinochoroiditis 260

Visual fields in uveitis 246

anatomic and physiologic considerations 246

methods for visual field testing 247

amsler grid 247 automated static threshold

perimetry 249 computer-assisted kinetic perimetry

248

goldmann kinetic perimetry 248 tangent screen 247

Vitreoretinal surgery in uveitis 779 diagnostic PPV 779

indications 779 pre-operative counselling 780

pre-operative preparation 779 surgical technique 780

therapeutic vitrectomy 782 case reports 782

Vitreous 11 Vitreous cortex 11 Vitreous humour 11

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease 116, 529

aetiology 530 clinical features 530

fluorescein angiography 531 indocyanine green (ICG) angio-

graphy 532

optical coherence tomography 536 representative case 536

treatment 536

W

Wegener’s granulomatosis 290 Wegener’s syndrome 297 West Nile disease 693

differential diagnosis 697 evolution 697

ophthalmic manifestations 694 chorioretinitis 694

other ophthalmic manifestations 694

prognosis 697

systemic manifestations 693 treatment 697

West Nile virus choroiditis 131 Whipple’s disease 618

diagnosis 619 cultivation 620

electron microscopy 620 immunohistochemistry 620 periodic acid-schiff staining 619 polymerase chain reaction 620 serology 620

ocular manifestations 619 pathogenesis 618

systemic manifestations 618 treatment 620

Whipple’s surgery 784