- •Preface to the fourth edition
- •Preface to the first edition
- •Applied anatomy
- •Applied physiology
- •Physical properties of materials
- •Manufacture of lenses
- •References
- •Slit lamp
- •Keratometers and autokeratometers
- •Corneal topographers
- •Anterior segment photography
- •Specialist instruments for higher magnification
- •Other instruments
- •References
- •Further reading
- •Legal implications
- •Record cards
- •Clinical grading
- •Computerization of patient records
- •References
- •Further reading
- •Hygienic procedures to avoid cross-infection
- •Solutions and drugs
- •Decontamination and disinfection of trial lenses
- •In case of accident
- •Other procedures
- •Insertion and removal by the practitioner
- •References
- •Further reading
- •Discussion with the patient
- •Indications and contraindications
- •Advantages and disadvantages of lens types
- •Visual considerations
- •External eye examination
- •Patient suitability for lens types
- •References
- •The tear film
- •Dry eyes
- •Assessment of tears
- •Contact lens signs
- •Treatment and management
- •Contact lens management
- •References
- •Rigid gas-permeable lenses
- •Polymethyl methacrylate
- •Soft lenses
- •Silicone hydrogels
- •Biocompatible lenses
- •Silicone lenses
- •References
- •Basic principles of rigid lens design
- •Forces controlling design
- •Concept of edge lift
- •Tear layer thickness
- •Lid attachment lenses
- •Interpalpebral lenses
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Current bicurve, tricurve and multicurve designs
- •Current aspheric lenses
- •Reverse geometry lenses
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Back optic zone radius (BOZR)
- •Total diameter (TD)
- •Back optic zone diameter (BOZD)
- •Peripheral curves
- •Lens design by corneal topographers
- •Recommended reading
- •Use of fluorescein
- •Examination techniques
- •Fitting
- •Correct fitting
- •Flat fitting
- •Steep fitting
- •Astigmatic fitting
- •Peripheral fitting
- •References
- •Advantages and disadvantages of aspherics
- •Aspheric designs
- •Principles of fitting
- •Fluorescein patterns compared with spherical lenses
- •References
- •International Standards
- •Examples of rigid lens types and fittings
- •Rigid lens verification
- •Tolerances
- •References
- •Historical
- •Current approach
- •Reverse geometry lenses
- •Clinical appearance of reverse geometry lenses
- •Corneal topography
- •Fitting routine
- •References
- •Further reading
- •Fitting considerations
- •Corneal diameter lenses
- •Semi-scleral lenses
- •Reference
- •Characteristics of a correct fitting
- •Characteristics of a tight fitting
- •Characteristics of a loose fitting
- •Summary of soft lens fitting characteristics
- •Lens power
- •Lens flexibility and modulus of elasticity
- •Additional visual considerations
- •Thin lenses
- •Aspheric lenses
- •Spun-cast lenses
- •Unusual lens performance
- •References
- •Frequent replacement lenses
- •Disposable lenses
- •Types of disposable lens
- •Fitting disposable lenses
- •Aftercare with disposable lenses
- •Practice management
- •Other uses for disposable lenses
- •References
- •Fitting disposable silicone hydrogels
- •Fitting custom made silicone hydrogels
- •Complex lenses
- •Dispensing silicone hydrogels
- •Aftercare
- •References
- •Further reading
- •International standards and tolerances1
- •Soft lens specification (Tables 20.1, 20.2)
- •Soft lens verification
- •References
- •Physiological requirements
- •Approaches to extended wear
- •Patient selection
- •Soft lens fitting and problems
- •Rigid gas-permeable fitting and problems
- •Other lenses for extended wear
- •Long-term consequences of extended wear
- •References
- •Residual and induced astigmatism
- •Patient selection
- •Lens designs
- •Methods of stabilization
- •Fitting back surface torics
- •Fitting bitorics
- •Compromise back surface torics
- •Fitting front surface torics
- •Fitting toric peripheries
- •Computers in toric lens fitting
- •References
- •Patient selection
- •Stabilization
- •Lens designs
- •Fitting
- •Fitting examples
- •References
- •Patient selection
- •Monovision
- •Presbyopic lens designs
- •Fitting rigid multifocals and bifocals
- •Fitting soft bifocals
- •References
- •Lens identification
- •Tinted, cosmetic and prosthetic lenses
- •Fenestration
- •Overseas prescriptions
- •Contact lenses and sport
- •References
- •Components of solutions
- •Solution for soft lenses
- •Disinfection
- •Solutions for rigid gas-permeable lenses
- •Compliance and product misuse
- •References
- •Lens collection
- •Insertion and removal
- •Suggested wearing schedules
- •General patient advice
- •First aftercare visit
- •Visual problems
- •Wearing problems
- •Aftercare at yearly intervals or longer
- •References
- •Emergencies and infections
- •Grief cases (drop-outs)
- •Side effects of systemic drugs
- •Lens ageing
- •References
- •Refitting PMMA wearers
- •Prescribing spectacles for contact lens wearers
- •Rigid lens modification
- •Management
- •Instrumentation
- •Non-therapeutic fitting
- •Refractive applications
- •Therapeutic applications
- •References
- •High myopia and hypermetropia
- •Keratoconus
- •Aphakia
- •Corneal grafts (keratoplasty)
- •Corneal irregularity
- •Albinos
- •Combination lenses
- •Silicone rubber lenses
- •Bandage lenses
- •Additional therapeutic uses
- •References
- •Appendix 1
- •Journals
- •Teaching resources
- •Professional
- •General interest
- •Technology
- •Investigative techniques
- •Ophthalmology
- •Glossary
- •Index
THE CONTACT
LENS MANUAL
A P R A C T I C A L G U I D E T O F I T T I N G
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F O U R T H E D I T I O N
THE CONTACT
LENS MANUAL
A P R A C T I C A L G U I D E T O F I T T I N G
Andrew Gasson
FCOptom, DCLP, FAAO
Contact Lens Practitioner, London, UK
Judith Morris
MSc, FCOptom, FAAO, FIACLE
City University, London, UK
Institute of Optometry, London, UK
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2010
An imprint of Elsevier Limited
© 2010, Andrew Gasson and Judith A. Morris. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
First edition 1992
Second edition 1998
Third edition 2003 (Reprinted 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)
The right of Andrew Gasson and Judith Morris to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN-13: 9780750675901
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Gasson, Andrew.
The contact lens manual : a practical guide to fitting. – 4th ed.
|
1. Contact lenses. 2. Orthokeratology. |
|
I. Title II. Morris, Judith. |
|
617.7′523 – dc22 |
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
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Richard Jones/Lynn Hoops
Contents
|
|
|
Preface to the fourth edition |
xi |
|
|
|
Preface to the first edition |
xii |
|
|
|
Common Abbreviations |
xiii |
|
|
|
||
Section 1: Preliminaries |
|
|||
1. |
Background |
1 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.1 |
Applied anatomy |
1 |
|
|
1.2 |
Applied physiology |
4 |
|
|
1.3 |
Physical properties of materials |
6 |
|
|
1.4 |
Manufacture of lenses |
12 |
|
2. |
Instrumentation |
15 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.1 |
Slit lamp |
15 |
|
|
2.2 |
Keratometers and autokeratometers |
20 |
|
|
2.3 |
Corneal topographers |
23 |
|
|
2.4 |
Anterior segment photography |
31 |
|
|
2.5 |
Specialist instruments for higher magnificiation |
33 |
|
|
2.6 |
Other instruments |
34 |
|
3. |
Record keeping |
37 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1 |
Legal implications |
37 |
|
|
3.2 |
Record cards |
42 |
|
|
3.3 |
Clinical grading |
42 |
|
|
3.4 |
Computerization of patient records |
44 |
|
4. |
Consulting room procedures and equipment |
47 |
||
|
|
4.1 |
Hygienic procedures to avoid cross-infection |
47 |
|
4.2 |
Solutions and drugs |
48 |
|
|
4.3 |
Decontamination and disinfection of trial lenses |
51 |
|
|
4.4 |
Other procedures |
53 |
|
|
4.5 |
Insertion and removal by the practitioner |
54 |
|
5. |
Preliminary considerations and examination |
59 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.1 |
Discussion with the patient |
59 |
|
|
5.2 |
Indications and contraindications |
60 |
|
|
5.3 |
Advantages and disadvantages of lens types |
63 |
|
|
5.4 |
Visual considerations |
66 |
|
Contents
|
5.5 |
External eye examination |
69 |
|
|
5.6 |
Patient suitability for lens types |
72 |
|
6. |
|
The tear film and dry eyes |
75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.1 |
The tear film |
75 |
|
|
6.2 |
Dry eyes |
76 |
|
|
6.3 |
Assessment of tears |
79 |
|
|
6.4 |
Contact lens signs |
86 |
|
|
6.5 |
Treatment and management |
87 |
|
|
6.6 |
Contact lens management |
92 |
|
7. |
|
Lens types and materials |
95 |
|
|
7.1 |
Rigid gas-permeable lenses |
97 |
|
|
7.2 |
Polymethyl methacrylate |
101 |
|
|
7.3 |
Soft lenses |
101 |
|
|
7.4 |
Silicone hydrogels |
105 |
|
|
7.5 |
Biocompatible lenses |
107 |
|
|
7.6 |
Silicone lenses |
107 |
|
|
|
|
||
Section 2: Rigid gas-permeable lens fitting |
|
|||
8. |
Principles of rigid lens design |
111 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
8.1 |
Basic principles of rigid lens design |
111 |
|
|
8.2 |
Forces controlling design |
111 |
|
|
8.3 |
Concept of edge lift |
116 |
|
|
8.4 |
Tear layer thickness |
119 |
|
|
8.5 |
Lid attachment lenses |
120 |
|
|
8.6 |
Interpalpebral lenses |
121 |
|
9. |
|
Development of rigid lens design |
123 |
|
|
9.1 |
Introduction |
123 |
|
|
9.2 |
Current bicurve, tricurve and multicurve designs |
124 |
|
|
9.3 |
Current aspheric lenses |
128 |
|
|
9.4 |
Reverse geometry lenses |
129 |
|
10. |
|
Rigid lens selection and fitting |
131 |
|
|
10.1 |
Introduction |
131 |
|
|
10.2 |
Back optic zone radius (BOZR) |
132 |
|
|
10.3 |
Total diameter (TD) |
133 |
|
|
10.4 |
Back optic zone diameter (BOZD) |
133 |
|
|
10.5 |
Peripheral curves |
134 |
|
|
10.6 |
Back vertex power (BVP) and over-refraction |
137 |
|
|
10.7 |
Lens design by corneal topographers |
139 |
|
vi
Contents
11. Fluorescein patterns and fitting |
141 |
||
|
|
|
|
11.1 |
Use of fluorescein |
141 |
|
11.2 |
Examination techniques |
142 |
|
11.3 |
Fitting |
143 |
|
11.4 |
Correct fitting |
144 |
|
11.5 |
Flat fitting |
145 |
|
11.6 |
Steep fitting |
146 |
|
11.7 |
Astigmatic fitting |
148 |
|
11.8 |
Peripheral fitting |
148 |
|
12. Aspheric lenses |
151 |
||
|
|
|
|
12.1 |
Advantages and disadvantages of aspherics |
151 |
|
12.2 |
Aspheric designs |
152 |
|
12.3 |
Principles of fitting |
156 |
|
12.4 |
Fluorescein patterns compared with spherical lenses |
158 |
|
13. Rigid lens specification and verification |
161 |
||
|
|
|
|
13.1 |
International standards |
161 |
|
13.2 |
Examples of rigid lens types and fittings |
162 |
|
13.3 |
Rigid lens verification |
162 |
|
13.4 |
Tolerances |
166 |
|
14. |
|
|
Orthokeratology and reverse geometry lenses |
169 |
|
|
14.1 |
Historical |
169 |
||
|
14.2 |
Current approach |
170 |
||
|
14.3 |
Reverse geometry lenses |
172 |
||
|
14.4 |
Clinical appearance of reverse geometry lenses |
178 |
||
|
14.5 |
Corneal topography |
179 |
||
|
14.6 |
Fitting routine |
180 |
||
|
|
|
|||
Section 3: Hydrogel and silicone hydrogel fitting |
|
||||
15. |
|
Soft lens fitting and design |
187 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15.1 |
Fitting considerations |
187 |
||
|
15.2 |
Corneal diameter lenses |
189 |
||
|
15.3 |
Semi-scleral lenses |
193 |
||
16. |
|
|
Soft lens fitting characteristics |
199 |
|
|
16.1 |
Characteristics of a correct fitting |
199 |
||
|
16.2 |
Characteristics of a tight fitting |
200 |
||
|
16.3 |
Characteristics of a loose fitting |
200 |
||
|
16.4 |
Summary of soft lens fitting characteristics |
201 |
||
17. |
|
|
Other soft lens fitting considerations |
203 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17.1 |
Lens power |
203 |
||
vii
Contents
17.2 |
Lens flexibility and modulus of elasticity |
204 |
17.3 |
Additional visual considerations |
204 |
17.4 |
Thin lenses |
206 |
17.5 |
Aspheric lenses |
207 |
17.6 |
Spun-cast lenses |
209 |
17.7 |
Unusual lens performance |
211 |
18. Disposable lenses and frequent |
|
||
|
(planned) replacement |
213 |
|
18.1 |
Frequent replacement lenses |
213 |
|
18.2 |
Disposable lenses |
214 |
|
18.3 |
Types of disposable lens |
215 |
|
18.4 |
Fitting disposable lenses |
217 |
|
18.5 |
Aftercare with disposable lenses |
217 |
|
18.6 |
Practice management |
222 |
|
18.7 |
Other uses for disposable lenses |
223 |
|
19. Silicone hydrogels |
225 |
||
|
|
|
|
19.1 |
Fitting disposable silicone hydrogels |
227 |
|
19.2 |
Fitting custom made silicone hydrogels |
228 |
|
19.3 |
Complex lenses |
229 |
|
19.4 |
Dispensing silicone hydrogels |
230 |
|
19.5 |
Aftercare |
230 |
|
20. Soft lens specification and verification |
235 |
||
|
|
|
|
20.1 |
International standards and tolerances |
235 |
|
20.2 |
Soft lens specification |
235 |
|
20.3 |
Soft lens verification |
235 |
|
21. |
|
Extended wear |
241 |
|
|
21.1 |
Physiological requirements |
241 |
|
|
21.2 |
Approaches to extended wear |
243 |
|
|
21.3 |
Patient selection |
244 |
|
|
21.4 |
Soft lens fitting and problems |
245 |
|
|
21.5 |
Rigid gas-permeable fitting and problems |
248 |
|
|
21.6 |
Other lenses for extended wear |
250 |
|
|
21.7 |
Long-term consequences of extended wear |
250 |
|
|
|
|
||
Section 4: Complex lenses |
|
|||
22. |
|
Toric rigid lenses |
253 |
|
|
22.1 |
Residual and induced astigmatism |
253 |
|
|
22.2 |
Patient selection |
254 |
|
|
22.3 |
Lens designs |
255 |
|
viii
Contents
|
22.4 |
Methods of stabilization |
256 |
||
|
22.5 |
Fitting back surface torics |
256 |
||
|
22.6 |
Fitting bitorics |
259 |
||
|
22.7 |
Compromise back surface torics |
259 |
||
|
22.8 |
Fitting front surface torics |
260 |
||
|
22.9 |
Fitting toric peripheries |
261 |
||
|
22.10 |
Computers in toric lens fitting |
262 |
||
23. |
|
|
Toric soft lenses |
263 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23.1 |
Patient selection |
263 |
||
|
23.2 |
Stabilization |
264 |
||
|
23.3 |
Lens designs |
268 |
||
|
23.4 |
Fitting |
271 |
||
|
23.5 |
Fitting examples |
273 |
||
24. |
|
|
Lenses for presbyopia |
277 |
|
|
24.1 |
Patient selection |
277 |
||
|
24.2 |
Monovision |
278 |
||
|
24.3 |
Presbyopic lens designs |
280 |
||
|
24.4 |
Fitting rigid multifocals and bifocals |
282 |
||
|
24.5 |
Fitting soft bifocals |
288 |
||
25. |
|
|
Special lens features and applications |
295 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25.1 |
Lens identification |
295 |
||
|
25.2 |
Tinted, cosmetic and prosthetic lenses |
296 |
||
|
25.3 |
Fenestration |
300 |
||
|
25.4 |
Overseas prescriptions |
301 |
||
|
25.5 |
Contact lenses and sport |
301 |
||
|
|
|
|||
Section 5: Management |
|
||||
26. |
|
Care systems |
305 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26.1 |
Components of solutions |
305 |
||
|
26.2 |
Solution for soft lenses |
309 |
||
|
26.3 |
Disinfection |
309 |
||
|
26.4 |
Solutions for rigid gas-permeable lenses |
315 |
||
|
26.5 |
Compliance and product misuse |
318 |
||
27. |
|
|
Lens collection and patient instruction |
319 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27.1 |
Lens collection |
319 |
||
|
27.2 |
Insertion and removal |
319 |
||
|
27.3 |
Suggested wearing schedules |
322 |
||
|
27.4 |
General patient advice |
322 |
||
ix
Contents
28. Aftercare |
325 |
||
|
|
|
|
28.1 |
First aftercare visit |
325 |
|
28.2 |
Visual problems |
329 |
|
28.3 |
Wearing problems |
331 |
|
28.4 |
Aftercare at yearly intervals or longer |
341 |
|
29. Aftercare complications |
345 |
||
|
|
|
|
29.1 |
Emergencies and infections |
345 |
|
29.2 |
Grief cases (drop outs) |
351 |
|
29.3 |
Side effects of systemic drugs |
353 |
|
29.4 |
Lens ageing |
353 |
|
30. |
|
|
Additional aftercare procedures |
359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30.1 |
Refitting PMMA wearers |
359 |
||
|
30.2 |
Prescribing spectacles for contact lens wearers |
362 |
||
|
30.3 |
Rigid lens modification |
364 |
||
|
|
|
|||
Section 6: Children and therapeutic lenses |
|
||||
31. |
|
Contact lenses and children |
367 |
||
|
31.1 |
Management |
367 |
||
|
31.2 |
Instrumentation |
369 |
||
|
31.3 |
Non-therapeutic fitting |
369 |
||
|
31.4 |
Refractive applications |
370 |
||
|
31.5 |
Therapeutic applications |
371 |
||
32. |
|
|
Therapeutic and complex lens designs |
375 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32.1 |
High myopia and hypermetropia |
376 |
||
|
32.2 |
Keratoconus |
376 |
||
|
32.3 |
Aphakia |
386 |
||
|
32.4 |
Corneal grafts (keratoplasty) |
390 |
||
|
32.5 |
Corneal irregularity |
391 |
||
|
32.6 |
Albinos |
391 |
||
|
32.7 |
Radial keratotomy and photo-refractive keratectomy |
391 |
||
|
32.8 |
Combination lenses |
392 |
||
|
32.9 |
Silicone rubber lenses |
393 |
||
|
32.10 |
Bandage lenses |
394 |
||
|
32.11 |
Additional therapeutic uses |
395 |
||
|
|
|
|
Appendix 1 |
397 |
|
|
|
|
Appendix 2 Useful contact lens internet sites |
401 |
|
|
|
|
Glossary of contact lens-related terms |
405 |
|
|
|
|
Index |
417 |
x
Preface to the fourth edition
This new edition of The Contact Lens Manual brings it up to date with the numerous changes which have occurred in the contact lens field since the third edition was published in 2003. The essential format of the book remains the same with a deliberately concise, practical approach to fitting and aftercare, assisted by the newly designed full colour layout.
Disposable lenses continue to dominate contact lens practice and the relevant chapters have been considerably enlarged to indicate the comprehensive range now available as well as their use for toric and multifocal lenses. The section on silicone hydrogels has also been rewritten to reflect their increasing preference as lenses of first choice. Orthokeratology has acquired its own niche in contact lens practice and Chapter 14 takes account of the several different fitting approaches now available. The Glossary and Commonly Used Abbreviations have also been updated.
Dry eyes have become an important topic which has been expanded into a new chapter to reflect current thinking whilst the all important subject of aftercare has been reorganised into three separate chapters. Scleral lenses are now omitted as they are rarely fitted in everyday practice and in most cases modern mini-scleral or combination lenses can achieve the same result.
Terminology remains in line with generally accepted practice for ocular infections and inflammatory responses. We have – a little reluctantly – adopted the general description ‘rigid’ rather than ‘hard’ to describe both gas-permeable and the almost obsolete PMMA; the term ‘soft lenses’ now includes both hydrogel and silicone hydrogel. All lenses are specified in accordance with European and international standards.
The content of the CD-ROM which accompanies The Manual continues to give a wide variety of interactive lens types. There are several additions to the more than 100 photographic colour images which complement the text by illustrating numerous conditions and aftercare problems. There are also various contact lens fluorescein fittings and the newly introduced videos illustrate some of the ‘dos and don’ts’ of contact lens practice.
We would once again thank Tony Hough for his help with all things digital and for his assistance in the production of the CD-ROM. As ever, it proves impossible to give examples of every contact lens product but we are indebted to all the laboratories which have been so helpful in providing current and in many cases advance information.
APG
JAM
Preface to the first edition
The Manual is designed as an essentially practical guide to all aspects of contact lens fitting. It follows the authors’ own approach to patient management, initial assessment and lens selection as well as giving detailed fitting procedures for both basic and complex lenses. Significant space is allocated to aftercare as this is considered an inextricably linked continuation of fitting, whereas theoretical aspects have been kept deliberately concise, supplemented by detailed references and suggestions for further reading.
The introductory chapters and basic fitting are directed mainly at the student or practitioner without recent experience. The Manual, however, also covers advanced fitting techniques for the more experienced and the specialist sections on therapeutic lenses and the management of children requiring contact lenses should be of interest both to hospital fitters and to those who encounter the occasional medical case.
Terminology is based on the relatively new British and International Standards. The most common lens types are referred to as either ‘hard’ or ‘soft’. The term ‘hard’ has been used throughout to indicate specifically modern materials which have been described elsewhere as ‘gas-permeable’. PMMA is now considered a little-fitted sub-group.
Inevitably, it is impossible to include details of every lens or solution currently available and the authors have been forced to select representative examples. Mention of a particular product is not intended as an endorsement and any omission, however obvious, should not be construed as an implied criticism.
Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge all of the contact lens companies which have kindly made available detailed information concerning their products; the ACLM for the use of their materials classification system; AllerganHydron, Bausch & Lomb and Igel International for their permission to reproduce tables and illustrations; Tony Hough of Microturn for his assistance in producing tear lens thickness diagrams; Ken Pullum for providing the basis of the section on scleral lenses and for his diagrams; and to the publishers for their constant help and encouragement.
|
Common abbreviations |
|
|
in contact lens practice |
|
|
|
|
AEL |
Axial edge lift |
|
AI |
Asymptomatic infiltrates |
|
AIK |
Asymptomatic infiltrative keratitis |
|
BC |
Base curve |
|
BOZD |
Back optic zone diameter |
|
BOZR |
Back optic zone radius |
|
BSR |
Back scleral radius |
|
BSS |
Back scleral size |
|
BUT |
Break up time |
|
BVD |
Back vertex distance |
|
BVP |
Back vertex power |
|
CAB |
Cellulose acetate butyrate |
|
CAEL |
Constant axial edge lift |
|
CD |
Centre distance |
|
CLAPC |
Contact lens associated papillary conjunctivitis |
|
CLARE |
Contact lens acute red eye |
|
CLIPC |
Contact lens induced papillary conjunctivitis |
|
CLPU |
Contact lens peripheral ulcer |
|
CLSLK |
Contact lens induced superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis |
|
CN |
Centre near |
|
CRT |
Corneal refractive therapy |
|
D |
Displacement |
|
Dk |
Oxygen permeability |
|
Dk/t |
Oxygen transmissibility |
|
e |
Eccentricity |
|
Ec |
Edge clearance |
|
EOP |
Equivalent oxygen pressure |
|
EW |
Extended Wear |
|
FDA |
Food and Drugs Authority |
|
FLOM |
Fenestrated lens for optic measurement |
|
FOZD |
Front optic zone diameter |
|
GPC |
Giant papillary conjunctivitis |
|
HEMA |
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate |
|
HPMC |
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose |
|
HVID |
Horizontal visible iris diameter |
|
IK |
Infiltrativive keratitus |
|
LIPCOF |
Lid Parallel conjunctival folds |
|
Common abbreviations in contact lens practice
MDD |
Medical Devices Directive |
MGD |
Meibomian gland dysfunction |
MK |
Microbial keratitis |
MPS |
Multipurpose Solution |
MRDT |
Minimum recommended disinfection time |
NIBUT |
Non-invasive break up time |
OK |
Orthokeratology |
OTC |
Over the counter medication |
OVC |
Overnight vision correction |
p |
Corneal shape factor |
PHMB |
Polyhexamethylene biguanide |
PLTF |
Pre lens tear film |
PMMA |
Poly methyl methacrylate |
POD |
Primary optic diameter |
POM |
Prescription only medication |
PRK |
Photorefractive keratectomy |
PVA |
Poly vinyl alcohol |
PVP |
Poly vinyl pyrrolidone |
RGP |
Rigid gas permeable |
RK |
Radial keratotomy |
SEAL |
Superficial epithelial arcuate lesion |
Si-Hy |
Silicone Hydrogel |
SICS |
Solution induced corneal staining |
TBUT |
Tear break up time |
tc |
Centre thickness |
te |
Edge thickness |
TLT |
Tear lens thickness |
TR |
Tear reservoir |
ULMS |
Upper lid margin staining |
USAN |
United States Adopted Name |
xiv
