- •Contents
- •General Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Organization
- •Topography
- •Disease Process
- •General Diagnosis
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •2 Wound Repair
- •General Aspects of Wound Repair
- •Healing in Specific Ocular Tissues
- •Cornea
- •Sclera
- •Limbus
- •Uvea
- •Lens
- •Retina
- •Vitreous
- •Eyelid, Orbit, and Lacrimal Tissues
- •Histologic Sequelae of Ocular Trauma
- •3 Specimen Handling
- •Communication
- •Orientation
- •Transillumination
- •Gross Dissection
- •Processing and Staining
- •Fixatives
- •Tissue Processing
- •Tissue Staining
- •4 Special Procedures
- •Immunohistochemistry
- •Flow Cytometry
- •Molecular Pathology
- •Diagnostic Electron Microscopy
- •Special Techniques
- •Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
- •Frozen Section
- •5 Conjunctiva
- •Topography
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Choristomas
- •Hamartomas
- •Inflammations
- •Papillary Versus Follicular Conjunctivitis
- •Granulomatous Conjunctivitis
- •Infectious Conjunctivitis
- •Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
- •Pyogenic Granuloma
- •Degenerations
- •Pinguecula and Pterygium
- •Amyloid Deposits
- •Epithelial Inclusion Cyst
- •Neoplasia
- •Squamous Lesions
- •Melanocytic Lesions
- •Lymphocytic Lesions
- •Glandular Lesions
- •Other Neoplasms
- •6 Cornea
- •Topography
- •Introduction to Corneal Pathology
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
- •Posterior Polymorphous Dystrophy
- •Dermoid
- •Peters Anomaly
- •Inflammations
- •Infectious Keratitis
- •Noninfectious Keratitis
- •Degenerations and Dystrophies
- •Degenerations
- •Dystrophies
- •Neoplasia
- •7 Anterior Chamber and Trabecular Meshwork
- •Topography
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Primary Congenital Glaucoma
- •Anterior Segment Dysgenesis
- •Degenerations
- •Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
- •Secondary Glaucoma With Material in the Trabecular Meshwork
- •8 Sclera
- •Topography
- •Episclera
- •Stroma
- •Lamina Fusca
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Choristoma
- •Nanophthalmos
- •Inflammations
- •Episcleritis
- •Scleritis
- •Degenerations
- •Senile Calcific Plaque
- •Scleral Staphyloma
- •Neoplasia
- •Fibrous Histiocytoma
- •Nodular Fasciitis
- •9 Lens
- •Topography
- •Capsule
- •Epithelium
- •Cortex and Nucleus
- •Zonular Fibers
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Congenital Aphakia
- •Lens Coloboma
- •Anterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus)
- •Posterior Lenticonus (Lentiglobus)
- •Inflammations
- •Phacoantigenic Uveitis
- •Phacolytic Glaucoma
- •Propionibacterium acnes Endophthalmitis
- •Degenerations
- •Cataract and Other Abnormalities
- •Neoplasia and Associations With Systemic Disorders
- •Pathology of Intraocular Lenses
- •10 Vitreous
- •Topography
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Persistent Fetal Vasculature
- •Bergmeister Papilla
- •Mittendorf Dot
- •Prepapillary Vascular Loops
- •Vitreous Cysts
- •Inflammations
- •Degenerations
- •Syneresis and Aging
- •Posterior Vitreous Detachment
- •Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment and Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- •Macular Holes
- •Hemorrhage
- •Asteroid Hyalosis
- •Vitreous Amyloidosis
- •Neoplasia
- •Intraocular Lymphoma
- •11 Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •Topography
- •Neurosensory Retina
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Albinism
- •Myelinated Nerve Fibers
- •Vascular Anomalies
- •Congenital Hypertrophy of the RPE
- •Inflammations
- •Infectious
- •Noninfectious
- •Degenerations
- •Typical and Reticular Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration and Retinoschisis
- •Lattice Degeneration
- •Paving-Stone Degeneration
- •Ischemia
- •Specific Ischemic Retinal Disorders
- •Diabetic Retinopathy
- •Retinopathy of Prematurity
- •Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- •Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
- •Macular Dystrophies
- •Diffuse Photoreceptor Dystrophies
- •Neoplasia
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Retinocytoma
- •Medulloepithelioma
- •Fuchs Adenoma
- •Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE
- •Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas of the RPE
- •12 Uveal Tract
- •Topography
- •Iris
- •Ciliary Body
- •Choroid
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Aniridia
- •Coloboma
- •Inflammations
- •Infectious
- •Noninfectious
- •Degenerations
- •Rubeosis Iridis
- •Hyalinization of the Ciliary Body
- •Choroidal Neovascularization
- •Neoplasia
- •Iris
- •Choroid and Ciliary Body
- •Metastatic Tumors
- •Other Uveal Tumors
- •Trauma
- •13 Eyelids
- •Topography
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Distichiasis
- •Phakomatous Choristoma
- •Dermoid Cyst
- •Inflammations
- •Infectious
- •Noninfectious
- •Degenerations
- •Xanthelasma
- •Amyloid
- •Cysts
- •Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
- •Ductal Cysts
- •Neoplasia
- •Epidermal Neoplasms
- •Dermal Neoplasms
- •Appendage Neoplasms
- •Melanocytic Neoplasms
- •14 Orbit
- •Topography
- •Bony Orbit and Soft Tissues
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Dermoid and Other Epithelial Cysts
- •Inflammations
- •Noninfectious
- •Infectious
- •Degenerations
- •Amyloid
- •Neoplasia
- •Lacrimal Sac Neoplasia
- •Lacrimal Gland Neoplasia
- •Lymphoproliferative Lesions
- •Soft-Tissue Tumors
- •Vascular Tumors
- •Tumors With Fibrous Differentiation
- •Tumors With Muscle Differentiation
- •Nerve Sheath Tumors
- •Adipose Tumors
- •Bony Lesions of the Orbit
- •Metastatic Tumors
- •15 Optic Nerve
- •Topography
- •Congenital Anomalies
- •Colobomas
- •Inflammations
- •Infectious
- •Noninfectious
- •Degenerations
- •Optic Atrophy
- •Drusen
- •Neoplasia
- •Melanocytoma
- •Glioma
- •Meningioma
- •17 Melanocytic Tumors
- •Introduction
- •Iris Nevus
- •Nevus of the Ciliary Body or Choroid
- •Melanocytoma of the Iris, Ciliary Body, or Choroid
- •Iris Melanoma
- •Melanoma of the Ciliary Body or Choroid
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Classification
- •Metastatic Evaluation
- •Treatment
- •Prognosis and Prognostic Factors
- •Pigmented Epithelial Tumors of the Uvea and Retina
- •Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma
- •Acquired Hyperplasia
- •Combined Hamartoma
- •18 Angiomatous Tumors
- •Hemangiomas
- •Choroidal Hemangiomas
- •Retinal Angiomas
- •Arteriovenous Malformation
- •19 Retinoblastoma
- •Genetic Counseling
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical Examination
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •Classification
- •Associated Conditions
- •Retinocytoma
- •Trilateral Retinoblastoma
- •Treatment
- •Enucleation
- •Chemotherapy
- •Photocoagulation and Hyperthermia
- •Cryotherapy
- •External-Beam Radiation Therapy
- •Plaque Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy)
- •Targeted Therapy
- •Spontaneous Regression
- •Prognosis
- •20 Ocular Involvement in Systemic Malignancies
- •Secondary Tumors of the Eye
- •Metastatic Carcinoma
- •Direct Intraocular Extension
- •Lymphomatous Tumors
- •Primary Intraocular Lymphoma
- •Uveal Lymphoid Infiltration
- •Ocular Manifestations of Leukemia
- •Basic Texts
- •Related Academy Materials
- •Requesting Continuing Medical Education Credit
Basic Texts
Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors
Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996.
Albert DM, Miller JW, eds. Albert & Jakobiec’s Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008.
Apple DJ, Rabb MF. Ocular Pathology: Clinical Applications and Self-Assessment. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1998.
Bornfeld N, Gragoudas ES, Höpping W, et al, eds. Tumors of the Eye. New York: Kugler; 1991. Char DH. Clinical Ocular Oncology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF, Lindblad WJ, eds. Wound Healing: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects.
Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992.
Dutton JJ. Atlas of Clinical and Surgical Orbital Anatomy. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994.
Garner A, Klintworth GK, eds. Pathobiology of Ocular Disease: A Dynamic Approach. 2nd ed. New York: Informa Healthcare; 1994.
Isenberg SJ, ed. The Eye in Infancy. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1994.
Margo CE, Grossniklaus HE. Ocular Histopathology: A Guide to Differential Diagnosis. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991.
McLean IW, Burnier MN, Zimmerman LE, Jakobiec FA. Tumors of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa. Washington: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1994.
Nauman GOH, Apple DJ. Pathology of the Eye. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986.
Sanborn GE, Gonder JR, Shields JA. Atlas of Intraocular Tumors. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994. Sassani JW, ed. Ophthalmic Pathology With Clinical Correlations. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins; 1997.
Shields JA, Shields CL. Atlas of Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
Shields JA, Shields CL. Atlas of Intraocular Tumors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
Spencer WH, ed. Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. Yanoff M, Fine BS. Ocular Pathology. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.
Related Academy Materials
The Academy is dedicated to providing a wealth of high-quality clinical education resources for ophthalmologists.
Print Publications and Electronic Products
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Online Resources
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Access free, trusted articles and content with the Academy’s collaborative online encyclopedia, EyeWiki, at http://eyewiki.org/Main_Page.
Requesting Continuing Medical Education Credit
The American Academy of Ophthalmology is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology designates this enduring material for a maximum of 10 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
The American Medical Association requires that all learners participating in activities involving enduring materials complete a formal assessment before claiming continuing medical education (CME) credit. To assess your achievement in this activity and ensure that a specified level of knowledge has been reached, a posttest for this Section of the Basic and Clinical Science Course is provided. A minimum score of 80% must be obtained to pass the test and claim CME credit.
To take the posttest and request CME credit online:
1.Go to www.aao.org/cme and log in.
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3.Select the appropriate Academy activity. You will be directed to the posttest.
4.Once you have passed the test with a score of 80% or higher, you will be directed to your transcript. If you are not an Academy member, you will be able to print out a certificate of participation once you have passed the test.
Originally released June 2011; reviewed for currency September 2, 2014. CME expiration date: June 1, 2016. AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™ may be claimed only once during this period.
For assistance, contact the Academy’s Customer Service department at 866-561-8558 (US only) or 415-561-8540 between 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM (PST), Monday through Friday, or send an e-mail to customer_service@aao.org.
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