Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Faculty and Disclosures

General Introduction

Visual Acuity Chart

Objectives

Introduction

Part I Fundamentals and Diagnostic

Approaches

1Basic Anatomy

The Vitreous

Neurosensory Retina

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Bruch Membrane

Choroid

Sclera

2Diagnostic Approach to Retinal Disease

Techniques of Examination

Ophthalmoscopy

Imaging Technologies

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Optical Coherence Tomography

Fundus Autofluorescence

Retinal Angiographic Techniques

B-Scan Ultrasonography

3Retinal Physiology and Psychophysics

Electroretinography

Full-Field (Ganzfeld) ERG

Multifocal ERG

Pattern ERG

Clinical Considerations

Electro-oculography

Visual Evoked Cortical Potentials

Psychophysical Testing

Contrast Sensitivity

Color Vision

Dark Adaptation

Photostress Recovery Time

Part II Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous

4Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Other Causes of

Choroidal Neovascularization

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Genetics and AMD

Nonneovascular AMD

Neovascular AMD

Other Causes of Choroidal Neovascularization

Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome

Angioid Streaks

Pathologic Myopia

Idiopathic CNV and Miscellaneous Causes of CNV

5Retinal Vascular Disease: Diabetic Retinopathy

Terminology and Classification

Diabetes Terminology

Diabetic Retinopathy Terminology

Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy

The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy

Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

Systemic Medical Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

Abnormalities Associated With Vision Loss From Diabetic Retinopathy

Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Macular Edema Diabetic Macular Ischemia

Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Management of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Complications Vitrectomy Surgery for Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy

Cataract Surgery in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Recommended Diabetes-Related Ophthalmic Examinations

6Retinal Vascular Diseases Associated With Cardiovascular

Disease

Systemic Arterial Hypertension

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Hypertensive Choroidopathy

Hypertensive Optic Neuropathy

Retinal Vein Occlusion

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Ocular Ischemic Syndrome and Retinopathy of Carotid Occlusive Disease

Symptoms and Signs

Etiology and Course

Treatment of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

Arterial Occlusive Disease

Capillary Retinal Arteriole Obstruction (Cotton-Wool Spots)

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion

Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Ophthalmic Artery Occlusion

Arterial Macroaneurysms

7Other Retinal Vascular Diseases

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Nonproliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Proliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Other Ocular Abnormalities in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies

Management of Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Vasculitis

Cystoid Macular Edema

Etiologies for CME Incidence of CME Treatment for CME

Coats Disease

Parafoveal (Juxtafoveal) Retinal Telangiectasia Phakomatoses

Von Hippel–Lindau Disease

Wyburn-Mason Syndrome Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma

Radiation Retinopathy

Valsalva Retinopathy

Purtscher Retinopathy and Purtscherlike Retinopathy Terson Syndrome

8Retinopathy of Prematurity

Introduction

Epidemiology

Terminology and Classification

Pathophysiology of ROP

Natural Course

Associated Conditions and Late Sequelae

Screening Recommendations

Screening Criteria

Screening Intervals

Fundus Photographic Screening of ROP

Prevention and Risk Factors

Treatment

Laser and Cryoablation Surgery

Anti-VEGF Drugs

Vitrectomy and Scleral Buckling Surgery

9Choroidal Disease

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Optical Coherence Tomography

Fluorescein Angiography

Indocyanine Green Angiography

Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging

Differential Diagnosis

Natural Course and Management

Diffuse Photoreceptor Dystrophies

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Leber Congenital Amaurosis

Cone Dystrophies

Macular Dystrophies

Stargardt Disease

Vitelliform Degenerations

Early-Onset Drusen

Pattern Dystrophies

Sorsby Macular Dystrophy

Choroidal Dystrophies

Diffuse Degenerations

Regional and Central Choroidal Dystrophies

Inner Retinal and Vitreoretinal Dystrophies

X-Linked Retinoschisis

Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome

13 Retinal Degenerations Associated With Systemic Disease

Retinal Degeneration With Systemic Involvement

Infantile–Onset to Early Childhood–Onset Syndromes

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

Hearing Loss and Pigmentary Retinopathy: Usher Syndrome

Neuromuscular Disorders

Other Organ System Disorders

Paraneoplastic and Autoimmune Retinopathies

Metabolic Diseases

Albinism

Central Nervous System Metabolic Abnormalities

Amino Acid Disorders

Mitochondrial Disorders

14 Systemic Drug-Induced Retinal Toxicity

Drugs Causing Abnormalities of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Photoreceptor Complex

Chloroquine Derivatives Phenothiazines Miscellaneous Medications

Drugs Causing Occlusive Retinopathy or Microvasculopathy Drugs Causing Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Toxicity

Posterior Vitreous Detachment Epiretinal Membranes Vitreomacular Traction Diseases Idiopathic Macular Holes

Developmental Abnormalities

Tunica Vasculosa Lentis Prepapillary Vascular Loops Persistent Fetal Vasculature

Hereditary Hyaloideoretinopathies With Optically Empty Vitreous: Wagner and Stickler Syndromes

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy Vitreous Opacities

Asteroid Hyalosis Vitreous Hemorrhage Pigment Granules Cholesterolosis Amyloidosis

Vitreous Abnormalities Secondary to Surgery

17 Posterior Segment Manifestations of Trauma

Evaluation of the Patient After Ocular Trauma

Blunt Trauma

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Commotio Retinae

Choroidal Rupture

Posttraumatic Macular Hole

Traumatic Chorioretinal Disruption (Retinal Sclopetaria)

Scleral Rupture

Lacerating and Penetrating Injuries

Perforating Injuries

Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Surgical Techniques for Removal of Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Retained Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis

Sympathetic Ophthalmia

Abusive Head Trauma

Avulsion of the Optic Disc

Photic Damage

Solar Retinopathy

Phototoxicity From Ophthalmic Instrumentation

Occupational Light Toxicity

Handheld Laser-Pointer Injury

Part III Selected Therapeutic Topics

18 Laser Therapy for Posterior Segment Diseases

Basic Principles of Photocoagulation Choice of Laser Wavelength

Practical Aspects of Laser Photocoagulation Complications of Photocoagulation

Transpupillary Thermotherapy Photodynamic Therapy

Complications of Photodynamic Therapy

19 Vitreoretinal Surgery and Intravitreal Injections

Pars Plana Vitrectomy

Vitrectomy for Selected Macular Diseases Macular Epiretinal Membranes Vitreomacular Traction Diseases Submacular Hemorrhage

Vitrectomy for Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy Vitreous Hemorrhage

Diabetic Tractional Retinal Detachment Diabetic Macular Edema

Vitrectomy for Posterior Segment Complications of Anterior Segment Surgery Postoperative Endophthalmitis

Retained Lens Fragments After Phacoemulsification Posteriorly Dislocated Intraocular Lenses

Cystoid Macular Edema Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage Needle Penetration of the Globe

Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Surgery Techniques for Surgical Repair of Retinal Detachments Outcomes Following Retinal Reattachment Surgery

Complications of Pars Plana Vitrectomy Intravitreal Injections

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