Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Faculty and Disclosures

General Introduction

Visual Acuity Chart

Objectives

Part I Orbit

1 Orbital Anatomy

Dimensions

Topographic Relationships

Roof of the Orbit

Lateral Wall of the Orbit

Medial Wall of the Orbit

Floor of the Orbit

Apertures

Ethmoidal Foramina

Superior Orbital Fissure

Inferior Orbital Fissure

Zygomaticofacial and Zygomaticotemporal Canals

Nasolacrimal Canal

Optic Canal

Soft Tissues

Periorbita

Intraorbital Optic Nerve

Extraocular Muscles and Orbital Fat

Annulus of Zinn

Vasculature of the Orbit

Nerves

Lacrimal Gland

Periorbital Structures

Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

2 Evaluation of Orbital Disorders

History

Pain

Progression

Periorbital Changes

Physical Examination

Inspection

Palpation

Auscultation

Primary Studies

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Comparison of CT and MRI

Ultrasonography

Secondary Studies

Venography

Arteriography

CT and MR Angiography

Pathology

Laboratory Studies

3 Congenital Orbital Anomalies

Anophthalmia

Microphthalmia

Treatment of Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia

Craniofacial Clefting and Syndromic Congenital Craniofacial Anomalies

Congenital Orbital Tumors

Hamartomas and Choristomas

4 Orbital Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

Infectious Inflammation

Cellulitis

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Orbital Tuberculosis

Zygomycosis

Aspergillosis

Parasitic Diseases

Noninfectious Inflammation

Thyroid Eye Disease

IgG4 Disease

Vasculitis

Sarcoidosis

Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation

5 Orbital Neoplasms and Malformations

Vascular Tumors, Malformations, and Fistulas

Infantile (Capillary) Hemangioma

Cavernous Hemangioma

Hemangiopericytoma

Lymphatic Malformation

Venous Malformation

Arteriovenous Malformation

Arteriovenous Fistula

Orbital Hemorrhage

Neural Tumors

Optic Nerve Glioma

Neurofibroma

Meningioma

Schwannoma

Mesenchymal Tumors

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Tumors

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Lymphoma

Plasma Cell Tumors

Histiocytic Disorders

Xanthogranuloma

Lacrimal Gland Tumors

Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland

Nonepithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland

Secondary Orbital Conditions

Globe and Eyelid Origin

Sinus Disease Affecting the Orbit

Metastatic Tumors

Metastatic Tumors in Children

Metastatic Tumors in Adults

Management of Orbital Metastases

6 Orbital Trauma

Midfacial (Le Fort) Fractures

Orbital Fractures

Zygomatic Fractures

Orbital Apex Fractures

Orbital Roof Fractures

Medial Orbital Fractures

Orbital Floor Fractures

Intraorbital Foreign Bodies

Orbital Hemorrhage

Traumatic Vision Loss With Clear Media

7 Orbital Surgery

Surgical Spaces Orbitotomy

Superior Approach

Inferior Approach

Medial Approach

Lateral Approach

Orbital Decompression

Postoperative Care for Orbital Surgery Special Surgical Techniques in the Orbit Complications of Orbital Surgery

8 The Anophthalmic Socket

Enucleation and Evisceration

Enucleation

Evisceration

Intraoperative Complications of Enucleation and Evisceration

Orbital Implants

Prostheses

Anophthalmic Socket Complications and Treatment

Deep Superior Sulcus

Contracture of Fornices

Exposure and Extrusion of the Implant

Contracted Sockets

Anophthalmic Ectropion

Anophthalmic Ptosis

Lash Margin Entropion

Cosmetic Optics

Exenteration

Considerations for Exenteration

Types of Exenteration

Part II Periocular Soft Tissues

9 Facial and Eyelid Anatomy

Face

Eyelids

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue

Protractors

Orbital Septum

Orbital Fat

Retractors

Tarsus

Conjunctiva

Additional Anatomical Considerations

10 Classification and Management of Eyelid Disorders

Congenital Anomalies

Blepharophimosis–Ptosis–Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome

Congenital Ptosis of the Upper Eyelid

Congenital Ectropion

Euryblepharon

Ankyloblepharon

Epicanthus

Epiblepharon

Congenital Entropion

Congenital Distichiasis

Congenital Coloboma

Cryptophthalmos

Congenital Eyelid Lesions: Infantile (Capillary) Hemangioma

Acquired Eyelid Disorders

Chalazion

Hordeolum

Eyelid Edema

Floppy Eyelid Syndrome

Trichotillomania

Eyelid Neoplasms

Clinical Evaluation of Eyelid Tumors

Benign Eyelid Lesions

Benign Adnexal Lesions

Benign Melanocytic Lesions

Premalignant Epidermal Lesions: Actinic Keratosis

In Situ Epithelial Malignancies

Premalignant Melanocytic Lesions: Lentigo Maligna

Malignant Eyelid Tumors

Eyelid Trauma

Blunt Trauma

Penetrating Trauma

Secondary Repair

Dog and Human Bites

Burns

Eyelid and Canthal Reconstruction

Eyelid Defects Not Involving the Eyelid Margin

Eyelid Defects Involving the Eyelid Margin

Lateral Canthal Defects

Medial Canthal Defects

11 Periocular Malpositions and Involutional Changes

History and Examination

Ectropion

Involutional Ectropion

Paralytic Ectropion

Cicatricial Ectropion

Mechanical Ectropion

Entropion

Congenital Entropion

Involutional Entropion

Acute Spastic Entropion

Cicatricial Entropion

Symblepharon

Trichiasis

Management

Blepharoptosis

Evaluation

Physical Examination

Ancillary Tests

Secretory System

Drainage System

Development

Secretory System

Drainage System

Physiology

13 Abnormalities of the Lacrimal Secretory and Drainage

Systems

Developmental Abnormalities

Lacrimal Secretory System

Lacrimal Drainage System

Congenital Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction

Evaluation

Punctal and Canalicular Agenesis and Dysgenesis

Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Dacryocystocele

Acquired Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction

Evaluation

Punctal Disorders

Canalicular Obstruction

Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Therapeutic Closure of the Lacrimal Drainage System

Trauma

Canaliculus

Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct

Infection

Dacryoadenitis

Canaliculitis

Dacryocystitis

Neoplasm

Lacrimal Gland

Lacrimal Drainage System

Basic Texts

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