Index

272

Index

Astrocytic hamartoma (cont.)

Bromocriptine, for pituitary

Cerebral autosomal dominant

overview of, 221–222

adenoma, 96

arteriopathy with

symptoms and signs of,

Brucellosis, optic neuritis with, 4

subcortical infarcts and

222–223

leukoencephalopathy

treatment of, 223

C

(CADASIL), NAION in,

Atherosclerosis, NAION with, 35

Cabergoline, for pituitary

41

ATP deficiency

adenoma, 96

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

in LHON, 152

CADASIL. See Cerebral

clinical presentation of, 68

in optic neuropathy, 153

autosomal dominant

IIH v., 72

Autoimmune disease, optic

arteriopathy with

in papilledema, 67–69

neuritis and, 5–6

subcortical infarcts and

CHAMPS. See Controlled High-

Autosomal dominant progressive

leukoencephalopathy

Risk Subjects Avonex

optic atrophy with

Calpain, optic neuritis with, 7

Multiple Sclerosis

congenital deafness, 183

Canavan’s syndrome, 192

Prevention Study

Autosomal dominant progressive

Cantholysis, lateral, for traumatic

Chemotherapy

optic atrophy with

optic neuropathy, 139

for benign anterior visual

progressive deafness and

Canthotomy, lateral, for

pathway gliomas, 109

ataxia, 184

traumatic optic

for meningeal metastasis, 112

Autosomal recessive optic

neuropathy, 139

for ONSM, 91

atrophy, 181

Capillary hemangioma

for optic disc tumor, 112–113

Azathioprine

cavernous hemangioma v., 225

for paraneoplastic optic

for GCA, 47

histopathology of, 224

neuropathy syndromes, 21

for NMO, 16–17

symptoms and signs of,

for suprasellar meningioma, 99

for sarcoidosis, 116

223–224

Children

treatment of, 224

IIH in, 79–80

B

Carbidopa, for NAION, 36

neurodegenerative disorders

Bacterial infection, optic neuritis

Carboplatin, for benign anterior

of, 189–192

and, 5

visual pathway gliomas,

optic neuritis in, 1

Bariatric surgery

109

MS risk factors with, 11–12

for IIH, 78–79

Carotid artery stenosis, NAION

Chlamydia

for papilledema, 72

with, 34

AION and, 44

BDGF. See Brain-derived growth

Carotid-ophthalmic artery

NAION and, 38

factor

aneurysm, 102

Chloramphenicol, in optic

Behçet’s disease, AION with, 49

Caspase inhibitors, for traumatic

neuropathy, 159

Behr’s syndrome, 181–182

optic neuropathy, 140

Choroidal folds, with elevated

BENEFIT. See Betaseron in

Cataract surgery, traumatic optic

ICP, 64

Newly Emerging MS for

neuropathies after, 142–143

Choroidal melanoma

Initial Treatment

Cat scratch disease, optic neuritis

diagnosis of, 229

Betaseron in Newly Emerging

with, 4

symptoms of, 229

MS for Initial Treatment

Cavernous hemangioma

treatment of, 229

(BENEFIT), interferon

diagnostic testing for, 225

Chronic inflammatory

beta-1a in, 14

histopathology of, 225

demyelinating

Blepharoplasty, traumatic optic

symptoms and signs of,

polyneuropathy (CIDP),

neuropathies after, 144

224–225

papilledema and, 67

Blurry vision, with ocular

treatment for, 225

Churg-Strauss angiitis, AION

lymphoma, 113

CDMS. See Clinical definite

with, 49

Bone marrow transplantation,

multiple sclerosis

CIDP. See Chronic inflammatory

for MPS, 190

Central retinal artery occlusion

demyelinating

Bradykinin, with traumatic optic

(CRAO), with optic disc

polyneuropathy

neuropathy, 137

drusen, 212

Clinical definite multiple

Brain-derived growth factor

Central retinal vein occlusion

sclerosis (CDMS)

(BDGF), for traumatic

(CRVO), with optic disc

interferon beta-1a and, 13–14

optic neuropathy, 141

drusen, 212

optic neuritis and, 1

Brimonidine, for NAION, 36

Central scotomas, in NAION, 31

risk of, 8–9

Index

273

Clomiphene citrate, in optic

Computed tomography (CT)

optic disc dysplasia, 209

neuropathy, 161

of benign anterior visual

papillorenal syndrome, 209

Coagulopathies, NAION with,

pathway gliomas, 106

Congenital disc pigmentation,

40–41

of cerebral venous sinus

214–215

Cochrane Database Systematic

thrombosis, 68

Congenitally anomalous disc

Review, for cerebral

of craniopharyngioma, 100

size

venous sinus thrombosis,

of fibrous dysplasia, 103

congenital tilted disc

68–69

of Grave’s ophthalmopathy, 92

syndrome, 204–206

Coenzyme Q

of idiopathic orbital

homonymous hemioptic

for FA, 187–188

inflammatory

hypoplasia, 203

for LHON, 177

pseudotumor, 94

megalopapilla, 203

Color Doppler imaging

of IIH, 70, 74

optic nerve hypoplasia,

for GCA, 45

of malignant anterior visual

201–203

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

pathway gliomas, 110

segmental optic nerve

136

of ocular lymphoma, 114

hypoplasia, 203

Color vision, in optic neuritis, 2

of ONSM, 89

Congenital tilted disc syndrome

residual deficits with, 11

of optic disc tumor, 112

clinical features of, 205

Combined hamartoma of retina

of papilledema, 65–66

overview of, 204–205

and retinal pigment

of pituitary apoplexy, 97

symptoms of, 205–206

epithelium

of sphenoid wing meningioma,

Continuous positive airway

diagnosis of, 230

99

pressure (CPAP), for IIH,

histopathology of, 230

of traumatic optic neuropathy,

73–74

treatment of, 230

135–136

Contrast sensitivity, in optic

Complete blood cell count, for

Congenital disc anomalies,

neuritis, 2

nutritional optic

201–215

residual deficits with, 11

neuropathies, 151

congenitally anomalous disc

Controlled High-Risk Subjects

Compressive optic neuropathies

size, 201–206

Avonex Multiple Sclerosis

of anterior visual pathway,

congenital tilted disc

Prevention Study

88–91

syndrome, 204–206

(CHAMPS), interferon

optic nerve sheath

homonymous hemioptic

beta-1a in, 13–14

meningiomas, 88–91

hypoplasia, 203

Corticosteroids

of optic nerve, 92–95

megalopapilla, 203

for GCA, 46–47

Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

optic nerve hypoplasia,

for Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

92–94

201–203

93

idiopathic orbital

segmental optic nerve

for IIH, 76, 79

inflammatory

hypoplasia, 203

for NAION, 35

pseudotumor, 94–95

elevated optic disc anomalies,

for ocular lymphoma, 114

sellar and suprasellar

210–215

for optic neuritis, 12–13

compressive lesions, 95–103

congenital disc

for pituitary apoplexy, 97

anterior communicating

pigmentation, 214–215

for sarcoidosis, 116

artery aneurysm, 101

hyaloid system remnants,

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

carotid-ophthalmic artery

213–214

138

aneurysm, 102

myelinated nerve fibers,

CPAP. See Continuous positive

craniopharyngioma, 99–101

214

airway pressure

fibrous dysplasia, 102–103

optic disc drusen, 210–213

Craniopharyngioma

internal carotid aneurysm,

excavated optic disc anomalies,

epidemiology of, 99–100

101

206–209

management of, 101

pituitary adenoma, 95–97

morning glory disc anomaly,

neuroimaging of, 100

pituitary apoplexy, 97

206–207

pathology of, 100–101

sphenoid sinus mucocele, 102

optic disc coloboma,

symptoms and signs of, 100

sphenoid wing meningioma,

207–208

CRAO. See Central retinal artery

99

optic disc pit, 208–209

occlusion

suprasellar meningioma,

peripapillary staphyloma,

C-reactive protein (CRP), in

97–99

208

GCA, 44–46

274

Index

Crohn’s disease

Wolfram syndrome with,

Elevated optic disc anomalies

AION with, 49

182–183

congenital disc pigmentation,

increased ICP and, 74

Diabetes insipidus, diabetes

214–215

CRP. See C-reactive protein

mellitus, optic atrophy,

hyaloid system remnants,

CRVO. See Central retinal vein

and sensorineural hearing

213–214

occlusion

loss (DIDMOAD). See

myelinated nerve fibers, 214

Cryotherapy, for capillary

Wolfram syndrome

optic disc drusen, 210–213

hemangioma, 224

Diabetic papillopathy, as

Elevated sedimentation rate

Cryptococcosis

NAION, 37

(ESR), in GCA, 44–46

diagnostic testing for, 118

DIDMOAD. See Diabetes

ENA. See Extractable nuclear

epidemiology of, 118

insipidus, diabetes

antigen

management of, 118–119

mellitus, optic atrophy,

Encephalitogenic antibodies,

pathology of, 118

and sensorineural hearing

optic neuritis and, 6

symptoms and signs of, 118

loss

Endoscopic sinus surgery,

CT. See Computed tomography

Digoxin, for optic neuropathy,

traumatic optic

Cuban epidemic, of optic

157–159

neuropathies after, 144

neuropathy, 153

Diphenylhydantoin, for NAION,

EOG. See Electro-oculogram

Cup, absent, in NAION, 32

35

ERG. See Electroretinogram

Cup-to-disc ratio

Diplopia, with Grave’s

ESR. See Elevated sedimentation

in DOA, 178

ophthalmopathy, 93–94

rate

in NAION, 31–34, 37

Direct argon laser

Ethambutol

in SIAION, 38

photocoagulation, for

for optic neuropathy, 159

Cyanide, optic neuropathy from,

capillary hemangioma, 224

for tuberculosis, 117–118

154–155

Disulfiram, in optic neuropathy,

Ethylene glycol, in optic

Cyanocobalamin

159

neuropathy, 156

for optic neuropathy, 153

Dizocilpine, for traumatic optic

Excavated optic disc anomalies

for vitamin B12 deficiency, 153

neuropathy, 140

morning glory disc anomaly,

Cyclophosphamide

DOA. See Dominant optic

206–207

for GCA, 47

atrophy

optic disc coloboma, 207–208

for idiopathic orbital

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA)

optic disc pit, 208–209

inflammatory

diagnostic testing for, 179

peripapillary staphyloma, 208

pseudotumor, 94–95

histopathology of, 179

Extractable nuclear antigen

for sarcoidosis, 116

incidence of, 177

(ENA), in neuromyelitis

Cyclosporin A, for GCA, 47

molecular genetics and genetic

optica, 15–16

Cyclosporine

heterogeneity of, 179–180

for idiopathic orbital

NTG v., 180–181

F

inflammatory

pathophysiology of, 179

FA. See Friedreich’s ataxia

pseudotumor, 94–95

symptoms and signs of,

Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test,

for sarcoidosis, 116

177–179

for optic neuritis, 2, 11

Cytomegalovirus, infiltration of

treatment of, 180

Fatal X-linked optic atrophy,

optic nerve, 119

Doxycycline, for increased ICP,

ataxia, and deafness, 185

74

Fibrous dysplasia

D

Drugs, in toxic optic

epidemiology of, 102

Danazol, for increased ICP, 74

neuropathies, 151

management of, 103

Dandy criteria, for IIH, 70, 74

neuroimaging of, 103

Dapsone, for GCA, 47

E

pathology of, 103

Demyelination

Electro-oculogram (EOG), for

symptoms and signs of, 102

cell-mediated damage in, 6–7

congenital tilted disc

Fluconazole, oral, for

optic neuritis and, 6–7

syndrome, 205

cryptococcosis, 118–119

Dexamethasone, for tuberculosis,

Electroretinogram (ERG). See

Flucytosine, oral, for

118

also Multifocal

cryptococcosis, 118–119

Diabetes

electroretinogram

Fluorescein angiography

diabetic papillopathy with, 37

for congenital tilted disc

for astrocytic hamartoma, 222

NAION with, 34, 40

syndrome, 205

for cavernous hemangioma, 225

276

Index

Hereditary polyneuropathies

histopathology of, 94

ganglioglioma of optic nerve,

HMSN6 as, 188–189

management of, 94–95

111

HSAN3 as, 189

symptoms and signs of, 94

malignant anterior visual

Hereditary sensory and

Idiopathic perioptic neuritis

pathway gliomas, 109–111

autonomic neuropathy

diagnostic testing for, 116–117

secondary tumors, 111–115

type III (HSAN3), 189

epidemiology of, 116

leukemic infiltration, 114–115

Herpes zoster

management of, 117

lymphomatous infiltration,

AION with, 49

pathology of, 117

113–114

PION with, 50

symptoms and signs of, 116

meningeal metastasis,

HIV

IIH. See Increased intracranial

111–112

cryptococcosis and, 118

hypertension

myelomatous and other

optic neuritis and, 4

IL-6. See Interleukin-6

lymphoreticular tumor

HMSN6. See Hereditary motor

IL-10. See Interleukin-10

infiltration, 115

and sensory neuropathy

IL-12. See Interleukin-12

other metastases, 112–113

VI

Immunosuppressive agents

Inflammation, in traumatic optic

Hodgkin’s disease, optic nerve

for GCA, 47

neuropathy, 138

infiltration with, 113

for Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

Infliximab

Homonymous hemioptic

93

for GCA, 47–48

hypoplasia, 203

Increased intracranial

in optic neuropathy, 160–161

HSAN3. See Hereditary sensory

hypertension (IIH)

Interferon-alpha, in optic

and autonomic

cerebral venous sinus

neuropathy, 160

neuropathy type III

thrombosis v., 72

Interferon beta-1a

Hyaloid system remnants,

in children, 79–80

for CDMS, 13–14

213–214

diagnostic criteria for, 70

for NMO, 17

Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy,

epidemiology/genetics of, 70

for optic neuritis, 13–15

OCT in, 243

management of, 74–79

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Hydroxyurea, for ONSM, 91

medical treatment, 75–76

in GCA, 44–45

Hyperbaric oxygen, for NAION,

surgical treatment, 76–79

with ocular lymphoma, 113

36

neuroimaging features of, 74

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), with

Hypertension, NAION with, 34,

in papilledema, 64, 66, 69–79

ocular lymphoma, 113

40

pathogenesis of, 71–72

Interleukin-12 (IL-12), with

Hyperthyroidism, increased ICP

during pregnancy, 79

ocular lymphoma, 113

and, 72

presentation and course of,

Internal carotid aneurysm, 101

Hypotension

69–70

International Optic Nerve

NAION with, 35, 38

symptoms of, 69

Trauma Study, traumatic

PION with, 50–51

visual course and prognosis of,

optic neuropathy in,

Hypothalamic invasion, by

70–71

138–139

benign anterior visual

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

Intracellular calcium, with

pathway gliomas, 105–106

(NOS), with traumatic

traumatic optic

Hypothalamus, with malignant

optic neuropathy, 137

neuropathy, 137

anterior visual pathway

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy,

Intracranial pressure (ICP),

gliomas, 110

190

increased

Hypothyroidism, increased ICP

Infiltrative optic neuropathies

causes of, 66–67

and, 72

infectious, 117–119

disorders and medications

cryptococcosis, 118–119

with, 72–73

I

other etiologies, 119

features of, 62

Iatrogenic malabsorption

tuberculosis, 117–118

in IIH, 71–72

syndrome, in optic

inflammatory, 115–117

in papilledema, 62–65

neuropathy, 155–156

idiopathic perioptic neuritis,

Intraneural growth, of benign

ICP. See Intracranial pressure

116–117

anterior visual pathway

Idiopathic orbital inflammatory

sarcoidosis, 115–116

gliomas, 107

pseudotumor

primary tumors, 103–111

Intraocular pressure (IOP),

diagnostic testing for, 94

benign anterior visual

elevated, NAION with,

epidemiology of, 94

pathway gliomas, 103–109

39–40

Index

277

Intravenous immunoglobulin

histopathology of, 174

Magnetic resonance imaging

(IVIG)

molecular genetics and genetic

(MRI)

for NMO, 17

heterogeneity of, 175–176

of benign anterior visual

for optic neuritis, 13

OCT for, 242

pathway gliomas, 106

IONDT. See Ischemic Optic

optic neuritis v., 3–4

of craniopharyngioma, 100

Neuropathy

pathophysiology of, 174–175

of cryptococcosis, 118

Decompression Trial

symptoms and signs of,

of fibrous dysplasia, 103

IOP. See Intraocular pressure

171–172

of GCA, 45–46

Ischemic optic neuropathies, 31–52

systemic associations of,

of Grave’s ophthalmopathy, 92

AION, 42–49

173–174

of idiopathic orbital

NAION, 31–42

visual prognosis of, 173

inflammatory

PION, 49–52

Leukemic infiltration

pseudotumor, 94

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

epidemiology of, 114

of IIH, 70, 74

Decompression Trial

management of, 114–115

of LHON, 172, 174

(IONDT), NAION in, 31

pathology of, 114

of malignant anterior visual

ONDS, 35–36

symptoms and signs of, 114

pathway gliomas, 110

optic disc pallor, 33

Levodopa, for NAION, 35–36

of multiple sclerosis, 8–9

visual acuity, 32

LHON. See Leber’s hereditary

of ocular lymphoma, 114

Ishihara color plates, for optic

optic neuropathy

of ONSM, 89

neuritis, 2

Linezolid, in optic neuropathy,

of optic disc tumor, 112

Isoniazid, for tuberculosis, 117–118

160

of papilledema, 66

IVIG, Seee Intravenous

Lipidoses, with optic neuropathy,

of pituitary adenoma, 95–96

immunoglobulin

190

of pituitary apoplexy, 97

Lithium, for increased ICP, 74

of sarcoidosis, 116

J

LP shunting. See

of sphenoid wing meningioma,

Juvenile optic atrophy. See

Lumboperitoneal shunting

99

Dominant optic atrophy

Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunting

of suprasellar meningioma, 98

complications of, 78

of traumatic optic neuropathy,

K

for IIH, 77–78

135–136

Kallidin, with traumatic optic

ONSD v., 78

of tuberculosis, 117

neuropathy, 137

Lupus erythematosus

of Wolfram syndrome, 182

Kidneys, papillorenal syndrome

increased ICP and, 72

Magnetization transfer ratio, in

with, 209

optic neuritis and, 5–6

NMO, 15

Kjer’s. See Dominant optic

PION and, 50

Malidixic acid, for increased ICP,

atrophy

Lyme disease, optic neuritis and,

74

Krabbe disease, 191–192

4

MBP. See Myelin basic protein

Kurtzke expanded disability

Lymphomatous infiltration

Medulloepithelioma, 221

status scale score, optic

diagnostic testing for, 113

Megalopapilla, 203

neuritis with, 6–7

epidemiology of, 113

Melanocytic tumors

management of, 114

choroidal melanoma, 229

L

neuroimaging of, 114

combined hamartoma, 230

Laser interferometry, for traumatic

symptoms and signs of, 113

melanocytoma, 227–229

optic neuropathy, 136

Melanocytoma

Leber’s hereditary optic

M

diagnosis of, 228

neuropathy (LHON),

Macrophages

histopathology of, 227

171–177

in GCA, 43, 45

symptoms of, 227

ATP deficiency in, 152

with traumatic optic

treatment of, 228–229

diagnostic testing of, 172–173

neuropathy, 138

Memantine, for traumatic optic

gene therapy, neuroprotection,

Macular scans, of OCT, 240

neuropathy, 140

and other treatments for,

Magnetic resonance angiography

Meningeal metastasis

176–177

(MRA)

diagnostic testing for, 111–112

heteroplasmy and

for GCA, 46

management of, 112

environmental factors of,

for suprasellar meningioma,

overview of, 111

176

98

symptoms and signs of, 111

278

Index

Meningitis, cerebral venous sinus

retinal and optic nerve

retinal venous sheathing with,

thrombosis and, 68

disorder diagnosis with,

3

Mesalazine, for increased ICP, 74

250–255

visual loss with, 1

Metachromatic leukodystrophy,

fixation errors and,

Mycophenolate mofetil, for

191

251–254

NMO, 17

Methanol, in optic neuropathy,

functional and nonorganic

Myelinated nerve fibers, 214

153, 156–157

causes, 254–255

Myelin basic protein (MBP), in

Methazolamide, for IIH, 75

outer retina disease and,

optic neuritis, 6–7

Methotrexate

250–251

for GCA, 47

Multifocal visual evoked

N

for meningeal metastasis, 112

potential (mfVEP),

NAION. See Nonarteritic

for sarcoidosis, 116

255–266

anterior ischemic optic

Methylprednisolone, intravenous

identical responses with, 257

neuropathy

for GCA, 46

measuring latency and

Naloxone, for traumatic optic

for Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

amplitude in, 259

neuropathy, 138

93

need for, 266

NASCIS-2. See National Acute

for NMO, 16

optic nerve disorder diagnosis

Spinal cord Injury Study,

for optic neuritis, 12–13

with, 260–266

second

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

field confirmation with,

National Acute Spinal cord

138–139

263–264

Injury Study, second

mfERG. See Multifocal

fixation error problems,

(NASCIS-2), traumatic

electroretinogram

264–266

optic neuropathy in, 138

mfVEP. See Multifocal visual

functional or nonorganic

Nerve fiber layer atrophy, multiple

evoked potential

causes, 263

sclerosis with, 2–3

MGA. See Type III 3-

glaucomatous damage

Neurodegenerative disorders of

methylglutaconic aciduria

detection, 264

children

Migraine, NAION in, 41

optic neuritis and multiple

gray matter neurodegenerative

Minocycline, for increased ICP,

sclerosis, 261–262

disorders, 190

74

poor producers of, 266

lipidoses, 190

Mitoxantrone, for NMO, 17

for unreliable field takers,

MPS, 189–190

Morning glory disc anomaly

264

white matter

optic disc coloboma v., 207

origins of, 259–260

neurodegenerative

overview of, 206

overview of, 245, 255

disorders, 190–192

peripapillary staphyloma v., 208

presentation and analysis of,

Neuroetinitis, optic neuritis with,

symptoms and signs of, 206

256–257

4–5

MPS. See Mucopolysaccharidosis

recording of, 255–256

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I)

MRI. See Magnetic resonance

topographical representation

diagnostic criteria for, 104

imaging

of, 257–258

management with, 108

MS. See Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS). See also

optic gliomas associated with,

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)

Clinical definite multiple

104

diagnosis of, 190

sclerosis

prognosis with, 107–108

in ICP and papilledema, 66–67

with LHON, 173

Neuroimaging

with optic neuropathy, 189–190

mfVEP for, 261–262

of benign anterior visual

Multifocal electroretinogram

MRI for, 8–9

pathway gliomas, 106

(mfERG), 245–255

OCT for, 242

of craniopharyngioma, 100

ganglion cell damage detection

optic disc pallor and nerve

of fibrous dysplasia, 103

with, 255

fiber layer atrophy with,

of IIH, 74

measuring latency and

2–3

of malignant anterior visual

amplitude in, 247–249

optic neuritis with, 1–3, 6

pathway gliomas, 110

need for, 266

development of, 8, 10

of NAION, 34

outer retina generation of, 250

genetic factors of, 7–8

of ocular lymphoma, 114

overview of, 245

prognosis of, 10–11

of ONSM, 89

presentation of, 247

risk factors for, 11–12

of PION, 51

recording of, 245–247

tests for, 8–10

of pituitary adenoma, 95–96

Index

279

of pituitary apoplexy, 97

risk factors of, 34

Optical canal decompression, for

of traumatic optic neuropathy,

symptoms and signs of, 31–32

traumatic optic

135–136

treatment of, 35–37

neuropathy, 137–139

of tuberculosis, 117

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Optical coherence tomography

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

(NHL), optic nerve

(OCT)

clinical course of, 16

infiltration with, 113

concluding remarks on, 243

diagnosis of, 15–16

Norepinephrine, intravenous, for

for LHON, 172–173

epidemiology of, 15

NAION, 35

for occult retinal disease,

with optic neuritis, 15–18

Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG)

242–243

pathophysiology of, 16

DOA v., 178, 180

for optic disc drusen, 211–212

treatment of, 16–18

overview of, 180–181

for optic nerve disorder

Neuroprotection, for LHON,

treatment of, 181

analysis, 240–242

176–177

NOS. See Inducible nitric oxide

for optic atrophy, 240–242

Neurotrophins, in traumatic optic

synthase

for optic disc edema, 240

neuropathy, 141

NTG. See Normal-tension

for optic nerve anomalies, 242

NF-I. See Neurofibromatosis type

glaucoma

for optic neuritis, 10

I

Nutritional optic neuropathies,

overview of, 235

NHL. See Non-Hodgkin’s

150–164

techniques of, 235–240

lymphoma

Cuban epidemic of, 153

macular scans, 240

NLP. See No light perception

evaluation of, 150–152

optic disc analysis, 237–239

NMDA receptor blockers, for

signs of, 150

papillomacular axis line

traumatic optic

symptoms of, 150

scan, 235–237

neuropathy, 140

types of, 151–155

peripapillary retinal nerve

NMO. See Neuromyelitis optica

Nystagmus, in benign anterior

fiber layer scan, 235–236

No light perception (NLP), with

visual pathway gliomas,

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

traumatic optic

105

135

neuropathy, 139–140

Optic disc

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic

O

in AION, 42

optic neuropathy

Obesity

with malignant anterior visual

(NAION), 31–42

with IIH, 71

pathway gliomas, 110

AION v., 42

with papilledema, 72

in NAION, 31–32

course and prognosis of, 32–33

Occult retinal disease, OCT for,

in Papilledema, 62

diagnostic tests of, 34

242–243

in PION, 49

differential diagnosis of, 33–34

OCT. See Optical coherence

Optic disc analysis, of OCT,

atypical features, 33

tomography

237–239

rim pallor, 33–34

Ocular adnexa, in traumatic optic

Optic disc coloboma

incidence of, 31

neuropathy, 135

overview of, 207

OCT for, 240

Ocular motility deficits, with

symptoms and signs of,

with optic disc drusen, 212

craniopharyngioma, 100

207–208

optic neuritis v., 33–34

ONDS. See Optic nerve

Optic disc drusen

other settings of, 37–42

decompression surgery

complications of, 212–213

chlamydia, 38

ONSD. See Optic nerve sheath

diagnostic tests for, 210–212

chronic anemias, 40

fenestration

NAION with, 37–38

coagulopathies, 40–41

ONSM. See Optic nerve sheath

overview of, 210

diabetic papillopathy, 37

meningiomas

symptoms and signs of, 210

elevated introcular pressure,

ONTT. See Optic Neuritis

treatment of, 213

39–40

Treatment Trial

Optic disc dysplasia, 209

in migraine, 41

OPA1 mutations, in DOA,

Optic disc excavation

optic disc drusen associated

177–180

in DOA, 178

with, 37–38

OPA2 mutations, in X-linked

in NTG, 178

shock-induced, 38–39

optic atrophy, 181

Optic disc pallor

sleep apnea syndrome,

Ophthalmoplegia, in benign

multiple sclerosis with, 2–3

41–42

anterior visual pathway

in NAION, 33

pathogenesis of, 34–35

gliomas, 105

visual residual deficits with, 11

280

Index

Optic disc pit

neuroimaging features of, 89

autosomal dominant

overview of, 208

prognosis and treatment of,

progressive optic atrophy

symptoms and signs of,

90–91

with progressive deafness

208–209

symptoms and signs of, 88–89

and ataxia, 184

Optic disc tumor, 220–231

Optic neuritis, 1–21

autosomal recessive optic

diagnostic testing for, 112

clinical presentation of, 1–3

atrophy, 181

glial tumors of retina, 221–223

signs, 1–3

autosomal recessive optic

management of, 112–113

symptoms, 1

atrophy with progressive

melanocytic tumors, 227–230

diagnostic and prognostic tests

hearing loss, spastic

choroidal melanoma, 229

for, 8–10

quadriplegia, dementia,

combined hamartoma, 230

atypical, 10

and death, 184–185

melanocytoma, 227–229

typical, 8–10

Behr’s syndrome, 181–182

prognosis of, 113

differential diagnosis of, 3–6

DOA, 177–180

of sensory retina and

mfVEP for, 261–262

fatal X-linked optic atrophy,

medullary epithelium,

MS risk factors with, 11–12

ataxia, and deafness, 185

220–221

in children, 11–12

in hereditary ataxias,

medulloepithelioma, 221

recurrent, 11

186–188

retinoblastoma, 220–221

NAION v., 33–34

hereditary optic atrophy

symptoms and signs of, 112

neuromyelitis optica with, 15–18

with progressive deafness

vascular tumors of retina,

diagnosis of, 15–16

and polyneuropathy,

223–227

epidemiology of, 15

184–185

Optic nerve

overview of, 1

in hereditary

anatomy of, 130–132

paraneoplastic optic

polyneuropathies, 188–189

intracanalicular optic nerve,

neuropathy syndromes,

LHON, 171–177

132

18–21

MGA, 183

intracranial optic nerve, 132

pathogenesis of, 6–8

in neurodegenerative

optic nerve head, 130–131

demyelination, 6–7

disorders of children,

orbital optic nerve, 131–132

epidemiological factors, 8

189–192

avulsion of, 133

genetic factors, 7–8

NTG, 180–181

mfERG diagnosing of 2,

treatment of, 12–15

opticoacoustic nerve atrophy

250–255

corticosteroids, 12–13

with dementia, 185

swelling of, 133

interferon beta-1a, 13–15

other syndromes, 192

Optic nerve decompression

IVIG, 13

PEHO syndrome, 185–186

surgery (ONDS), for

plasmapheresis, 13

SLOS, 192–193

NAION, 35–36

visual prognosis with, 10–11

Wolfram syndrome or

Optic nerve hemangioblastoma

visual residual deficits with, 11

DIDMOAD, 182–183

overview of, 225

Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial

X-linked optic atrophy, 181

symptoms and signs of, 225–226

(ONTT)

infiltrative, 103–119

treatment for, 226

conclusions from, 13

infectious, 117–119

Optic nerve hypoplasia, 201–203

MRI and MS with, 8

inflammatory, 115–117

diagnosis of, 201

optic neuritis differentiated

primary tumors, 103–111

neuroimaging of, 202–203

with, 2

secondary tumors, 111–115

overview of, 201

Optic neuropathies, 88–119

nutritional, 150–164

Optic nerve sheath fenestration

compressive, 88–103

Cuban epidemic of, 153

(ONSD)

of anterior visual pathway,

evaluation of, 150–152

benefits of, 76–77

88–91

folic acid deficiency, 155

complications of, 77

of optic nerve, 92–95

iatrogenic malabsorption

for IIH, 76–77, 79

sellar and suprasellar

syndrome-related, 155–156

LP shunting v., 78

compressive lesions, 95–103

other epidemics of, 154–155

overview of, 76

hereditary, 171–193

signs of, 150

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas

autosomal dominant

symptoms of, 150

(ONSM)

progressive optic atrophy

thiamine/B1 deficiency, 155

epidemiology of, 88

with congenital deafness,

tobacco-alcohol amblyopia,

histopathology of, 89–90

183

154

Index

281

vitamin B12 deficiency,

management, 74–79

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber

151–153

neuroimaging features, 74

layer scan, of OCT,

vitamin E deficiency, 155

pathogenesis, 71–72

235–236

zinc deficiency, 155

during pregnancy, 79

Peripapillary staphyloma, 208

toxic, 150–164

visual course and prognosis,

Pertussis, optic neuritis with, 4

amiodaroneand digoxin-

70–71

Phosphenes

associated, 157–159

with malignant anterior visual

in optic neuritis, 1

chloramphenicol-associated,

pathway gliomas, 110

in papilledema, 62

159

OCT for, 240

Photophobia, in optic neuritis, 1

clomiphene citrate-

pathology of, 66

Photopsias, in papilledema, 62

associated, 161

signs of, 62–65

Pial capillary plexus, in PION, 49

Cuban epidemic of, 153

chronic, 64–65

PION. See Posterior ischemic

disulfiram-associated, 159

early stages, 62–63

optic neuropathy

ethambutol-associated, 159

late stages, 63

Pituitary adenoma

ethylene glycol-associated,

symptoms of, 62

epidemiology of, 95

156

unilateral, 65

management of, 96–97

evaluation of, 150–152

visual loss mechanisms in, 66

neuroimaging of, 95–96

infliximab-associated,

Papillitis, optic neuritis with, 2, 5,

pathology of, 96

160–161

12

symptoms and signs of, 95

interferon-alpha-associated,

Papillomacular axis line scan, of

Pituitary apoplexy

160

OCT, 235–237

epidemiology of, 97

linezolid-associated, 160

Papillorenal syndrome, 209

neuroimaging of, 97

methanol-associated, 153,

Parainfectious optic neuritis,

pathogenesis of, 97

156

optic neuritis v., 4

symptoms and signs of, 97

methanol-induced, 156–157

Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy

treatment of, 97

other epidemics of, 154–155

syndromes

Plasmapheresis

radiation-induced, 162–164

malignancies associated with,

for NMO, 18

signs of, 150

21

for optic neuritis, 13

sildenafiland tadalafil-

optic neuritis with, 18–21

Platelet-derived growth factor

associated, 161–162

steroids for, 21

(PDGF), in GCA, 43

symptoms of, 150

treatment outcomes for, 19–20

Polyarteritis nodosa

tamoxifen-associated, 161

Paton’s lines, with elevated ICP,

AION with, 49

tobacco-alcohol amblyopia,

64

PION with, 50

154

PCNSL. See Primary central

Posterior ischemic optic

toluene associated, 157

nervous system lymphoma

neuropathy (PION), 49–52

traumatic, 130–144

PDGF. See Platelet-derived

incidence of, 49

of head injury, 130–142

growth factor

pathophysiology of, 49

of ocular surgery, 142–144

PEHO syndrome. See

perioperative, 50–52

Opticoacoustic nerve atrophy

Progressive

symptoms and signs of, 49

with dementia, 185

encephalopathy with

in systemic disorders, 49–50

Oral contraceptives, for increased

edema, hypsarrhythmia,

treatment of, 51–52

ICP, 74

and optic atrophy

Prednisone, oral

Orbital emphysema, 133

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease,

for GCA, 46–47

192

for Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

P

Perforating diathermy, for

93

Papilledema, 62–80

capillary hemangioma, 224

for idiopathic orbital

asymmetric, 65

Periarteritis nodosa, AION with,

inflammatory

cerebral venous sinus

49

pseudotumor, 94

thrombosis in, 67–69

Perineural growth, of benign

for idiopathic perioptic

with craniopharyngioma, 100

anterior visual pathway

neuritis, 117

diagnostic testing for, 65–66

gliomas, 107

for NMO, 16–17

IIH and, 64, 67, 69–79

Periorbital injections, traumatic

for optic neuritis, 12–13

diagnostic criteria, 70

optic neuropathies with,

for sarcoidosis, 116

epidemiology/genetics, 70

142

for tuberculosis, 118

Index

283

Surgery

evaluation of, 150–152

U

for benign anterior visual

OCT for, 242

Ultrasonography

pathway gliomas, 108–109

signs of, 150

for cavernous hemangioma,

for craniopharyngioma, 101

symptoms of, 150

225

for fibrous dysplasia, 103

types of, 156–164

of optic disc tumor, 112

for pituitary adenoma, 96

Trabeculectomy, traumatic optic

Uthohff’s phenomenon

for sphenoid wing

neuropathies after,

cause of, 11

meningioma, 99

143–144

with LHON, 173

for suprasellar meningioma, 99

Transvitreal optic neurotomy, for

optic neuritis with, 10–11

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

NAION, 37

Uveitis

138

Traumatic optic neuropathies,

posterior, optic neuritis with,

130–144

4–5

T

of head injury, 130–142

sarcoidosis with, 115

Tadalafil, in optic neuropathy,

diagnostic tests for,

161–162

134–136

V

Takayasu’s arteritis, AION with,

epidemiology of, 130

Vascular endothelial growth

49

localization of direct,

factor (VEGF), in GCA, 43

Tamoxifen, in optic neuropathy,

132–133

Vascular tumors of retina

161

localization of indirect,

capillary hemangioma, 223–224

Tay-Sachs disease, 190

133–134

cavernous hemangioma,

T cells

management of, 138–140

224–225

in GCA, 43

new perspectives for,

optic nerve hemangioblastoma,

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

140–142

225–226

140

optic nerve anatomy,

racemose hemangioma,

Temporal artery biopsy, for

130–132

226–227

GCA, 45

pathogenesis of, 137–138

Vasospasm, NAION with, 35

Temporal lobes, with malignant

pathology of, 136–137

VEGF. See Vascular endothelial

anterior visual pathway

visual prognosis of, 136

growth factor

gliomas, 110

of ocular surgery, 142–144

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP)

Tetracycline

after blepharoplasty, 144

shunting, for IIH, 77–78

in IIH, 75

after cataract surgery,

VEP. See Visual evoked potential

for increased ICP, 74

142–143

Vincristine, for benign anterior

Thiamine deficiency, in optic

after endoscopic sinus

visual pathway gliomas,

neuropathy, 155

surgery, 144

109

Thiazide diuretics, for IIH, 79

with periorbital injections,

Vision loss

Thrombocytosis, GCA and, 44

142

in AION, 42

Thrombolytic agents, for NAION,

after trabeculectomy,

in choroidal melanoma, 229

35

143–144

in combined hamartoma of

Thyroid autoantibodies, in

after vitrectomy, 143

retina and retinal pigment

neuromyelitis optica, 15–16

Tuberculin skin test, for

epithelium, 230

Thyroid ophthalmopathy, with

tuberculosis, 117

in craniopharyngioma, 100

Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

Tuberculosis

in DOA, 177–178

92

epidemiology of, 117

in idiopathic perioptic neuritis,

Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, optic

management of, 117–118

116

neuropathy with, 154

neuroimaging of, 117

in IIH, 70–71

Tobacco use

optic neuritis with, 4

medical treatment for, 75

with Grave’s ophthalmopathy,

pathology of, 117

in LHON, 171

92

symptoms and signs of, 117

in malignant anterior visual

NAION with, 34, 40

Tumor-necrosis factor-α, in GCA,

pathway gliomas, 109

optic neuropathy with, 154

47–48

in melanocytoma, 228

Toluene, in optic neuropathy, 157

Type III 3-methylglutaconic

in NTG, 181

Topiramate, for IIH, 75

aciduria (MGA), 183

in optic disc coloboma, 207

Toxic optic neuropathies,

Typhoid fever, optic neuritis with,

in optic neuritis, 1

150–164

4

in papilledema, 66

284

Index

Vision loss (cont.)

in optic neuritis, 1–2

Wegener’s vasculitis, AION with,

in toxic optic neuropathy,

in traumatic optic neuropathy,

49

150–151

135, 143

Weight loss, for papilledema,

Visual acuity

Vitamin A

72

with congenital disc

for IIH, 75

West Nile virus, optic neuritis

pigmentation, 215

for increased ICP, 74

and, 4

with morning glory disc

Vitamin B12, in nutritional optic

Whipple’s disease, optic neuritis

anomaly, 206

neuropathy, 151–153

with, 4

with ONSM, 88

Vitamin B1 deficiency, in optic

White matter neurodegenerative

with optic disc pit, 209

neuropathy, 155

disorders

with optic neuritis, 1

Vitamin E

adrenoleukodystrophy,

with peripapillary staphyloma,

deficiency of, in optic

190–191

208

neuropathy, 155

Canavan’s syndrome, 192

Visual evoked potential (VEP)

for FA, 187–188

Krabbe disease, 191–192

for congenital tilted disc

Vitrectomy

metachromatic leukodystrophy,

syndrome, 205

for combined hamartoma of

191

for Krabbe disease, 191

retina and retinal pigment

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease,

mfVEP v., 261

epithelium, 230

192

for nutritional optic

for ocular lymphoma, 114

Wolfram syndrome

neuropathy, 152

traumatic optic neuropathies

diagnostic testing for, 182

for optic disc drusen, 212

after, 143

molecular genetics and

for optic nerve hypoplasia, 201

Vitritis, optic neuritis with, 2

genetic heterogeneity of,

for optic neuritis, 10

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease,

182–183

residual deficits with, 11

optic neuritis and, 5

symptoms and signs of, 182

for sarcoidosis, 116

VP shunting. See

for traumatic optic neuropathy,

Ventriculoperitoneal

X

135

shunting

X-linked optic atrophy, 181

Visual field loss

in benign anterior visual

W

Z

pathway gliomas, 105

Warfarin, oral, for cerebral venous

Zinc deficiency, in optic

in craniopharyngioma, 100

sinus thrombosis, 69

neuropathy, 155