Index

A

A17 amacrine cells, branching cells, 82

A18 amacrine cells, wide-field amacrine, 82 Abducens damage, 230b–231b

Abducens nerve, 188 cranial nerve VI, 227 pathway, 227 sagittal section, 225f

Abducens nucleus, 227 Accessory lacrimal glands

contribution, 177 presence, 171f

secretory cell groups, 170–171 Accessory lacrimal glands of Wolfring, 165 Accommodation, 53b

loss (presbyopia), 55b

Accommodation-convergence reaction (near-point reaction), 260–261

Acetylcholine, presence, 27 Actin

insolubility, 101 myofibrils, 183f

myosin junction, breakage, 183 Actin filaments, sets, 182

Action potential, impact, 6

Active transport mechanisms, energy usage, 6–7 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), myosin attachment, 182 Adie pupil OD, 267f

Adie tonic pupil, 266b Adrenergic agonists, actions, 260f

Adrenergic antagonists, actions, 261f

Adrenergic neuromuscular junction, adrenergic agonist actions, 260f Adult lens, 98f

cortex, 98f

optical section, 100f structure, determination, 93

Aerobic glycolysis, ATP yield, 7 Afferent pathway, 218–224

accommodation-convergence reaction, 261 disruption, 262–265

indication, 264f

Afferent pupillary defect, 265b

Afferent pupillary light pathway, visual pathway (parallelism), 262 Against-the-rule astigmatism, occurrence, 10b

Age-related cataracts, 104f Age-related cortical cataract, 105

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 57b changes, 59

presence, 58f

Age-related nuclear cataract (ARNC), 105–106 Age-related vitreal changes, 119–120

Aging changes, 35b

clinical manifestations, 103 Agonist muscles, 195–197 Agonists (drugs), 259–260 AII cell (amacrine cell), 69

All-trans-retinal isomer, formation, 80 Altered macrophages, 40

Amacrine cells, 69 AII cell, 69

whole-mount view, 70f cell body, 69

ganglion cells, differentiation, 131 information, horizontal direction, 81–82 relays, 81f

synaptic contacts, 74f types, description, 69

Amacrines, glycine/GABA release, 78–79 Amorphous ground substance, components, 6 Anatomic directions, 2–4, 3f

Anatomic planes, 2–4, 3f

Anchoring collagen fibrils, branching/anastomosing network, 12 Anisocoria, 267b, 269f

Anisotropic band (A band), 182

Annular muscle of Müller, incompletion, 135 Annulus of Zinn (common tendinous ring), 153, 185

rectus muscles, origin, 226f Antagonist muscles, 195–197 Antagonists (drugs), 259–260 Anterior (anatomic direction), 3 Anterior border layer, iris, 40 Anterior chamber, 109–111, 137–138

aging chambers, 116–117 aqueous exit, 97

circumference, trabecular meshwork (impact), 109 light micrograph, 41f

lining, 138

Anterior chamber angle inclusion, 41f structure, 97f, 109–111

importance, 99b

transverse section, light micrograph, 111f

Anterior choriocapillaris, ciliary muscle (relationship), 206f Anterior ciliary arteries, 207–209

branches, 209f branching, 207–209

rectus muscles, relationship, 206f Anterior ciliary veins, 215

fluid absorption, 97

Anterior corneal surface, curvature, 21 Anterior epithelium, 42

basal aspect, myofilaments (proliferation), 137 continuation, 42

Anterior eye, vitreous relationships, 117f Anterior gamma suture, 98f

Anterior iris

apical epithelial portion, 45f basal muscular portion, 45f contraction folds, 43 epithelial layers, position, 43 epithelium, portions, 45f surface, 43

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 205b

Anterior knees of Wilbrand, 241 Anterior lens capsule

light micrograph, 95f thickness, 94f

Anterior lens epithelium, light micrograph, 95f, 97f Anterior limbal boundary, Descemet’s membrane

(tapering), 33 Anterior scleral foramen, 32

Anterior segment, periphery, 110f Anterior stroma, light micrograph, 15f Anterior synechia, occurrence, 43b

Anterior zonular insertion, scanning electron micrograph, 100f

Antiangiogenic factor, production, 75–76 Aponeurosis, 167

extensions, 163 Apoptosis, occurrence, 138

Aquaporin channel proteins, changes, 104 Aquaporins (AQPs), 6–7, 23–24 Aqueous chambers, 109

Aqueous dynamics, 96–97 Aqueous function, 56 Aqueous humor, 1

flow, 98f

metabolites/oxygen/glucose, provision, 97 Aqueous outflow

apparatus/tissues, drawing, 95f impedance, PAS (impact), 43b system, 110f

Aqueous production, 55–56 age-related decrease, 117

ciliary body capillaries/epithelial layers, impact, 55 circadian rhythm, relationship, 56

rate, 56

Arcuate scotoma, automated visual field, 247f Argyll Robertson pupil

left eye, 266f

light-near dissociation, 265 right eye, 266f

Arteries, radial branches, 46f Arterioles, formation, 134 Ascorbate, impact, 104

Astigmatism (clinical comment), 10b Astrocytes, 70

Automated visual field

arcuate scotoma/nasal step, 247f congruent defects, 248f

Autonomic efferent pathway, 253 Autonomic fibers, ganglion exit, 256 Autonomic nervous system, flow chart, 254f

Autonomic neurotransmitters, action sites, 259f Autonomic pathway, 253–258

Autonomic responses (alteration), pharmacologic agents (impact), 258

Axenfeld, scleral nerve loops, 220b Axons, 6

myelination, 138

B

Basal cells

keratin filaments, connection, 11–12 migration, 12

polygonal shape, 14f Basal lamina, 11

Bruch membrane, 53 Basement membrane

impact, 45f interruption, 53, 55f

material, deposit (excess), 57 RPE, 53

Basement membranelike strip, interposition, 51f Basilar artery, vertebral branches, 236 Basolateral membrane, ions (exit), 55–56

Bays processes, 49f Benign anisocoria, 267b

Bergmeister’s papilla, 130b, 131f

Best’s disease, right fundus (photo), 77f Beta proteins, stabilization, 100–101 Biomicroscope

examination, 174b usage, 4–5

Biomolecules, impact, 101

Bipolar axons, IPL termination, 80–81 Bipolar cells, 66–67

dendrites, plasma membrane, 80 information, transfer, 81 migration, 131

neural signal, 68 second-order neuron, 66 synaptic contacts, 74f

Bipolar dendrites synapse, 72 Bipolar terminals, contact, 73f Bitemporal visual field loss, 248f Blepharitis, 171b Blood-aqueous barrier, 56–57 Blood-retinal barrier, 88

Blood supply, 199 increase, 209b

innervation, relationship, 198–199 Blood vessels

absence, 99 importance, 28

fundus view, 88b permeability/barriers, 140–141

Blood vessels, sympathetic innervation, 234f Blow-out fracture, mechanism, 152f

Blue cone bipolar cell synapses, 67 Blunt trauma, 40b

Body structures, tissues, 5 Bowman’s layer, 13–15, 26

appearance, 135 characteristics, 13–15 corneal nerve, passage, 14f degeneration, 35b emergence, 136f junctions, 11

prenatal production, 15 regeneration, absence, 26

removal, photorefractive keratoplasty (usage), 15 sensory nerves, passage, 27

termination, 32–33, 110f Brain

information processing, occurrence, 218 lateral view, 125f

sagittal section, 224f, 226f Brodmann areas, 239f Brown’s syndrome, 198f

Brown superior oblique sheath syndrome, 197b Bruch membrane (basal lamina), 53

presence, 54f Bruch’s membrane

choroid section, 61

collagenous zones, basement membrane material deposit (excess), 57

development, 135

elastic sheet, presence, 135 layers, 55f

lipid accumulation, implications (summary), 58f

Brush bipolars, 66–67 Bulbar conjunctiva

biomicroscopic examination, 174b coverage, 172

fornices, 167 stretching, absence, 159 translucency, 173

C

Cadherins, 7–8

Calcarine fissure, 243–244 visual pathway, 239f

Calcium ion channels, vesicle fusion facilitation, 78 Canaliculi, 178

tubes, 178

Canal of Hannover, 111 Canal of Petit, 111

Canal of Schlemm, 50f, 110–111 inclusion, 41f

lumen, presence, 31f

Capillaries, peripapillary network, 88 Capillary beds, formation, 134 Capillary blood flow, measurement, 83 Capillary networks, formation, 87 Capillary system, 206f

Capsulopalpebral fascia (lower eyelid aponeurosis), 163 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, usage, 116 Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 215b

Carotid plexus, fibers, 253 Cataracts, 103–106

afferent pupillary defect, 265b clinical cataracts, 103b–104b formation, 103

physiology, 104–106 surgery, 104b

Cation channels, 6–7 closure, 80

Caudal (anatomic direction), 3 Cavernous sinus, 215–216

coronal section, 215f cross section, 223f thrombosis, 215b

wall, trochlear nerve (entry), 227 Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 7 Cell body, 64

Cell cords, palisade periphery, 34 Cell division, cessation, 127 Cell membrane

composition, 6 fluid/solute transport, 6–7 outer leaflet, contact, 7

surface, ridge-like elevations (fusion), 7 Cell migration, requirement, 26

Cell mitosis, location, 94–95

Cell size, coefficient of variation (determination), 22f Cells/rods (outer segments), relationship (3D drawing),

63f

Cell stability, 7–8

Cell-to-matrix adhesion, control, 26 Cellular anterior border layer, 41f

Cellular cytoplasm (cytosol), protein fibers (presence), 6 Cellular metabolic functions, 7

Cellular organelles, 99

Cell volume, regulation, 102

Central cornea, corneal nerve damage, 27–28 Central foveal reflex, 85b

Central human retina, ganglion cells, 68f Central meniscus of Kuhnt, 235f

Central nervous system (CNS), disruption, 265 Central retina, 83–86

Central retinal artery, 202–204, 214 branch, 202

Central vessels, atrophy, 137 Cerebral cortex, medial surface, 239f

Cerebral hemisphere, optic radiations (location), 244f Chalazion, 171b

photograph, 172f

Characteristic visual field defects, 246b Chemical-gated stimulants, 6–7 Chemical synapses, 78

Chlorine (Cl-) flux, importance, 102

Cholesterol molecules, impact, 6 Cholinergic agonists, actions, 261f Cholinergic antagonists, actions, 261f Cholinergic neuromuscular junction, 261f Chondroitin/dermatan sulphate (CS/DS), 16 Choriocapillaris, 53

basement membrane, interruption, 53, 55f density/diameter, reduction, 59 fenestration, 88

function, maintenance, 75–76 network, 54f

Choroid, 40, 51–53, 135 aging changes, 59

blood supply, drawing, 54f Bruch’s membrane, 61 extension, 51–52 functions, 57

innervation, 54f layers, histology, 52f

posterior termination, 235f stroma

characteristics, 52–53 melanocytes, 52

tissue, absence, 128f vessels, innervation, 53

Choroidal blood supply, drawing, 54f

Choroidal blood vessels, parasympathetic innervation, 237–238

Choroidal fissure, 124 Choroidal stroma, 52–53

characteristics, 52–53 Choroidal tissue, absence, 128f Choroidal vessels

blood flow, 210 evidence, 88f innervation, 53

Chromatic aberration, reduction, 83 Chromophore, photon absorption, 79 Cilia (cilium), 64

abnormalities, 161b

hair follicle, light micrograph, 171f Ciliary artery, branch, 202

Ciliary body, 40, 135 aging changes, 58

capillaries, aqueous production/secretion, 55 components, 50f

division, 47 epithelial layers, 61 functions, 53–57 inclusion, 41f inner aspect, 49f

light micrograph, 51f longitudinal muscle, 97f muscle, 50f partitions/layers, 48f section, 209f supraciliaris, 48

transverse section, light micrograph, 50f zonule fibers, 47–48

Ciliary epithelial layers, light micrograph, 52f Ciliary epithelium (ciliary epithelia), 51

layers, light micrograph, 52f

production (inhibition), drugs (usage), 116 Ciliary ganglion, 188

characteristics, 255–256 damage, 266

Ciliary junction, 30b Ciliary muscle, 48

components, 50f

connective tissue, increase, 58 contraction, 98

impact, 53b inhibition, 256b

Epithelial tissue, 5 sheets, 5

Epithelium, 10–12, 23–24 cell turnover, 26 composite drawing, 96f cytoplasm, 45f

layers, 42

apex to apex position, 51 pigment, loss, 58 replacement, 12–13

Epithelium-fiber interface (EFI), 95–96 Equator, cells (mitosis), 127–128 Ethmoid arteries, 202, 205–207 Ethmoid bone, 144

characteristic, 148 impact, 149 orbital plate, 149

Excyclorotation, 184–185 Exocrine glands, 5 Exophthalmos, 158b

External carotid artery, 210–212 branches

flow chart, 213f

ocular adnexa supply, 212f terminal branch, 210–211

External collectors, 50f External hordeolum, 171f

External limiting membrane (ELM), 62f, 71 Extraocular muscles, 139–140

action, 194t

aging changes, 199–200 assessment, 196b blood supply, 211t

denseness, 183 clinical evaluation, 190 enlargement, 197b evidence, 140f

fatigue resistance, 183–184 fibers

layers, organization, 189–190 sizes, range, 183–184

types, divisions, 190 inferior branch, 199 innervation, 189t, 195 insertions, 188f, 194t

macroscopic anatomy, 185–190 muscle length, changes, 199f origin, 194t

structure, 183–184 superior branch, 199

Eyeball, vertical meridian, 156f Eyebrows, 159

components, 159

control, forehead muscles (impact), 160f Eyelids (palpebrae), 139, 159–172

assessment, biomicroscope (usage), 4–5 blood supply, 172

closure, 160f, 178 conditions, 171b

Eastern Asian descent, 160 eversion, 164b

fluid accumulation, 165b glands, 165

histologic features, 165–171 innervation, 171–172 margin, 161

light micrograph, 170f mucocutaneous junction, 173 parts, division, 161

muscles, 165–167 palpebral portion, 161–162 ptosis, 230f

sagittal section, 163f, 166f

Eyelids (palpebrae) (Continued) structures, 161–165

surface anatomy, 160f tarsal plate (tarsus), 164 topography, 160

Eye movements, 184–185 control, 227

direction, 196f result, 184

Eyes, 1–4 accommodation, 53b adduction, 192 anatomic features, 1–2 anterior chamber, 1

anterior surface, team film (spreading), 159 blood supply, 206f

blunt trauma, 40b chambers, 1

ciliary circulation, horizontal section, 208f coats/tunics, 1

duction, movement, 185f early development, 125f

full thickness, photomicrograph, 52f human embryo, light micrograph, 139f layers, 1

neural layer, 61

optical components, image focus, 4

outer connective tissue coat, appearance, 10 posterior chamber, 1

primary position, 198f movements, 192

proptosis, 158f protection, 1

secondary positions, movements, 192–193 sensory nerves, supply, 218

slit-lamp examinations, 118f sympathetic innervation, 268f vascular layer, 1

vitreous chamber, 1

F

Face, bones, 144–148 Facial artery, 210 Facial nerve

cranial nerve VII, 227–231 pathway, 227–231

illustration, 228f temporal/zygomatic branches, 171–172

Facial nuclei (facial nucleus), 227 sagittal section, 225f

Far peripheral retina, ganglion cells, 68f Fascia bulbi (Tenon’s capsule), 175 Fascial expansions, 187

Fat cells, 5

Fenestrated capillaries, network, 55 Fenestrations, presence, 135

Fetal fissure, 124 closure, 134 Fetal lenses, 98f Fetal nucleus, 98f inclusion, 96

Fiber layer of Chievitz, 130–131, 132f–133f Fiber orientation, visual fields

(relationship), 240–249 Fibers, 95

components, 100–101 elastic-like network, 115 epithelium interface, 95–96 formation, 101

inhibitory feedback, 265 interruption, 247f junctions, 101

membranes, interdigitation, 101

Myosin (Continued)

ATP attachment, 182 myofibrils, 183f

Myosin fibers, 6

N

Na/K/ATPase pumps, location, 6–7 Nasal bones, impact, 148

Nasal direction-adduction, 192 Nasal fibers, travel, 240

Nasal step, 246b

automated visual field, 247f Nasociliary nerve, 222f

formation, 221

Nasolacrimal drainage system, 140, 178 Nasolacrimal duct, 178

Nasolacrimal system, 140

Near-point reaction (accommodation-convergence reaction), 260–261

Near pupillary response, 263f Neck

circulation, 202

internal carotid artery, contact, 202 Nerve fiber layer (NFL), 62f, 74 Nerve fiber orientation, 241f

Nerve tissue, 6 cell types, 6

Nervous system, 218 Neural cells

death, 249–250 number/distribution, 78

Neural crest cells differentiation, 135 separation, 124f

Neural ectoderm, invagination, 51 Neural fold, growth, 124f

Neural groove, invagination, 124f Neural retina, 130–134

Neural signals, 76–77 Neural tube

formation, 124f

inner surface, indentations, 123–124 Neuroblastic layers, formation/completion, 130–131 Neuroglia, 6

Neuroglial cells, 70

number, neuron number (comparison), 6 Neuronal cell bodies/processes, 70 Neurons, 6

Neurotransmitters, 78–79, 258–259 action, drug replication, 259

Neurotrophic keratitis, 28b

Nonpigmented cells, basal/basolateral aspects, 51 Nonpigmented ciliary epithelium (NPE), 51, 55

basolateral membrane, ions (exit), 55–56

Nonpigmented epithelium, internal limiting membrane, 111 Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, OD (fundus photo), 75f Norepinephrine

recycling, 259 release, 260f

Nuclear cataracts, 103b–104b presence, 105f

Nuclear sclerotic cataract (NSC), 120

O

Oblique muscles, 192–193 complexity, 198

Occipital bone, 144 impact, 144

Occipital lobe striate cortex, 239f

visual area/striate cortex, 239f Occipital lobe, visual pathway, 239f Occludin, 7

Occluding junction, 7 Ocular adnexa

lymphatic drainage, 216f structures, 159

supply, external carotid artery branches, 212f Ocular adnexa, development, 138–140 Ocular albinism, 133b

Ocular circulation aging, effect, 216 physiology, 209–210

Ocular coherence tomography (OCT) scan, right macular area, 86f Ocular development/mutation, RAX (impact), 141

Ocular motility testing, 196b Ocular movement terminology, 186t Ocular structures

development, 123–138 embryologic derivation, 123b genetic implications, 141 parasympathetic pathway, 255–256 sympathetic system supply, 253

Ocular structures, sympathetic pathway, 233–236 Oculocardiac reflex, 224b

Oculomotor damage, 229b Oculomotor foramen, 186 Oculomotor nerve

cranial nerve III, 224–225 exit, 225

nuclei, lateral/dorsal views, 225f pathway, 225

regeneration, aberration, 229b sagittal section, 225f

Oculomotor nucleus, 224–225 midbrain location, 224

OFF bipolars, 80

OFF cells, designations, 80 Oligodendrocytes, 6

ON bipolars, 80

ON cells, designations, 80

Opaque cornea, collagen fibrils (orientation), 17f Ophthalmic agonist agents, 259–260 Ophthalmic antagonist agents, 260

Ophthalmic artery, 188, 202–210 branches, 202

orbit, view, 203f origin, order, 204t terminal branch, 209

Ophthalmic Graves disease, asymmetric signs, 158f Ophthalmic instrumentation, 4–5

Ophthalmic nerve formation, 221 orbit, 219f

Ophthalmoscope, usage, 4 Opsin, formation, 79 Optic chiasm, 236–237

blood supply, 240 fibers

exit, 241–242 orientation, 242f

sagittal section, 237f

third ventricle, floor, 236–237

vessels of circle of Willis, relationship, 236f Optic cup, 127–134

cell layers, 127

inferior surface, views, 126f

inner layer, basement membrane, 130–131 internal carotid artery entry, 128–130 layers, apposition, 130

lip, elongation, 137 longitudinal section, 126f

outer layer, pigment (evidence), 140f surface, glial cells, 130

Optic disc, 86–87, 240–241 assessment, 87b

Optic disc (Continued) glial tissue, 131f margins, flatness, 87

peripapillary adhesion, 117 retinal elements, absence, 86

surface, nerve fiber orientation, 241f Optic fissure, 124

closure, 126f

Optic nerve, 138, 233–236, 241 capillaries, 239–240 choroid, connection, 51–52 cupping, 32b

damage, 154b formation, 126f head, 86

elevation, 88f

surfaces, three-dimensional mapping, 5 inferior branch, 225

intraocular section, 233 longitudinal section, 205f meningeal sheaths, 233–234 passage, 32

Optic neuritis, 265b Optic pits, 123–124 Optic radiations

nerve fiber bundles, 249f striate cortex projection, 249f

Optic radiations (geniculocalcarine tract), 237–238, 243 anterior radiations, 240

divisions, 240

fibers, middle group, 240

posterior cerebral artery, branches, 240 result, 247f

Optic stalk buckling, 124

fetal fissure, closure, 134 longitudinal view, 126f transverse sections, 126f

Optic strut, 153

Optic tract, 237, 241–242 Optic vesicle

buckling, 124 evagination, 124

Optomap, fundus (display), 77f Ora, bays/dentate processes, 49f Ora serrata

choroid, connection, 51–52 light micrograph, 52f

retina, peripheral termination, 86

RPE basement membrane, continuity, 53 Orbicularis ciliaris (pars plana), 47 Orbicularis muscle, motor control, 171–172 Orbicularis oculi, 159

action, 162 muscle, 161–162 orbital portion, 162

palpebral portion, 161–162 Orbit, 139, 148–158

aging changes, 158 blow-out fracture, 149b bones, anterior view, 150f composition, 148 connective tissue, 154–158

arrangement, 154 drainage, 214f fascial system

horizontal section, 157f vertical section, 156f

horizontal section, 154f lateral view, 214f

lateral wall, formation, 147 nerves, 155f

ophthalmic artery, branches, 203f

Orbit (Continued) section, 139f shape, 148

sinuses, relationship, 154 veins, 212–216

vessels, 155f

Orbit, separation, 149–150 Orbital adnexa, aging changes, 179 Orbital apex, 187f

globe, removal, 226f Orbital area, viewpoint, 164f Orbital cellulitis, 154b

Orbital connective tissue structures, 190 Orbital cranial nerves, 219t

Orbital fat, 157–158 derivation, 139

Orbital floor, bones, 151f Orbital foramina/fissures, 153 Orbital margins, 150–152

spiral shape, 154f

Orbital muscle of Müller, 157 Orbital optic nerve, 235f

Orbital periosteum (periorbita), 155 Orbital plate, 148–149

Orbital roof, bones, 151f

Orbital sensory innervation, 218–224 Orbital septal system, 157

Orbital septum, 155–156

lateral palpebral ligament, relationship, 155 medial margin, 155

removal, 164f Orbital walls, 148–150

angular relationship, 149f damage, 152f

sinus cavities, location, 155f Outer collagenous zone, 53 Outer fiber, 64

Outer neuroblastic layer, components, 132f–133f Outer nuclear layer (ONL), 71

Outer plexiform layer (OPL), 62f dendritic tree, 69f

synapses

linear arrangement, 132f–133f occurrence, 78

Outer retina (nutrient supply), vascular choroid (usage), 57 Outer synaptic layer, 72

Outflow channels, anatomy, 97f Outflow pathway, resistance, 115 Overnight corneal swelling, 25b Oxidative stress

induction, ROS (impact), 27 UVR, relationship, 102

Oxygen depletion, supply, 28b Oxygen supply

closed eye conditions, 24 reduction, 25

P

P2 ganglion cell, termination, 67 Paired antagonist model, 197–198 Paired obliques, primary actions, 198 Palatine bones, 148

Palisades of Vogt, 34–35

fibrovascular tissue, radial projections, 34 limbal stem cell niche, 34

niche, 34

Palpebrae (eyelids), 139, 159–172 Palpebral blood supply, 173f Palpebral conjunctiva, submucosa, 169 Palpebral fissure, 159

Palpebral ligaments, 165 Palpebral muscles, 166f Papilledema, 87b, 214b

Parafoveal areas, 86 Paranasal sinuses, 153–154

location, 155t Parasympathetic innervation, 99b

flow chart, 257f–258f impact, 235f

Parasympathetic nucleus, inhibitory feedback, 265 Parasympathetic stimulation

lacrimation, increase, 256 pupillary constriction, 256 Parasympathetic system, 253

activation, 262

Pars plana (orbicularis ciliaris), 47

ciliary epithelial layers, light micrograph, 52f columnar cells, 51

extension, 47

Pars plicata (corona ciliaris), 47 cuboidal cells, 51

PAX2 (gene), mutations, 141 Perichoroidal space, 52

Pericytes (Rouget cells), ability, 53 Perifoveal areas, 86

Perimysium, 182

Periorbita (orbital periosteum), 155 Peripapillary choriocapillaris, 204 Peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy, 89 Peripheral anterior synechia (PAS), 43b Peripheral crypts, 43

Peripheral retina, 86

Peripheral retinal degeneration, 86b Peripheral retinal traction, 119b Peripheral vision, 83b

Persistent pupillary membrane, 137b Petrous portion (temporal bone), 144 Photokeratitis (UVR overexposure), 27b Photon, light (changes), 79

Photopic vision, 76 Photoreceptor cells, 62–66, 71

absence, 86 illustration, 64f neural signal, 68

Photoreceptors activation, 80 dark current, 79f depolarization, 80

glutamate, release, 78–79 hyperpolarization, 80

light stimulation, absence, 79 location, 84 migration/maturation, 131–133 outer segments, growth, 132f–133f

Photorefractive keratoplasty (PRK) removal, 15

usage, 29b Phototransduction, 79–80

photon, change, 79

Physiologic blind spot, scotoma (central visual field plots), 245f Physostigmine, indirect-acting cholinergic agonist, 261f

Pig embryo, light micrograph, 140f Pigmentary dispersion syndrome, 47b Pigmented iris epithelium, transition, 51f

Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), 75–76 Pigment mottling, 58f

Pilocarpine, direct-acting cholinergic agonist, 260 impact, 261f

Pingueculae, 175b connective tissue, 175b photograph, 175f

Pituitary adenoma, CT scan, 248f Plasmalemma, 64–65 Pleomorphism, 20

inclusion, 89

Plexiform layers, appearance, 131

Point-to-point localization (retinotopic map), 242 Poles, 93

Polymegathism, 20 Pons, groove, 227 Positions of gaze, 185

extraocular muscles, innervation, 195 Posterior (anatomic direction), 3 Posterior cerebral artery, branches, 240 Posterior chamber, 111

regions, 97f

Posterior ciliary arteries, 204–207 globe entry, 57

Posterior epithelial cells, elongation, 127–128, 129f Posterior epithelium, 42–43

layers, 45f

lens fibers, relationship, 96 Posterior iris, 41f

epithelial layers, position, 43 surface, 43–46

pigment granules, shedding, 47b Posterior lens capsule, thickness, 94f Posterior lens surface, attachment, 93 Posterior sclera, 33f

globe, posterior portion, 220f

Posterior scleral foramen, optic nerve passage, 32 Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), 103b–104b, 106

photograph, 105f

Posterior synechia, pupillary margin involvement, 43b Posterior vascular tunic, formation, 128–130 Posterior vitreal detachment, 119b

Postganglionic fibers ganglion exit, 253 skull entry, 267b–270b

Postlaminar optic nerve, 236f Potassium channels (K+ channels), 6–7

Potassium ions (K+ ions), circulation, 55–56 Precorneal film (retention), microvilli

(involvement), 14f

Preganglionic fibers, dorsal column exit, 267b–270b Preganglionic neuron, location, 255

Prelaminar optic nerve, 236f Prematurity, retinopathy, 134b Presbyopia, 99b, 103

accommodation loss, 55b Presenting anisocoria, 269f Preseptal cellulitis, 155b

Presynaptic membrane, action potential (impact), 6 Primary gaze, 230f

Primary position, 196 movements, 192

Primary visual cortex (striate cortex), 238–239 location, 238

organization, 238 Procerus, 159 Proptosis, 158f Proteoglycans (PG), 16

Proximal (anatomic direction), 3 Pseudoesotropia, origin, 161f Pterygia, 175b

connective tissue, 175b Pterygium

photograph, 176f Pterygium, overgrowth, 175b Pterygoid process, 147–148 Pterygoid venous plexus, 214

Pterygopalatine fossae, 147–148 maxillary nerve formation, passage, 222

Pterygopalatine ganglion, 222 Ptosis, 164b

presence, 268f unilateral ptosis, 164f

Puncta, 178

Pupillary constriction, 256

Superficial conjunctival cells, surface, 168 Superficial temporal artery, 210–211

terminal branch, 210–211 Superior (anatomic direction), 3 Superior colliculus, 239 Superior eyelids, 209

Superior nasal fibers, superior chiasm entry, 241 Superior oblique muscle, 189

action, 192 length/width, 189 origin, 189

trochlea, impact, 189 Superior ophthalmic vein, 212

angular/supraorbital veins, connection, 212 Superior orbital fissure, 153, 227

edges, 155

medial posterior edge, 153 nerves/vessels, entry, 155f roof separation, 149–150

Superior orbital margin ridge (formation), frontal bone (impact), 148

Superior palpebral levator muscle, 162–163 Superior palpebral sulcus, elimination, 160 Superior rectus muscle, 188

contraction, Fick’s axes (globe movement), 193f innervation, 188

insertion, 188 Superior retinal artery, 87

Superior retinal quadrants, fibers (termination), 242 Suprachoroidal space, 52

Suprachoroidea (suprachoroid lamina), 54f Suprachoroid lamina

lamina fusca, 52 suprachoroidea, 54f

Supraciliaris (supraciliary lamina), 48 sclera, detachment, 50f

Supraorbital artery, 202, 207 origin, 207

Supratrochlear artery, 202, 209 Supratrochlear notch, 150 Supraversion, 185

Surface cells age/degeneration, 11 polygonal shape, 14f

Surface ectoderm, 123 covering layers, 125f

lens vesicle, separation, 127 Suspensory ligament (of Lockwood), 156

connective tissue, 156 Swinging-flashlight test, 262b–265b

response, 265f usage, 262

Sympathetic fibers hypothalamus control, 253 travel, 253

Sympathetic innervation, 268f flow chart, 257f–258f

Sympathetic nerves fibers, presence, 27 plexus, 202

Sympathetic pathway damage, 267b–270b disruption, 266–270 origination, 253

Sympathetic stimulation, impact, 236 Sympathetic system, 253

Synapses, 6

linear arrangement, 132f–133f Synaptic complexes, appearance, 131 Synaptic contacts

arrangements, 73f occurrence, 72

Synaptic densities, 72

Synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter release, 78 Synkinesis, 260–261

T

Tarsal conjunctiva, 172

Tarsal glands (meibomian glands), 165 Tarsal muscle of Müller, 163–164

development, 139

Tarsal plate, 160, 164–165, 167 Tear drainage, 178–179

Tear film, 21, 176–179 assessment, 177b coverage, 176 distribution, 177–178

goblet cell storage/secretion, 168 schematic representation, 176f spreading, 159

Tear film breakup time (TBUT), 177b Tears

overflow, 162b pooling, 159

Teenagers, right eye (normal fundus), 75f Temporal arteritis, 211b

Temporal bones, 144 composition, 144 petrous portion, 144 squamous portion, 144

Temporal crescent, 244b–245b

Temporal field (physiologic blind spot), scotoma (central visual field plots), 245f

Temporal fossae, 154b Temporal retina, nasal field, 245f Tendinous ring, 185

Tenon capsule, 110f formation, 31f

Tenon’s capsule, 156, 175–176 episclera, connection, 30 fascia bulbi, 175

formation, 176 location, 33 piercing, 156

Terminal bar, 7

zonula occludens/adherens, 61–62 Tertiary vitreous, stretching, 130f Thick myofibrils, 182

Thick-walled blood vessels, 41 Thin myofibrils, 182

Third nerve palsy, left eye OS, 230f Three-layered endothelium, separation, 136f Tissue of Kuhnt, formation, 138 Tonofilaments, 7–8

Torsions, 184–185 movement, questions, 185

Trabeculae, prominence, 46f Trabecular meshwork, 50f, 109–110

configuration (change), ciliary muscle contraction (impact), 53b

inclusion, 41f separation, 109 visibility, 138

Trabecular sheets, pigment/debris deposits, 116b Transepithelial ionic transport, fluid production, 55 Transient fiber layer of Chievitz, 130–131, 132f–133f Transporting epithelia, polarization, 6–7

trans retinol, uptake, 80 Transverse (anatomic plane), 3

Transverse tubules (T tubules), ion spread, 182 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, usage, 25 Trichiasis, 161b

Trigeminal ganglion, fibers (exit), 223 Trigeminal nerve

activation, irritation, 256 divisions, 222f

Trigeminal nerve (Continued) formation, 223–224 mandibular division, 223 maxillary division, 221–222 ophthalmic division, 218–221 sagittal section, 225f

Trochlea attachment, 148 origin, 189

Trochlear damage, 229b–230b Trochlear nerve

cranial nerve IV, 225–227 entry, 227

pathway, 226–227 sagittal section, 225f

Trochlear nucleus, 225–226 Troponin-tropomyosin complex, calcium

(binding), 182 Tunics (coats), 1 Two-layered epithelium

basal lamina basis, 136f separation, 136f

Tyndall phenomenon, 56b–57b

U

Ultrafiltration, occurrence, 55 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), 102

absorption, 27

lens fiber absorption, 102 lifetime exposure, 105

overexposure (photokeratitis), 27b oxidative stress, relationship, 102 Unaccommodated ciliary ring, diameter

(decrease), 99b

Unaccommodated lens, refractive power, 93 Uncrossed retinal ganglion cell axons, course, 243f Unilateral ptosis, 164f

Unmyelinated nerve fibers, 6 passage, 234

Upper eyelids canaliculi, 178 extension, 160

lateral aspect, sensory fibers, 221 light micrograph, 167f meeting, 159

muscles, sensory fibers, 221 sagittal section, 163f sensory innervation, 221f

Uvea, 135–137

aging changes, 58–59 functions, 53–57 innervation, 57–58 sensory innervation, 57–58 structures, 1

tract, 40

Uveal blood vessels, 206f Uveal innervation, 57–58 Uveal meshwork, 97f

ropelike components, 95f Uveal tract, 40

blood supply, 57

V

Vascular choroid, nutrient supply, 57

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 120 impact, 75–76

overproduction, 75–76 release, 28b

Vascular primary vitreous, 130f Veins, radial branches, 46f Venous branches, location, 214 Venous channel, 110

Venous sinus drainage, superior view, 216f

Ventral (anatomic direction), 3 Venules

formation, 134 joining, 52–53

Vergences (versions), 185 Vertebrate retinas, synaptic contacts

(arrangements), 73f Vertical rectus muscles, 192

Vidian nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion entry, 256 Visual-evoked response (VER), recordation, 144b Visual field, 5

defects, 246b

visual pathway, display, 247f

fiber orientation, relationship, 240–249 striate cortex, schematic, 250f

testing, 244b–245b

Visual information, striate cortex (combination), 239

Visual pathway

afferent pupillary light pathway, parallelism, 262 aging, 249–250

blood supply, 239–240 cells/synapses, 233 display, 247f

fibers, indication, 263f illustration, 234f second-order neuron, 66 structures, anatomy, 233–239 vascular pathway, 240f

Visual pigments activation, 79–80 location, 79

Visual system, 2f information collection, 1 specialization, 82–83

Vitamin A deficiency, 168b Vitreal attachments, 117 Vitreal function, 119 Vitreous, 138

presence, 62

Vitreous attachment, 117 Vitreous cells, location, 119 Vitreous chambers, 109, 117–120 Vitreous composition, 118–119 Vitreous cortex, 118

Vitreous physiology, 120 Vitreous production, 56

Vitreous structures, Eisner’s interpretation, 118f Vitreous zones, 117–118

Voltage-gated stimulants, 6–7 Voluntary muscle tissue, 6 Vortex veins, 52–53, 214

drainage, 214 formation, 135

W

Wake/sleep cycle, 83

Water movement, depiction, 25f

Water soluble alpha crystallins, decrease, 102–103 Whitnall’s ligament, 162

level, 191f

Wide-field amacrine cells (A17 cells), 69 Wing cells

formation, 136f light micrograph, 15f

Wing pairs, projection, 154b With-the-rule astigmatism, occurrence, 10b Wolfring, accessory lacrimal glands, 165

Y

Yoke muscles, 197 cardinal positions, 199f

Y sutures, 96–97