Fig. 5.19  VEGF after SLS corneal exposure

Dose response SLS VEGF from SM

structure of the cornea toward a chemical trauma. There is a considerable difference between time points of observation, types of exposure, and specific reactions of the tissue. Due to the mediator release, the response of the whole organism is triggered. Thus, prostaglandin release will cause vascular changes, itching, and pain; substance P release gives similar reactions. The interleukins result in attraction of cells from the blood vessels, and the VEGF is a strong factor of the totally undesired vascularization of the clear cornea. We can show by these experimental data that, beyond doubt, in contrast to former assumptions, the cornea itself triggers the reaction of the surrounding tissues and that the key role of treatment is to treat the release of inflammation from the cornea.

References

 1. Schrage, N.F., Flick, S., Redbrake, C., Reim, M.: Electrolytes in the cornea: a therapeutic challenge. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234(12), 761–764 (1996)

 2. Schrage, N.F., Flick, S., von Fischern, T., Wenzel, M.: Temperaturveränderungen der Hornhaut unter verschiedenen Verbänden. Ophthalmologe 94(7), 492–495 (1997)

 3. von Fischern, T., Lorenz, U., Burchard, W.-G., Reim, M., Schrage, N.F.: Changes in mineral composition of rabbit corneas after alkali burn. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1998) 236, 553–558 (1998)

 4. Gerard, M., Louis, V., Merle, H., Josset, P., Menerath, J.M., Blomet, J.: Experimental study about intra-ocular penetration of ammonia. J Fr Ophtalmol 22(10), 1047–1053 (1999). French

 5. Spöler, F., Frentz, M., Först, M., Kurz, H., Schrage, N.F.: Dynamic analysis of chemical eye burns using high-resolu- tion optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 12(4), 041203 (2007)

 6. Rihawi, S., Frentz, M., Becker, J., Reim, M., Schrage, N.F.: The consequences of delayed intervention when treating chemical eye burns. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245(10), 1507–1513 (2007)

 7. Kuckelkorn, R., Kottek, A., Schrage, N., Reim, M.: Poor prognosis of severe chemical and thermal eye burns: the need for adequate emergency care and primary prevention. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 67(4), 281–284 (1995)

 8. Maurer, J.K., Parker, R.D., Jester, J.V.: Extent of initial corneal injury as the mechanistic basis for ocular irritation: key findings and recommendations for the development of alternative assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 36(1), 106– 117 (2002)

 9. Kuckelkorn, R., Makropoulos, W., Kottek, A., Reim, M.: Retrospective study of severe alkali burns of the eyes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 203(6), 397–402 (1993)

10.Koh, H.J., Kim, S.H., Kwon, O.W.: Inadvertent topical exposure to isocyanates caused damage to the entire eyeball. Korean J Ophthalmol 14(1), 38–40 (2000)

11.Miyamoto, F., Sotozono, C., Ikeda, T., Kinoshita, S.: Retinal cytokine response in mouse alkali-burned eye. Ophthalmic Res 30(3), 168–171 (1998)

12.Green, K., Paterson, C.A., Siddiqui, A.: Ocular blood flow after experimental alkali burns and prostaglandin administration. Arch Ophthalmol 103(4), 569–571 (1985)

13.Qazi, K., Gerson, L.W., Christopher, N.C., Kessler, E., Ida, N.: Curling iron-related injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med 8(4), 395–397 (2001)

14.Nicaeus, T., Erb, C., Rohrbach, M., Thiel, H.J.: An analysis of 148 outpatient treated occupational accidents. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 209(4), A7–A11 (1996)

15.Vajpayee, R.B., Gupta, N.K., Angra, S.K., Chhabra, V.K., Sandramouli, S., Kishore, K.: Contact thermal burns of the cornea. Can J Ophthalmol 26(4), 215–218 (1991)

16.Pelletier, C.R., Jordan, D.R.: An unusual and severe thermal burn to the eye and adnexa. Can J Ophthalmol 31(6), 319– 323 (1996)

17.Mirza, G.E., Karakucuk, S.: A rare corneal injury caused by molten lead. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 71(4), 573–574 (1993)

18.Tuppurainen, K.: Cryotherapy for eyelid and periocular basal cell carcinomas: outcome in 166 cases over an 8-year period. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233(4), 205–208 (1995)

19.Jayamanne, D.G., Bell, R.W.: Non-penetrating corneal foreign body injuries: factors affecting delay in rehabilitation of patients. J Accid Emerg Med 11(3), 195–197 (1994)

20.Liston, R.L., Olson, R.J., Mamalis, N.: A comparison of rust-ring removal methods in a rabbit model: small-gauge hypodermic needle versus electric drill. Ann Ophthalmol 23(1), 24–27 (1991)

21.Reim, M., Redbrake, C., Schrage, N.: Chemical and thermal injuries of the eyes. Surgical and medical treatment based on clinical and pathophysiological findings. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 76(2), 79–124 (2001)

22.Midelfart, A., Hagen, Y.C., Myhre, G.B.: Chemical burns to the eye. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 124(1), 49–51 (2004)

23.http://acto . de/media/pdf/EVEIT- %20ISOT%20 2006-zusammenfassung.swf

24.Kompa, S., Schareck, B., Tympner, J., Wustemeyer, H., Schrage, N.F.: Comparison of emergency eye-wash products in burned porcine eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240(4), 308–313 (2002)

25.Rihawi, S., Frentz, M., Schrage, N.F.: Emergency treatment of eye burns: which rinsing solution should we choose? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244(7), 845–854 (2006)

26.Cejkova, J., Stipek, S., Crkovska, J., Ardan, T.: Changes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the corneal epithelium after UVB rays. Histochemical and biochemical study. Histol Histopathol 15(4), 1043–1050 (2000)

27.Hermel, M., Heckelen, A., Kirchhof, B., Schrage, N.F.: Inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid on human retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation compared to cytostatic drugs– influence of histamine. Inflamm Res 50(Suppl 2), S93–S95 (2001)

28.Maurer, J.K., Molai, A., Parker, R.D., Li, L., Carr, G.J., Petroll, W.M., Cavanagh, H.D., Jester, J.V.: Pathology of ocular irritation with bleaching agents in the rabbit low-vol- ume eye test. Toxicol Pathol 29(3), 308–319 (2001)

29.Yuen, H.K., Yeung, B.Y., Wong, T.H., Wu, W.K., Lam, D.S.: Descemet membrane detachment caused by hydrogen peroxide injury. Cornea 23(4), 409–411 (2004)

30.Watt, B.E., Proudfoot, A.T., Vale, J.A.: Hydrogen peroxide poisoning. Toxicol Rev 23(1), 51–57 (2004)

31.Beiran, I., Miller, B., Bentur, Y.: The efficacy of calcium gluconate in ocular hydrofluoric acid burns. Hum Exp Toxicol 16(4)), 223–228 (1997)

32.Hojer, J., Personne, M., Hulten, P., Ludwigs, U.: Topical treatments for hydrofluoric acid burns: a blind controlled experimental study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(7), 861–866 (2002)

33.Mathieu, L., Nehles, J., Blomet, J., Hall, A.H.: Efficacy of hexafluorine for emergent decontamination of hydrofluoric

acid eye and skin splashes. Vet Hum Toxicol 43(5), 263–265 (2001)

34.Söderberg, K., Kuusinen, P., Mathieu, L., Hall, A.H.: Hexafluorine®: An improved method for emergency decontamination of ocular and dermal hydrofluoric acid splashes. Vet Hum Toxicol 46(4), 216–218 (2004)

35.Hall, A.H., Blomet, J., Gross, M., Nehles, J.: Hexafluorine® for emergency decontamination of hydrofluoric acid eye/skin splashes. Semiconductor Safety Assoc J 14, 30–33 (2000)

36.Spöler, F., Frentz, M., Först, M., Kurz, H., Schrage, N.F.: Analysis of hydrofluoric acid penetration and decontamination of the eye by means of time-resolved optical coherence tomography. Burns 34(4), 549–555 (2008). Epub 2007 Sep 14

37.Wilson, G.: Effect of hydrogen peroxide on epithelial lightscattering and stromal deturgescence. CLAO J 16(1), S11– S14 (1990). discussion S14–S15

38.Luo, L., Li, D.Q., Corrales, R.M., Pflugfelder, S.C.: Hyperosmolar saline is a proinflammatory stress on the mouse ocular surface. Eye Contact Lens 31(5), 186 (2005)

39.Lee, S.J., Jang, J.W., Lee, W.C., Kim, D.W., Jun, J.B., Bae, H.I., Kim, D.J.: Perforating disorder caused by salt-water application and its experimental induction. Int J Dermatol 44(3), 210–214 (2005)

40.Langefeld, S., Reim, M., Redbrake, C., Schrage, N.F.: The corneal stroma: an inhomogeneous structure. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235(8), 480–485 (1997)

41.http://www.acto.de – Verätzungen, download

42.Rihawi, S., Frentz, M., Schrage, N.F.: Emergency treatment of eye burns: which rinsing solution should we choose? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 20, 1–10 (2005)

43.Rihawi, S., Schrage, N., Frentz, M.: (ARVO Poster)

44.Pospisil, H., Holzhuetter, H.G.: A compartment Model to calculate time-dependent concentration profiles of topically applied chemical compounds in the a nteriro compartments of the rabbit eye. ATLA 29, 347–365 (2001)

45.Reim, M.: Ein neues Behandlungskonzept für schwereVerätzungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk vol. 196, n°1, pp. 1–5 (1990)

46.Tseng, S.C., Prabhasawat, P., Barton, K., Gray, T., Meller, D.: Amniotic membrane transplantation with or without limbal allografts for corneal surface reconstruction in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Arch Ophthalmol 116(4), 431–441 (1998)

47.Pirouzmanesh, A., Herretes, S.P., Suwan-Apichon, O., Reyes, J.M.G., Cano, M., Gehlbach, P., Duh, E., Gurewitsch, E., Behrens, A.: Use of topical human amniotic fluid in the treatment of acute alkali burns of the eye ooster. ARVO Abstracts No 2722 Fort Lauderdale ARVO meeting 2006.

48.Sikder, S., Herretes, S.P., Gehlbach, P., Gurewitsch, E., Behrens, A.: Topical human amniotic: inhibition of induced corneal neovascularization. ARVO Abstracts No 1650 Fort Lauderdale ARVO meeting 2006.

49.Wilbanks, G.A., Streilein, J.W.: Fluids from immune privileged sites endow macrophages with the capacity to induce antigen-specific immune deviation via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor-beta. Eur J Immunol 22(4), 1031–1036 (1992)

50.Reim, M., Kottek, A.A., Schrage, N.F.: The cornea surface and wound healing. Prog Retin Eye Res 16(2), 183–225 (1997)

51.Chung, J.H.: Healing of rabbit corneal alkali wounds in vitro. Cornea 9(1), 36–40 (1990)

52.Reim, M., Bahrke, C., Kuckelkorn, R., Kuwert, T.: Investigation of enzyme activities in severe burns of the anterior eye segment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 231(5), 308–312 (1993)

53.Becker, J., Salla, S., Dohmen, U., Redbrake, C., Reim, M.: Explorative study of interleukin levels in the human cornea. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233(12), 766–771 (1995)

54.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Nov; 45(11):3964-73

55.Ventura, A.C., Bohnke, M.: Pentoxifylline influences the autocrine function of organ cultured donor corneas and enhances endothelial cell survival. Br J Ophthalmol 85(9), 1110–1114 (2001)

56.Paysse, E.A., Hamill, M.B., Koch, D.D., Hussein, M.A., Brady McCreery, K.M., Coats, D.K.: Epithelial healing

and ocular discomfort after photorefractive keratectomy in children. J Cataract Refract Surg 29(3), 478–481 (2003)

57.Reim, M.: The results of ischemia in chemical injuries. Eye 6(4), 376–380 (1992)

58.Den, S., Sotozono, C., Kinoshita, S., Ikeda, T.: Efficacy of early systemic betamethasone or cyclosporin A after corneal alkali injury via inflammatory cytokine reduction. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 82(2), 195–199 (2004)

59.Yamada, J., Dana, M.R., Sotozono, C., Kinoshita, S.: Local suppression of IL-1 by receptor antagonist in the rat model of corneal alkali injury. Exp Eye Res 76(2), 161–167 (2003)