Summary for the Clinician

›The new insights will help develop modalities to improve personalized patient management.

›In current clinical practice, the ophthalmologist can base AMD risk profiling mainly on a patient’s age, smoking habits, and signs of soft drusen and pigmentary abnormalities. The identification of major susceptibility genes, the reported protective effect of nutrients, the suggested detrimental effect of cataract surgery on AMD progression, and the possible interaction between genes and environment may offer the ophthalmologist areas to more efficiently implement therapies and personalize advice to patients. For instance, patients with early AMD should be advised to take sufficient proportions of antioxidants, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids, to not smoke, and to guard against hypertension, especially those at high genetic risk. Future studies will validate the new leads, and provide more clues whether genetic testing and determination of biomarkers should be applied in the clinic to determine prognosis of AMD.

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