1 |
2 |
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
68 Kapitel 2 • Extraokular/Adnexe
Effekt und eine Senkung der Rezidivrate nachgewiesen haben, empfiehlt die EULAR den Einsatz von 7,5 bis 15 mg Methotrexat/Woche. Bei Kontraindikationen oder Unverträglichkeit von MTX kann auf Azathioprin ausgewichen werden.
Sonstige
Biologika (anti TNFα-, anti CD20- anti-IL6R-Antikörper) wurden als Therapie bei der RZA in Studien eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse rechtfertigen noch keinen Einsatz in der Routine außerhalb von Studien.
Liegen keine Kontraindikationen vor, so empfiehlt die EULAR aufgrund von tierexperimentellen Daten die adjuvante Gabe von Acetylsalicylsäure zur Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung. In Kombination mit Kortikosteroiden sollte zur Ulkusprophylaxe ein Protonenpumpenhemmer gegeben werden.
2.3.8 Prognose
>> Ein einmal eingetretener Visusoder Gesichtsfeldverlust ist nicht reversibel.
Unter Therapie ist die Lebenserwartung bei der RZA nicht verkürzt.
2.3.9Selbsthilfegruppen und hilfreiche Websites
http://orpha-selbsthilfe.de/, http://rheuma-selbst-hilfe.at/
Literatur
Literatur zu Abschn. 2.1
Bijlsma WR (2011) Progress in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammatory diseases. Utrecht University, In: igitur- archives.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2011-1013-20046/bijlsma.pdf Birch-Hirschfeld A (1906) Zur Diagnostik und Pathologie der Orbitaltumoren. Bericht uber die 32. Versammlung der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft Heidelberg 1905. J.F.Bergmann, Wiesba-
den, S 127–35
Blodi FC, Gass JDM (1968) Inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit. Br J Ophthalmol 52:79–93
Brannan PA (2007) A review of sclerosing idiopathic orbital inflammation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18:402–4
Carruth BP, Wladis EJ. Inflammatory modulators and biologic agents in the treatment of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Curr Opin Oph- thalmol;23:420–426
Char DH, Miller T (1993) Orbital pseudotumor. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and response to therapy. Ophthalmology 100:1702–10
Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Arat YO, Riley FC (2008) Orbital pseudotumor: distinct diagnostic features and management. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 15:17–27. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.53370 6179
Chavis RM, Garner A, Wright JE (1978) Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol 96:1817–22 Chundury R, Chundury A, Espinoza G (2012) Nonspecific orbital inflam-
mation. In: http://eyewiki.aao.org/Nonspecific_Orbital_Inflammation_(Idiopathic_orbital_inflammation,_Orbital_inflammatory_ syndrome,_Orbital_pseudotumor)
Fujii H, Fujisada H, Kondo T, Takahashi T, Okada S (1985) Orbital pseudotumor: histopathological classification and treatment. Ophthalmologica 190:230–42
Gordon LK (2006) Orbital inflammatory disease: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Eye (Lond) 20:1196–206
Günalp I, Gündüz K, Yazar Z (1996) Idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 74:191–3
Hsuan JD, Selva D, McNab AA, Sullivan TJ, Saeed P, O’Donnell BA (2006) Idiopathic sclerosing orbital inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol 124:1244–50
Jacobs D, Galetta S (2002) Diagnosis and management of orbital pseudotumor. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 13:347–51
Kapur R, Sepahdari AR, Mafee MF, Putterman AM, Aakalu V, Wendel LJA, Setabutr P (2009) MR imaging of orbital inflammatory syndrome, orbital cellulitis, and orbital lymphoid lesions: the role of diffusionweighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:64–70
Karesh JW, Baer JC, Hemady RK (2012) Noninfectious orbital inflammatory disease. In: http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ ebook/duanes/pages/v2/v2c035.html
Kubota T. Orbital myositis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies – recent developements. In: http://www.intechopen.com/books/idiopathic- inflammatory-myopathies-recent-developements/orbital-myositis Lutt JR, Lim LL, Phal PM, Rosenbaum JT (2007) Orbital inflammatory
disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 37:207–22 (Epub 2007 Sep 4) Mombaerts I, Schlingemann RO, Goldschmeding R, Koornneef L (1996)
Are systemic corticosteroids useful in the management of orbital pseudotumors? Ophthalmology 103:521–8
Mombaerts I, Goldschmeding R, Schlingemann RO, Koornneef L (1996) What is orbital pseudotumor? Surv Ophthalmol 41:66–78
Mombaerts I, Schlingemann RO, Goldschmeding R, Noorduyn LA, Koornneef L (1996) The surgical management of lacrimal gland pseudotumors. Ophthalmology 103:1619–27
Mottow LS, Jakobiec FA (1978) Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. I. Clinical characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol 96:1410–7
Plaza JA, Garrity JA, Dogan A, Ananthamurthy A, Witzig TE, Salomao DR (2011) Orbital inflammtion with IgG4-positive plasma cells – Manifestation of IgG4-systemic disease. Arch Ophthalmol 129:421–8 Rootman J, Nugent R (1982) The classification and management of
acute orbital pseudotumors. Ophthalmology 89:1040–8 Sahlmüller M, Schroeter J (2011) Idiopathische entzündliche Orbitopa-
thie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 228:827–42
Shields JA, Shields CL, Scartozzi R (2004) Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: The 2002 Montgomery Lecture, part 1. Ophthalmology 111:997–1008
Stone JH, Zen Y, Deshpande V (2012) IgG4-related disease. New England Journal of Medicine 366:539–51
Swamy BN, McCluskey P, Nemet A, Crouch R, Martin P, Benger R, Ghabriel R, Wakefield D (2007) Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome: clinical features and treatment outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1667–70 (Epub 2007 Jul 9)
Yanoff M, Fine BS (1996) Ocular Pathology, 4. Aufl. Mosby-Wolfe, London
Literatur
Yuen SJ, Rubin PA (2003) Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Arch Ophthalmol 121:491–9
Literatur zu Abschn. 2.2
Bahn RS (2010) Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 362:726–738 Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Eckstein A, Dickinson AJ et al (2008) Consen-
sus statement of the European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO. Eur J Endocrinol 158:273–285
Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, Jacobsen SJ, Ilstrup DM, Garrity JA, Gorman CA (1996) Clinical features of Graves’ ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol 121:284–290
Boergen KP (1993) Schieloperation in Tropfanästhesie bei endokriner Orbitopathie. Z prakt Augenheilkd 14:301–305
Ebner R (1993) Botulinum toxin type A in upper lid retraction of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 13:258–61
Eckstein A, Fischer M, Krüger C, Mohr C, Esser J (2002) Behandlung der schweren endokrinen Orbitopathie mit Optikusdekompression. Z prakt Augenheikd 23:325–330
Eckstein A, Schulz S, Esser J (2004) Ist eine kombinierte vertikale und horizontale Augenmuskelchirurgie bei der endokrinen Oritopathie (EO) empfehlenswert? Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 221:769–775
Eckstein A, Loesch C, Glowacka D, Schott M, Mann K, Esser J, Morgenthaler NG (2009) Euthyroid and primarily hypothyroid patients develop milder and significantly more asymmetric Graves ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 93:1052–1056
Eckstein A, Mann K, Kahaly GJ, Grussendorf M, Reiners C, Feldkamp J, Quadbeck B, Bockisch A, Schott M (2009) Bedeutung der TSH- Rezeptor-Antikörper für die Diagnose des Morbus Basedow sowie die Prognoseabschätzung der Schilddrüsenüberfunktion und der endokrinen Orbitopathie. Stellungnahme der Sektion Schilddrüse der DGE. Med Klin (Munich) 104:343–348
Eckstein A, Weiermüller C, Holdt M, Esser J (2011) Schielformen und Augenmuskeloperationen nach Orbitadekompression. Z prakt Augenheilkd 32:335–344
Eckstein A, Schittkowski M, Esser J (2012) Surgical treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Best practice & research. Clin Endocrinol Metabol 26:339–358
Esser J (1994) Endokrine Orbitopathie – Eingriffe an den äußeren Augenmuskeln. Ophthalmologe 91:3–19
Esser J, Eckstein A (1999) Ocular muscle and eyelid surgery in thyroidassociated orbitopathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107(Suppl 5):S214–221
Esser J, Schittkowski M, Eckstein A (2011) Endokrine Orbitopathie: M.- rectus-inferior-Sehnenverlängerung bei großen vertikalen Schielwinkeln, die nicht durch eine einfache Muskelrücklagerung korrigiert werden können. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 228:880–886
Fenton S, Kemp EG (2002) A review of the outcome of upper lid lowering for eyelid retraction and complications of spacers at a single unit over five years. Orbit 21:289–294
Garrity JA, Fatourechi V, Bergstralh EJ, Bartley GB, Beatty CW, DeSanto LW, Gorman CA (1993) Results of transantral orbital decompression in 428 patients with severe Graves’ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 116:533–547
Goldberg RA, Perry JD, Hortaleza V, Tong JT (2000) Strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall versus lateral wall only orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:271–277
Hintschich C, Haritoglou C (2005) Full thickness eyelid transsection (blepharotomy) for upper eyelid lengthening in lid retraction associated with Graves’ disease. Br J Ophthalmol 89:413–416
69 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kalmann R, Mourits MP, van der Pol JP, Koornneef L (1997) Coronal approach for rehabilitative orbital decompression in Graves’ophthalmopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 81:41–45
Lipski A, Eckstein A, Esser J, Loesch C, Mann K, Mohr C, Jurklies B (2010) Course of pattern-reversed visual evoked cortical potentials in 30 eyes after bony orbital decompression in dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol 95:222–226
Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, EUGOGO, Krassas GE et al (2011) Placebo-cont- rolled trial of pentoxifylline vs selenium in mild Graves’orbitopathy (GO). N Engl J Med 364:1920–1931
Mourits MP, Sasim IV (1999) A single technique to correct various degrees of upper lid retraction in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 83:81–84
Paridaens D, Hans K, van Buitenen S, Mourits MP (1998) The incidence of diplopia following coronal and translid orbital decompression in Graves’ orbitopathy. Eye 12:800–805
Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P (1998) Natural history of thyroid eye disease. Thyroid 8:423–425
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Campi I, Currò N, Beck-Peccoz P (2008) New immunomodulators in the treatment of Graves’ophthalmopathy. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 69:153–156
Wabbels B, Förl M (2007) Botulinumtoxin bei Überfunktion der Tränendrüse, spastischem Entropium und Oberlidretraktion bei endokriner Orbitopathie. Ophthalmologe 104:771–776
Wiersinga W, Kahaly G (2007) Graves’s ophthalmopathy. A multidisciplinary approach. Karger, Basel
Zang S, Ponto KA, Kahaly GJ (2011) Clinical review: Intravenous glucocorticoids for Graves’ orbitopathy: efficacy and morbidity. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 96:320–332
Literatur zu Abschn. 2.3
Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, Kunselman AR, Hunder GG (1993) Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 100:550–5
Bley TA, Uhl M, Carew J et al (2007) Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:1722–7 Dasgupta B, Borg FA, Hassan N et al (2010) BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford)
49:1594–7
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Barros S et al (2005) Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 84:277–90
Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Raman R, Zimmerman B (1997) Giant cell arteritis: validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria. Am J Ophthalmol 123:285–96
Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA et al (1990) The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33:1122–8
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA et al (2013) 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65:1–11
Kermani TA, Schmidt J, Crowson CS et al (2012) Utility of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 41:866–71
Kermani TA, Warrington KJ, Crowson CS, et al. (2012) Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis: a population-based cohort study of the incidence-trends and prognosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012
Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC et al (2009) EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:318–23
Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, McClelland RL, Matteson EL (2003) Incidence and predictors of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
70 Kapitel 2 • Extraokular/Adnexe
patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 48:3522–31
Ness T, Auw-Hadrich C, Schmidt D (2006) Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis). Clinical picture, histology, and treatment. Ophthalmologe 103:296–301
Reinhold-Keller E, Herlyn K, Wagner-Bastmeyer R, Gross WL (2005) Stable incidence of primary systemic vasculitides over five years: results from the German vasculitis register. Arthritis Rheum 53:93–9
Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder GG (2008) Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet 372:234–45
Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E (2005) What is the best approach to diagnosing large-vessel vasculitis? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 19:223–42
Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, Volker L, Gromnica-Ihle EJ (1997) Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med 337:1336–42
Vaith P, Warnatz K (2009) Clinical and serological findings of giant-cell arteritis. Z Rheumatol 68:124–31