Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy |
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Francesco Bandello, Rosangela Lattanzio,
Ilaria Zucchiatti, and Giuseppe Petruzzi
Contents
2.1 |
Clinical Overview ........................................................................................................... |
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2.1.1 |
Clinical Findings................................................................................................. |
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2.1.2 |
Classification of NPDR....................................................................................... |
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2.1.3 Atypical Forms of NPDR.................................................................................... |
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2.2 |
Diagnostic Tools ............................................................................................................. |
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2.2.1 |
Telemedicine ....................................................................................................... |
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2.2.2 |
Fundus Photography ........................................................................................... |
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2.2.3 |
Fluorescein Angiography.................................................................................... |
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2.2.4 |
Ultrasonography.................................................................................................. |
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2.2.5 |
Optical Coherence Tomography ......................................................................... |
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2.2.6 Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope............................................. |
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2.2.7 |
Multifocal Electroretinogram.............................................................................. |
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2.2.8 Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials ........................................................................ |
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2.2.9 |
Other Diagnostic Tools ....................................................................................... |
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2.3 |
Present Therapies ............................................................................................................ |
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2.3.1 |
Primary Interventions.......................................................................................... |
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2.3.2 |
Secondary Interventions...................................................................................... |
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2.4 |
Evolving Algorithms....................................................................................................... |
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2.4.1 |
Screening............................................................................................................. |
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2.4.2 |
Laser Photocoagulation....................................................................................... |
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2.5 |
New Frontiers.................................................................................................................. |
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References |
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F. Bandello, MD, FEBO (*) • R. Lattanzio, MD • I. Zucchiatti, MD • G. Petruzzi, MD Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,
Scientific Institute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy e-mail: bandello.francesco@hsr.it; lattanzio.rosangela@hsr.it; ilaria.zucchiatti@gmail.com; giupetruzzi87@libero.it
F. Bandello et al. (eds.), Clinical Strategies in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy, |
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DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54503-0_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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