Acronyms
AAO |
American Academy of Ophthalmology |
ACCORD |
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes |
ACE |
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme |
ADA |
American Diabetes Association |
AGEs |
Advanced Glycation End Products |
AMPK |
5′ Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase |
AOA |
American Optometric Association |
AOSLO |
Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope |
ARB |
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker |
BCVA |
Best-Corrected Visual Acuity |
BOLT |
Bevacizumab or Laser Therapy Study |
BRB |
Blood-Retinal Barrier |
CARDS |
Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study |
CME |
Cystoid Macular Edema |
CRT |
Central Retinal Thickness |
CSME |
Clinically Significant Macular Edema |
CT |
Choroidal Thickness |
CTGF |
Connective Tissue Growth Factor |
CVD |
Cardiovascular Disease |
DA VINCI |
Phase 2 Primary Results of VEGF Trap-eye in Patients with Diabetic |
|
Macular Edema Study |
DCCT |
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial |
DEGAS |
Dose-ranging Evaluation of Intravitreal siRNA PF-04523655 for |
|
Diabetic Macular Edema Study |
DEX |
Dexamethasone |
DIRECT |
Diabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trial |
DiVFuSS |
Diabetes Visual Function Supplement Study |
DM |
Diabetes Mellitus |
DME |
Diabetic Macular Edema |
DR |
Diabetic Retinopathy |
DRCR.net |
Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network |
DRS |
Diabetic Retinopathy Study |
DRVS |
Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study |
EDI |
Enhanced Depth Imaging |
xv
xvi |
Acronyms |
|
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EDIC |
Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications Study |
ELM |
External Limiting Membrane |
ERG |
Electroretinogram |
ERM |
Epiretinal Membrane |
ETDRS |
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study |
EU |
European Union |
EUCLID |
EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent |
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
FA |
Fluorescein Angiography |
FAME |
Fluocinolone Acetonide in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema Study |
FDA |
Food and Drug Administration |
FIELD |
Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes Study |
GCC |
Ganglionar Cell Complex |
GIP |
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide |
GLP-1 |
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 |
HbA1c |
Glycated/glycosylated Hemoglobin |
HDL |
High-Density Lipoprotein |
HDL-C |
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
IBEME |
Intravitreal Triamcinolone versus Bevacizumab for Treatment of |
|
Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema Study |
IBEPE |
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Persistent New Vessels in Diabetic |
|
Retinopathy Study |
ICAM-1 |
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 |
IL-6 |
Interleukine-6 |
ILM |
Internal Limiting Membrane |
IOP |
Intraocular Pressure |
IRMA |
Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormality |
IS/OS |
Internal Segment/Outer Segment |
IVA |
Intravitreal Aflibercept |
IVB |
Intravitreal Bevacizumab |
IVFA |
Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide |
IVP |
Intravitreal Pegaptanib |
IVR |
Intravitreal Ranibizumab |
IVTA |
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide |
LDL |
Low-Density Lipoprotein |
LDL-C |
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
MATISSE |
Dose Escalation Study, and Evaluation of PF-04523655 With/Without |
|
Ranibizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema |
mETDRS |
Modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study |
mfERG |
Multifocal Electroretinogram |
MLP |
Macular Laser Photocoagulation |
MMG |
Mild Macular Grid |
MMP-9 |
Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 |
MMPs |
Metalloproteinases |
MPC |
Macular Photocoagulation |
MVL |
Moderate Visual Loss |
Acronyms |
xvii |
|
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NPDR |
Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy |
NSAID |
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug |
NV/NVs |
New Vessels |
NVD |
Neovascularization of the Disc |
NVE |
Neovascularization Elsewhere |
NVI |
Neovascularization of the Iris |
NVG |
Neovascular Glaucoma |
OCT |
Optical Coherence Tomography |
OLE |
Open-Label Extension |
ONL |
Outer Nuclear Layer |
OPL |
Outer Plexiform Layer |
PASCAL |
Pattern Scan Laser |
PDR |
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy |
PEDF |
Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor |
P-VEP |
Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials |
PGF |
Placental Growth Factor |
PKC |
Protein Kinase C |
PKC-DRS |
Protein Kinase C Beta Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study |
PKC-DRS2 |
Protein Kinase C Diabetic Retinopathy Study 2 |
PKC-β |
β-isoform of PKC |
POC1 |
Proof-of-Concept 1 |
POC2 |
Proof-of-Concept 2 |
PPAR |
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor |
PPV |
Pars Plana Vitrectomy |
PRN |
Pro Re Nata |
PRP |
Panretinal Photocoagulation |
PVD |
Posterior Vitreous Detachment |
RAGEs |
Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products |
RAS |
Renin-Angiotensin System |
RASS |
Renin-Angiotensin System Study |
RBX |
Ruboxistaurin |
RCT |
Randomized Clinical Trial |
RD |
Retinal Detachment |
READ-1 |
Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes Study 1 |
READ-2 |
Ranibizumab for Edema of the Macula in Diabetes Study 2 |
RESOLVE |
Safety and Efficacy of Ranibizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema |
|
with Center Involvement Study |
RESTORE |
Ranibizumab Monotherapy or Combined with Laser versus Laser |
|
Monotherapy for Diabetic Macular Edema Study |
RIDE |
Ranibizumab Injection in Subjects with Clinically Significant |
|
Macular Edema (ME) with Center Involvement Secondary to |
|
Diabetes Mellitus Study |
RISE |
Ranibizumab Injection in Subjects with Clinically Significant |
|
Macular Edema (ME) with Center Involvement Secondary |
|
to Diabetes Mellitus Study |
RNFL |
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer |
xviii |
Acronyms |
|
|
ROCK |
RhoA/Rho kinase |
RPE |
Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
SD-OCT |
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography |
SDRT |
Sponge-like Diffuse Retinal Thickening |
siRNA |
Small-interfering RNA |
SLO |
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy |
SMVL |
Severe and Moderate Visual Loss |
sRAGE |
Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product |
SRD |
Serous Retinal Detachment |
SVL |
Severe Visual Loss |
T1DM |
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus |
T2DM |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
TGF-ß2 |
Transforming Growth Factor-ß2 |
TNF |
Tumor Necrosis Factor |
TNF-α |
Tumor Necrosis Factor α |
TRD |
Traction Retinal Detachment |
UKPDS |
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study |
US |
Ultrasonography |
VAS |
Visual Analog Scale |
VCAM-1 |
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 |
VEGF |
Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor |
VH |
Vitreous Hemorrhage |
VLDL |
Very Low-Density Lipoprotein |
VMA |
Vitreo-Macular Adhesion |
VMT |
Vitreo-Macular Traction |
VTDR |
Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy |
WESDR |
Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy |
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, |
1 |
and Pathophysiology |
of Diabetic Retinopathy
Neelakshi Bhagat and Marco Attilo Zarbin
Contents
1.1 |
Introduction....................................................................................................................... |
2 |
|
1.2 |
Epidemiology.................................................................................................................... |
2 |
|
1.3 |
Risk Factors ...................................................................................................................... |
3 |
|
|
1.3.1 Duration of Diabetes Mellitus............................................................................... |
3 |
|
|
1.3.2 |
Glycemic Control .................................................................................................. |
4 |
|
1.3.3 |
Hypertension ......................................................................................................... |
5 |
|
1.3.4 |
Ethnic Differences ................................................................................................. |
6 |
|
1.3.5 |
Obesity .................................................................................................................. |
6 |
|
1.3.6 |
Socioeconomic Status ........................................................................................... |
7 |
|
1.3.7 |
Other Risk Factors ................................................................................................ |
7 |
1.4 |
Pathophysiology................................................................................................................ |
8 |
|
Conclusion |
................................................................................................................................. |
13 |
|
References.................................................................................................................................. |
|
13 |
|
N. Bhagat, MD, MPH, FACS
Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Room 6156, Doctors Office Center Suite 6100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA e-mail: bhagatne@umdnj.edu, Bhagatne@rutgers.edu
M.A. Zarbin, MD, PhD (*)
Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Room 6156, Doctors Office Center Suite 6100, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Room 6156, Doctors Office Center, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA e-mail: zarbin@earthlink.net
F. Bandello et al. (eds.), Clinical Strategies in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy, |
1 |
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54503-0_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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