- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Acronyms
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Epidemiology
- •1.3 Risk Factors
- •1.3.1 Duration of Diabetes Mellitus
- •1.3.2 Glycemic Control
- •1.3.3 Hypertension
- •1.3.4 Ethnic Differences
- •1.3.5 Obesity
- •1.3.6 Socioeconomic Status
- •1.3.7 Other Risk Factors
- •1.4 Pathophysiology
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •2: Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- •2.1 Clinical Overview
- •2.1.1 Clinical Findings
- •2.1.2 Classification of NPDR
- •2.1.3 Atypical Forms of NPDR
- •2.2 Diagnostic Tools
- •2.2.1 Telemedicine
- •2.2.2 Fundus Photography
- •2.2.3 Fluorescein Angiography
- •2.2.4 Ultrasonography
- •2.2.5 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •2.2.6 Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope
- •2.2.7 Multifocal Electroretinogram
- •2.2.8 Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials
- •2.2.9 Other Diagnostic Tools
- •2.3 Present Therapies
- •2.3.1 Primary Interventions
- •2.3.1.1 Glycemic Control
- •2.3.1.2 Blood Pressure Control
- •2.3.1.3 Lipid-Lowering Therapy
- •2.3.2 Secondary Interventions
- •2.3.2.1 Protein Kinase C Inhibitors
- •2.4 Evolving Algorithms
- •2.4.1 Screening
- •2.4.2 Laser Photocoagulation
- •2.5 New Frontiers
- •References
- •3: Diabetic Macular Edema
- •3.1 Clinical Overview
- •3.1.1 Clinical Findings
- •3.1.2 Biomicroscopic Classification of DME
- •3.2 Diagnostic Tools
- •3.2.1 Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.2.2 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •3.2.3 Fundus Photography
- •3.2.4 Microperimetry
- •3.2.5 Multifocal Electroretinogram
- •3.2.6 Other Imaging Under Investigation
- •3.3 Present Therapies
- •3.3.1 Laser Photocoagulation
- •3.3.2 Intravitreal Pharmacotherapies
- •3.3.2.1 Intravitreal Steroids
- •3.3.2.2 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF
- •3.3.3 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- •3.4 Evolving Algorithms
- •3.4.1 Therapeutic Algorithms
- •3.4.2 Factors Associated with Favorable Response to the Therapy
- •3.4.3 Treatment of DME Associated with Macular Ischemia
- •3.5 New Frontiers
- •References
- •4: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- •4.1 Clinical Overview
- •4.1.1 Clinical Findings
- •4.1.2 Classification of PDR
- •4.2 Diagnostic Tools
- •4.2.1 Fluorescein Angiography
- •4.2.2 Fundus Photography
- •4.2.3 Ultrasonography
- •4.2.4 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •4.2.5 Perimetry
- •4.2.6 Further Diagnostic Tools
- •4.3 Present Therapies
- •4.3.1 Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation
- •4.3.2 Intravitreal Injections
- •4.3.2.1 Intravitreal Steroids
- •4.3.2.2 Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Agents
- •4.4 Evolving Algorithms
- •4.5 New Frontiers
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Pathophysiology
- •5.3 Neovascular Glaucoma
- •5.4 Tractional Retinal Detachment
- •5.5 Treatment
- •5.5.1 Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation
- •5.5.2 Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Endophotocoagulation
- •5.5.4 Silicone Oil Tamponade
- •5.5.4.1 Viscodissection
- •Conclusion
- •References
Contents
1 |
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology |
|
|
of Diabetic Retinopathy ............................................................................ |
1 |
|
Neelakshi Bhagat and Marco Attilo Zarbin |
|
2 |
Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy .................................................. |
19 |
|
Francesco Bandello, Rosangela Lattanzio, |
|
|
Ilaria Zucchiatti, and Giuseppe Petruzzi |
|
3 |
Diabetic Macular Edema .......................................................................... |
65 |
|
Francesco Bandello, Ilaria Zucchiatti, Rosangela Lattanzio, |
|
|
and Chiara Preziosa |
|
4 |
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy .......................................................... |
123 |
|
Francesco Bandello, Rosangela Lattanzio, |
|
|
Ilaria Zucchiatti, and Gisella Maestranzi |
|
5 |
Advanced Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ........................................ |
163 |
|
Neelakshi Bhagat and Marco Attilo Zarbin |
|
xi
Contributors
Francesco Bandello, MD, FEBO Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Neelakshi Bhagat, MD, MPH, FACS Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
José Cunha-Vaz, MD, PhD AIBILI – Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine of University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Rosangela Lattanzio, MD Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Gisella Maestranzi, MD Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Giuseppe Petruzzi, MD Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Chiara Preziosa, MD Department of Ophthalmology,
University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Marco Attilio Zarbin, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Newark, NJ, USA
Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
Ilaria Zucchiatti, MD Department of Ophthalmology,
University Vita-Salute, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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