e

Fig. 2.23 Color (a) and red-free (b) images of severe exudative-edematous diabetic maculopathy, confirmed by OCT scan (e), in a case of pre-proliferative DR with cotton wool spots and ischemia inside the posterior pole (arrow). In the early angiographic phase (c), an enlargement of FAZ (foveal avascular zone) is evident; in the late phase (d), the areas with impaired perfusion remain hypofluorescent

2.2.8Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials

Pattern visual evoked potentials (P-VEP) have been tested in diabetic patients with NPDR and without any retinopathy revealing an increased latency as an earlier sign of retinal ganglion cell damage [52].