sich im weiteren Verlauf große, atrophische Gebiete. Nach der Atrophie der Pigmentepithelzellen zeigen auch die subpigmentepithelialen Ablagerungen eine Regression. Auf Grund des fehlenden Nachschubs an Debris bei gleichzeitigem Abtransport von eingelagertem Material kommt es zu einer Verkleinerung und schließlich zu einem völligen Verschwinden der Drusen in den atrophischen Arealen [104]. Auch in den Photorezeptoren über dem atrophischen Pigmentepithel zeigen sich degenerative Veränderungen. Einzelne Netzhautzellen gehen zu Grunde und es entwickelt sich eine langsame Reduktion des zentralen Sehvermögens [79]. Eine detaillierte Darstellung der geographischen Atrophie findet sich in

Kap. 8.

Fazit

Das Verständnis über das histopathologischer Veränderungen im Rahmen der frühen und besonders der späten AMD ist die Vorrausetzung für die Interpretation der etablierter und modernen hochauflösender Makula-Bildgebung. Und es ist die Voraussetzung bei der Suche nach neuen therapeutischen Ansätzen.

Literatur

[1][No authors listed] (1991) Subfoveal neovascular lesions in age-related macular degeneration. Guidelines for evaluation and treatment in the macular photocoagulation study. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Archives of ophthalmology 109: 1242–1257

[2]Ahir A, Guo L, Hussain AA, Marshall J (2002) Expression of metalloproteinases from human retinal pigment epithelial cells and their effects on the hydraulic conductivity of Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 43: 458–465

[3]Aisenbrey S, Zhang M, Bacher D, Yee J, Brunken WJ, Hunter DD (2006) Retinal pigment epithelial cells synthesize laminins, including laminin 5, and adhere to them through alpha3and alpha6-containing integrins. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 47: 5537–5544

[4]Archer DB, Gardiner TA (1981a) Electron microscopic features of experimental choroidal neovascularization. American journal of ophthalmology 91: 433–457

[5]Archer DB, Gardiner TA (1981b) Morphologic fluorescein angiographic, and light microscopic features of experimental choroidal neovascularization. American journal of ophthalmology 91: 297–311

[6]Arroyo JG, Yang L, Bula D. Chen DF (2005) Photoreceptor apoptosis in human retinal detachment. American journal of ophthalmology 139: 605–610

[7]Bairati A, Jr, Orzalesi N (1963) The Ultrastructure of the Pigment Epithelium and of the Photoreceptor-Pigment Epithelium Junction in the Human Retina. Journal of ultrastructure research 41: 484–496

[8]Barondes M, Pauleikhoff D, Chisholm IC, Minassian D, Bird AC (1990) Bilaterality of drusen. The British journal of ophthalmology 74: 180–182

[9]Barondes MJ, Pagliarini S, Chisholm IH, Hamilton AM, Bird AC (1992) Controlled trial of laser photocoagulation of pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: 4 year review. The British journal of ophthalmology 76: 5–7

[10]Bird AC (1991) Doyne Lecture. Pathogenesis of retinal pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly; the relevance of Bruch’s membrane change. Eye (London, England) 5 (Pt 1): 1–12

[11]Bird AC (1993) Choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular disease. The British journal of ophthalmology 77: 614–615

Literatur

[12]Bird AC, Marshall J (1986) Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom 105 (Pt 6): 674–682

[13]Bok D (1985) Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Friedenwald lecture. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 26: 1659–1694

[14]Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Fine SL (1988a) Age-related macular degeneration. Survey of ophthalmology 32: 375–413

[15]Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Gragoudas ES (1987) Clinical characteristics of choroidal neovascular membranes. Archives of ophthalmology 105. 209–213

[16]Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Seddon JM; Gragoudas ES Jacobson LP (1988b) Drusen characteristics in patients with exudative versus non-exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa) 8: 109–114

[17]Burns RP, Feeney-Burns L (1980) Clinico-morphologic correlations of drusen of Bruch’s membrane. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 78: 206–225

[18]Campochiaro PA, Jerdon JA, Glaser BM (1986) The extracellular matrix of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vivo and its synthesis in vitro. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

27:1615–1621

[19]Capon MR, Marshall J, Krafft JI, Alexander RA, Hiscott PS, Bird AC (1989) Sorsby’s fundus dystrophy. A light and electron microscopic study. Ophthalmology 96: 1769–1777

[20]Casswell AG, Kohen D, Bird AC (1985) Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly: classification and outcome. The British journal of ophthalmology 69: 397–403

[21]Chang CJ, Lai WW, Edward DP, Tso MO (1995) Apoptotic photoreceptor cell death after traumatic retinal detachment in humans. Archives of ophthalmology 113: 880–886

[22]Chen JC, Fitzke FW, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC (1992) Functional loss in age-related Bruch’s membrane change with choroidal perfusion defect. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 33: 334–340

[23]Chuang EL, Bird AC (1988) The pathogenesis of tears of the retinal pigment epithelium. American journal of ophthalmology

105:285–290

[24]Coffey AJ, Brownstein S (1986) The prevalence of macular drusen in postmortem eyes. American journal of ophthalmology

102:164–171

[25]Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M (2009) Aging, agerelated macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Progress in retinal and eye research 28: 393–422

[26]Curcio CA, Millican CL (1999) Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Archives of ophthalmology 117: 329–339

[27]Curcio CA, Millican CL, Bailey T, Kruth HS (2001) Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 42: 265–274

[28]Curcio CA, Presley JB, Malek G, Medeiros NE, Avery DV, Kruth HS (2005) Esterified and unesterified cholesterol in drusen and basal deposits of eyes with age-related maculopathy. Experimental eye research 81: 731–741

[29]Dastgheib K, Green WR (1994) Granulomatous reaction to Bruch’s membrane in age-related macular degeneration. Archives of ophthalmology 112: 813–818

[30]Davis WL, Jones RG, Hagler HK (1981) An electron microscopic histochemical and analytical X-ray microprobe study of calcification in Bruch’s membrane from human eyes. J Histochem Cytochem 29: 601–608

[31]Delori FC, Dorey CK, Staurenghi G, Arend O, Goger DG, Weiter JJ (1995) In vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 36: 718–729

[32]Dithmar S, Sharara NA, Curcio CA, Le NA, Zhang Y, Brown S, Grossniklaus HE (2001) Murine high-fat diet and laser photochemical model of basal deposits in Bruch membrane. Archives of ophthalmology 119: 1643–1649

[33]Dorey CK, Wu G, Ebenstein D, Garsd A, Weiter JJ (1989) Cell loss in the aging retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 30: 1691–1699

[34]Farkas TG, Sylvester V, Archer D (1971) The ultrastructure of drusen. American journal of ophthalmology 71: 1196–1205

[35]Feeney-Burns L, Ellersieck MR (1985) Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Bruch’s membrane. American journal of ophthalmology 100: 686–697

[36]Fisher RF (1982) The water permeability of basement membrane under increasing pressure: evidence for a new theory of permeability. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character 216: 475–496

[37]Fisher RF (1987) The influence of age on some ocular basement membranes. Eye (London, England) 1 (Pt 2): 184–189

[38]Foulds WS (1976) Doyne Memorial Lecture 1976. Clinical significance of trans-scleral fluid transfer. Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom 96: 290–308

[39]Gamulescu MA, Renner AB, Helbig H (2009) [Clinical manifestations of functional disturbances of the retinal pigment epithelium]. Ophthalmologe 106: 305–310

[40]Gass JD (1967) Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium. American journal of ophthalmology 63: Suppl:1–139

[41]Gass JD (1973) Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration. Archives of ophthalmology 90: 206–217

[42]Gass JD (1984) Pathogenesis of tears of the retinal pigment epithelium. The British journal of ophthalmology 68: 513–519

[43]Green WR, Enger C (1993) Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. The 1992 Lorenz E. Zimmerman Lecture. Ophthalmology 100: 1519–1535

[44]Green WR, Key SN, 3rd (1977) Senile macular degeneration: a histopathologic study. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 75: 180–254

[45]Green WR, McDonnell PJ, Yeo JH (1985) Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 92: 615–627

[46]Grossniklaus HE, Gass JD (1998) Clinicopathologic correlations of surgically excised type 1 and type 2 submacular choroidal neovascular membranes. American journal of ophthalmology 126: 59–69

[47]Grossniklaus HE, Green WR (1998) Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings of surgically excised choroidal neovascularization. Submacular Surgery Trials Research Group. Archives of ophthalmology 116: 745–749

[48]Grossniklaus HE, Hutchinson AK, Capone A, Jr, Woolfson J, Lambert HM (1994) Clinicopathologic features of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes. Ophthalmology 101: 1099–1111

[49]Guo L, Hussain AA, Limb GA, Marshall J (1999) Age-dependent variation in metalloproteinase activity of isolated human Bruch’s membrane and choroid. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 40: 2676–2682

[50]Guymer R, Luthert P, Bird A (1999) Changes in Bruch’s membrane and related structures with age. Progress in retinal and eye research 18: 59–90

100Kapitel 5 · Histopathologie

[51]Haimovici R, Gantz DL, Rumelt S, Freddo TF, Small DM (2001) The lipid composition of drusen, Bruch’s membrane, and sclera by hot stage polarizing light microscopy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 42: 1592–1599

[52]Hamlin CR, Kohn RR (1971) Evidence for progressive, age-related structural changes in post–mature human collagen. Biochimica et biophysica acta 236: 458–467

[53]Handa JT, Verzijl N, Matsunaga H, Aotaki-Keen A, Lutty GA, te Koppele JM, Miyata T, Hjelmeland LM (1999) Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch’s membrane with age. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 40: 775–779

[54]Hao W, Wenzel A, Obin MS, Chen CK, Brill E, Krasnoperova NV, Eversole-Cire P, Kleyner Y, Taylor A, Simon MI, et al: (2002)

5Evidence for two apoptotic pathways in light-induced retinal degeneration. Nature genetics 32: 254–260

[55]Hermans P, Lommatzsch A, Bomfeld N, Pauleikhoff D (2003) [Angiographic-histological correlation of late exudative agerelated macular degeneration]. Ophthalmologe 100: 378–383

[56]Ho TC, Del Priore LV (1997) Reattachment of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium to extracellular matrix and human Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 38: 1110–1118

[57]Hogan MJ (1965) Macular Diseases: Pathogenesis. Electron Microscopy of Bruch’s Membrane. Transactions – American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 69: 683–690

[58]Holz FG, Sheraidah G, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC (1994) Analysis of lipid deposits extracted from human macular and peripheral Bruch’s membrane. Archives of ophthalmology 112: 402–406

[59]Howard EW, Benton R, Ahern-Moore J, Tomasek JJ (1996) Cellular contraction of collagen lattices is inhibited by nonenzymatic glycation. Experimental cell research 228: 132–137

[60]Huang JD, Presley JB, Chimento MF, Curcio CA, Johnson M (2007) Age-related changes in human macular Bruch’s membrane as seen by quick-freeze/deep-etch. Experimental eye research 85. 202–218

[61]Hussain AA, Rowe L, Marshall J (2002) Age-related alterations in the diffusional transport of amino acids across the human Bruch’s-choroid complex. Journal of the Optical Society of America 19: 166–172

[62]Hyman L, Schachat AP, He Q, Leske MC (2000) Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Factors Study Group. Archives of ophthalmology 118: 351–358

[63]Ishibashi T, Murata T, Hangai M, Nagai R, Horiuchi S, Lopez PF, Hinton DR, Ryan SJ (1998) Advanced glycation end products in age-related macular degeneration. Archives of ophthalmology 116: 1629–1632

[64]Ishibashi T, Patterson R, Ohnishi Y, Inomata H, Ryan SJ (1986a) Formation of drusen in the human eye. American journal of ophthalmology 101: 342–353

[65]Ishibashi T, Sorgente N, Patterson R, Ryan SJ (1986b) Pathogenesis of drusen in the primate. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 27: 184–193

[66]Johnson M, Dabholkar A, Huang JD, Presley JB, Chimento MF, Curcio CA (2007) Comparison of morphology of human macular and peripheral Bruch’s membrane in older eyes. Current eye research 32: 791–799

[67]Kamei M, Hollyfield JG (1999) TIMP-3 in Bruch’s membrane: changes during aging and in age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 40: 2367–2375

[68]Karwatowski WS, Jeffries TE, Duance VC, Albon J, Bailey AJ, Easty DL (1995) Preparation of Bruch’s membrane and analysis of

the age-related changes in the structural collagens. The British journal of ophthalmology 79: 944–952

[69]Killingsworth MC, Sarks JP, Sarks SH (1990) Macrophages related to Bruch’s membrane in age-related macular degeneration. Eye (London, England) 4 (Pt 4): 613–621

[70]Kliffen M, Mooy CM, Luider TM, de Jong PT (1994) Analysis of carbohydrate structures in basal laminar deposit in aging human maculae. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 35: 2901–2905

[71]Kliffen M, Mooy CM, Luider TM, Huijmans JG, Kerkvliet S, de Jong PT (1996) Identification of glycosaminoglycans in agerelated macular deposits. Archives of ophthalmology 114:

1009–1014

[72]Krishnamurti U, Rondeau E, Sraer JD, Michael AF, Tsilibary EC (1997) Alterations in human glomerular epithelial cells interacting with nonenzymatically glycosylated matrix. The Journal of biological chemistry 272: 27966–27970

[73]Kunze A, Abari E, Semkova I, Paulsson M, Hartmann U (2009) Deposition of nidogens and other basement membrane proteins in the young and aging mouse retina. Ophthalmic research 43: 108–112

[74]Lafaut BA, Aisenbrey S, Vanden Broecke C, Krott R, JonescuCuypers CP, Reynders S, Bartz-Schmidt KU (2001) Clinicopathological correlation of retinal pigment epithelial tears in exudative age related macular degeneration: pretear, tear, and scarred tear. The British journal of ophthalmology 85: 454–460

[75]Loffler KU, Lee WR (1986) Basal linear deposit in the human macula Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 224: 493–501

[76]Lommatzsch A, Heimes B, Gutfleisch M, Spital G, Zeimer M, Pauleikhoff D (2009) Serous pigment epithelial detachment in age-related macular degeneration: comparison of different treatments. Eye (London, England) 23: 2163–2168

[77]Lommatzsch A, Hermans P, Muller KD, Bornfeld N, Bird AC, Pauleikhoff D (2008) Are low inflammatory reactions involved in exudative age-related macular degeneration? Morphological and immunhistochemical analysis of AMD associated with basal deposits. Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 246: 803–810

[78]Marshall GE, Konstas AG, Reid GG, Edwards JG, Lee WR (1994) Collagens in the aged human macula. Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 232: 133–140

[79]Marshall J (1987) The ageing retina: physiology or pathology. Eye (London, England) 1 (Pt 2): 282–295

[80]Marshall J, Hussain AA, Starita C, Moore DJ, Patmore AL (1998) Aging and Bruch’s Membrane: In: Marmor MF, Wolfensberger TJ (eds) The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Function and Disease. Oxford University Press, pp. 669–692

[81]Martinez GS, Campbell AJ, Reinken J, Allan BC (1982) Prevalence of ocular disease in a population study of subjects 65 years old and older. American journal of ophthalmology 94: 181–189

[82]Miller H, Miller B, Ryan SJ (1986a) Newly-formed subretinal vessels. Fine structure and fluorescein leakage. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 27. 204–213

[83]Miller H, Miller B, Ryan SJ (1986b) The role of retinal pigment epithelium in the involution of subretinal neovascularization. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 27: 1644–1652

Literatur

[84]Moore DJ, Hussain AA, Marshall J (1995) Age-related variation in the hydraulic conductivity of Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 36: 1290–1297

[85]Mullins RF, Aptsiauri N, Hageman, GS (2001) Structure and composition of drusen associated with glomerulonephritis: implications for the role of complement activation in drusen biogenesis. Eye (London, England) 15: 390–395

[86]Mullins RF, Johnson LV, Anderson DH, Hageman GS (1997) Characterization of drusen-associated glycoconjugates. Ophthalmology 104: 288–294

[87]Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS (2000) Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. Faseb J 14: 835–846

[88]Nakaizumi Y, Hogan MJ, Feeney L (1964) The Ultrastructure of Bruch’s Membrane. 3. the Macular Area of the Human Eye. Archives of ophthalmology 72: 395–400

[89]Neuner B, Wellmann J, Dasch B, Behrens T, Claes B, Dietzel M, Pauleikhoff D, Hense HW (2007) Modeling smoking history: a comparison of different approaches in the MARS study on agerelated maculopathy. Annals of epidemiology 17: 615–621

[90]Okubo A, Rosa RH, Jr, Bunce CV, Alexander RA, Fan JT, Bird AC, Luthert PJ (1999) The relationships of age changes in retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 40: 443–449

[91]Pauleikhoff D, Chen J, Bird AC, Wessing A (1992a) [The Bruch membrane and choroid Angiography and functional characteristics in age-related changes]. Ophthalmologe 89: 39–44

[92]Pauleikhoff D, Harper CA, Marshall J, Bird AC (1990) Aging changes in Bruch’s membrane A histochemical and morphologic study. Ophthalmology 97: 171–178

[93]Pauleikhoff D, Koch JM (1995) Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration. Current opinion in ophthalmology 6: 51–56

[94]Pauleikhoff D, Loffert D, Spital G, Radermacher M, Dohrmann J, Lommatzsch A, Bird AC (2002) Pigment epithelial detachment in the elderly. Clinical differentiation, natural course and pathogenetic implications. Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 240: 533–538

[95]Pauleikhoff D, Sheraidah G, Marshall J, Bird AC, Wessing A (1994) [Biochemical and histochemical analysis of age related lipid deposits in Bruch’s membrane]. Ophthalmologe 91: 730–734

[96]Pauleikhoff D, Wojteki S, Muller D, Bornfeld N, Heiligenhaus A (2000) [Adhesive properties of basal membranes of Bruch’s membrane. Immunohistochemical studies of age-dependent

changes in adhesive molecules and lipid deposits]. Ophthalmologe 97: 243–250

[97]Pauleikhoff D, Zuels S, Sheraidah GS, Marshall J, Wessing A, Bird AC (1992b) Correlation between biochemical composition and fluorescein binding of deposits in Bruch’s membrane. Ophthalmology 99: 1548–1553

[98]Penfold PL, Killingsworth MC, Sarks SH (1985) Senile macular degeneration: the involvement of immunocompetent cells. Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 223: 69–76

[99]Penfold PL, Liew SC, Madigan MC, Provis JM (1997) Modulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression in retinas with age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 38: 2125–2133

[100]Penfold PL, Madigan MC, Gillies MC, Provis JM (2001) Immunological and aetiological aspects of macular degeneration. Progress in retinal and eye research 20: 385–414

[101]Ramrattan RS, van der Schaft TL, Mooy CM, de Bruijn WC, Mulder PG, de Jong PT (1994) Morphometric analysis of Bruch’s membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 35: 2857–2864

[102]Rittie L, Berton A, Monboisse JC, Hornebeck W, Gillery P (1999) Decreased contraction of glycated collagen lattices coincides with impaired matrix metalloproteinase production. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 264: 488–492

[103]Rizzolo LJ (1991) Basement membrane stimulates the polarized distribution of integrins but not the Na,K-ATPase in the retinal pigment epithelium. Cell regulation 2: 939–949

[104]Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC (1988) Evolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye (London, England) 2 (Pt 5): 552–577

[105]Sarks SH (1976) Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: a clinico-pathological study. The British journal of ophthalmology 60: 324–341

[106]Sarks SH, Van Driel D, Maxwell L, Killingsworth M (1980) Softening of drusen and subretinal neovascularization. Transactions of the ophthalmological societies of the United Kingdom 100: 414–422

[107]Sheraidah G, Steinmetz R, Maguire J, Pauleikhoff D, Marshall J, Bird AC (1993) Correlation between lipids extracted from Bruch’s membrane and age. Ophthalmology 100: 47–51

[108]Soubrane G, Coscas G, Francais C, Koenig F (1990) Occult subretinal new vessels in age-related macular degeneration. Natural History and early laser treatment. Ophthalmology 97: 649–657

[109]Spaide RF, Ho-Spaide WC, Browne RW, Armstrong D (1999) Characterization of peroxidized lipids in Bruch’s membrane. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa) 19: 141–147

[110]Spraul CW, Lang GE, Grossniklaus HE, Lang GK (1998) [Characteristics of drusen and changes in Bruch’s membrane in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Histological study]. Ophthalmologe 95: 73–79

[111]Starita C, Hussain AA, Marshall J (1995) Decreasing hydraulic conductivity of Bruch’s membrane: relevance to photoreceptor survival and lipofuscinoses. American journal of medical genetics 57: 235–237

[112]Starita C, Hussain AA, Pagliarini S, Marshall J (1996) Hydrodynamics of ageing Bruch’s membrane: implications for macular disease. Experimental eye research 62: 565–572

[113]Starita C, Hussain AA, Patmore A, Marshall J (1997) Localization of the site of major resistance to fluid transport in Bruch’s membrane. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 38: 762–767

[114]Strauss O (2005) The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiological reviews 85: 845–881

[115]Strauss O (2009) [The role of retinal pigment epithelium in visual functions]. Ophthalmologe 106: 299–304

[116]Tian SF, Toda S, Higashino H, Matsumura S (1996) Glycation decreases the stability of the triple-helical strands of fibrous collagen against proteolytic degradation by pepsin in a specific temperature range. Journal of biochemistry 120: 1153–1162

[117]Tsuboi S (1987) Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 28: 1776–1782

[118]van der Schaft TL, de Bruijn WC, Mooy CM, Ketelaars DA, de Jong PT (1991) Is basal laminar deposit unique for age-related