Eculizumab (Soliris, Alexion Pharmaceuticals) ist ein monoklonaler Antikörper, der C5 inhibiert. Das Medikament ist zugelassen als systemische Therapie bei paroxysmaler nächtlicher Hämoglobinurie (PNH), einer Erkrankung die durch das Fehlen der CD59-Expression auf Erythrozyten gekennzeichnet ist. Eculizumab wird derzeit in einer Phase-2-Studie bei Patienten mit nichtexudativer AMD untersucht (Drusen und geographische Atrophie; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00935883). In der randomisierten, doppelarmigen, doppel-maskierten Studie erhalten Patienten das Medikament über eine intravenöse Infusion. Hauptzielkriterien sind das Wachstum der geographischen Atrophie und die Veränderung des Drusenvolumens.

ARC1905 (Ophthotech Corporation) ist ein Anti- C5-Aptamer, der intravitreal injiziert wird. Dieser wird derzeit in zwei Phase-1-Studien untersucht. ARC1905 soll C5 binden um seine Wechselwirkung während der Aktivierung der Komplementkaskade zu verhindern. In einer klinischen Studie wird ARC1905 bei neovaskulärer AMD in Kombination entweder mit multiplen oder mit nur einer Induktions-Dosis Ranibizumab nicht-rando- misiert und unkontrolliert verabreicht (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00709527). Die zweite Studie (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00950638) ist eine randomisierte Dosis-Vergleichsstudie, mit der das Sicherheitsprofil von intravitreal appliziertem ARC1905 bei trockener AMD (Drusen und/oder geographische Atrophie) untersucht wird.

FCFD4514S (Genentech/Roche) ist ein Anti-Komple- mentfaktor-D-Antikörper-Fragment, das intravitreal appliziert wird. Ähnlich wie bei ARC1905 wird derzeit das Sicherheitsprofil in einer Phase 2 Studie bei Patienten mit trockener AMD (geographische Atrophie; ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT00973011) evaluiert.

Mehrere weitere Substanzen werden derzeit in präklinischen Untersuchungen getestet. Die Wirkung zielt meist ab auf eine Hemmung bereits aktivierter Komplementproteine oder auf eine Normalisierung der erhöhten Aktivierung der Komplementkaskade.

4.6Schlussfolgerung

Eine Vielzahl von Belegen aus immunhistochemischen, genetischen und proteomischen Studien weist auf eine wesentliche Rolle des Komplementsystems bei der AMD-Pathogenese hin. Eine genetisch determinierte, pathologisch erhöhte systemische Komplementaktivierung hat möglicherweise wesentliche Auswirkungen auf die Makula als »locus minoris resistentiae«. Darüber hinaus haben Veränderungen von Komplementprotei-

nen möglicherweise spezifische lokale Auswirkungen, wie beispielsweise eine beeinträchtigte Kontrolle der Komplementaktivierung im Bereich des RPE und der Bruch’schen-Membran.

Eine medikamentöse Modulation von Prozessen der Komplementkaskade muss eine Balance finden zwischen der vorteilhaften Wirkung einer Inhibition der Komplementaktivierung und dem Erhalt einer ausreichenden funktionellen Aktivität für physiologische Immunantworten. Dies ist vor allem bei chronischen Erkrankungen wie der AMD wichtig, bei denen Behandlungen über lange Zeiträume notwendig sind, um einen Funktionsverlust aufgrund einer Konversion von Frühin Spätstadien zu verhindern. Idealerweise würde der pharmakologische Effekt nur an den bei der AMD dysregulierten Komponenten der Komplementkaskade angreifen, ohne in die übrige Komplementregulation einzugreifen. Vor diesem Hintergrund erscheinen die Auswirkung einzelner Komponenten des Komplementsystems auf die AMDEntwicklung, den Phänotyp und die Erkrankungsprogression bisher aber noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Es wäre wünschenswert, in Mechanismen einzugreifen, die die Erkrankungsprogression beeinflussen und nicht lediglich eine Erkrankungsprädisposition bedingen. Es sind auch weitere Untersuchungen notwendig, um zu klären, ob die Dysregulation der systemischen oder der lokalen Komplementaktivierung oder beides die wesentlichen Determinanten bei der AMD-Pathogenese sind. Solche Studien werden möglicherweise einen Einfluss auf die bevorzugte Verabreichung (lokal versus systemisch) von Medikamenten haben.

Fazit

▬Die AMD ist mit einer systemtischen Aktivierung der alternativen Komplementkaskade assoziiert und kann somit als systemische Erkrankung aufgefasst werden.

▬Die Makula scheint die empfindlichste anatomische Struktur mit geringster Resistenz gegenüber einer erhöhten Komplementaktivierung darzustellen.

▬Genetisch determinierte Komplementaktivierung scheint das AMD-Risiko zu erhöhen und könnte Auswirkungen sowohl auf die Erkrankungsmanifestation als auch auf das Ansprechen auf Therapien haben.

▬Komplementmodulierung kann einen zukünftigen therapeutischen Ansatz darstellen.

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