Subject Index

A

accessory meningeal artery (AMA) 30 acetazolamide 91

ACT, see angiographic computed tomography acute respiratory distress syndrome 259 alopecia 286

aneurysm 3, 6, 146

–intraorbital 4

–of the ophthalmic artery 6 angiogenesis 70

angiographic computed tomography (ACT) 142, 143, 146, 310

angiography 6

–iodine-enhanced 8

–spontaneous occlusion 78

–three-dimensional 148

angiotomography 139 angular vein 44 anisocoria 59 annulus of Zinn 21, 37 anterior

–condylar confluens (ACC) 33, 46

–condylar vein 42

–condyloid foramen 46

–ethmoidal foramen 28

–ramus 25

antiplatelet therapy 207

Arteria canalis pterygoidei Vidii 29 Arteriae anastomoticae 30

arterial

–embolization 9

–pressure 297 arterialized sinus 297 arteriography 283 arteriolar neoformation 69 arteriosclerosis 6, 68 arteriovenous

–fistula 3

–malformation 293

–shunt (AV shunt) 1, 58, 60, 62, 69, 72, 109, 134, 158, 207, 232, 266, 297

–– blood flow 293

–– indirect 54

–– lesions 85

artery of the orbital fissure 163 ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) 29 aspirin 259

autonomic nervous system 21

AV shunt, see arteriovenous shunt

B

balloon

–detachment 156, 237

–occlusion 229

Barrow’s classification 58

basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) 74 basilar plexus 42

benign fistula 79 Bernoulli’s equation 294 bilateral fluoroscopy 231 bi-plane

–fluoroscopy 251

–road mapping 225, 237

blank road mapping 193, 198, 209, 231 blepharoptosis 235, 236, 260

blood

–flow 294

–viscosity 294 Breschet’ sinus 38 bruit 85, 90

C

canal of Arnold 18 canaliculus innominatus 18 canthotomy 91

capillary shunting 300 caroticoclinoid foramen 16 carotid

–artery 6

–cavernous fistula (CCF) 4, 9, 35, 156

–– spontaneous thrombosis 9

–ligation 237

–occlusion 67

–siphon 23

–– stenosis 110

catheterization 191 cavern 309

cavernous aneurysm 67, 87 cavernous arteriovenous shunt 310 cavernous sinus 1, 25

–anatomy 15, 32, 152

–angiographic anatomy 111

–drainage 40

–fistula (CSF)

–– Barrow’s classification 56

–– classification 51, 54, 57

–– etiologic classification 60

–– hemodynamic classification 60

–– pregnancy 68

–– surgery 287

–– type A 55

–– type B 55

–intractable fistula 286

–sinography 229

–thrombosis 34, 231

cavernous structure 34

CCF, see carotid cavernous fistula central retinal vein (CRV) 38

cerebral angiography 109, 139, 278, 310 cerebrovascular disease 190, 253 cesium iodide scintillator 139

chemosis 59, 85, 87, 88, 131, 133, 209, 225, 261, 284, 304 choroidal effusion 280

circle

–of Haller 27

–of Willis 23, 61

–of Zinn 27 clopidogrel 259

Cognard’s classification 77 coil 252

–deployment 193

color-Doppler ultrasound 107 computed tomography (CT) 97, 109

–cone beam 144

–multi-slice scanner 142

–serial-enhanced (DE-CT) 97 cone beam

–algorithm 146

–computed tomography 144 conjunctival

–chemosis 89

–engorgement 88

conjunctivitis 88, 303 controlled hypotension 282, 310 Copper wire 253

cornea

–damage 89

–dehydration 89

–trophic damages 89

coronary flow reserve (CFR) 295 cortical

–drainage 51, 53, 99, 195, 282

–reflux 59, 78

corticosteroid 208, 261 covered stent 207, 259 cranial nerve

–anatomy 20

–deficit 87

–palsy 261

craniotomy 225, 251, 260 Crutchfield clamp 67

CSF, see cavernous sinus fistula CT, see computed tomography Cushing’s disease 229, 230 cyanoacrylate 204

D

Dacron fiber 198 Dandy’s triad 85

dangerous anastomosis 25, 111, 258 DAVF, see dural arteriovenous fistula DCSF, see dural cavernous sinus fistula deep cervical vein 45

detachable coil 199, 234, 235, 254 diabetes insipidus 261, 266 diaphragm sella 20

digital subtracted angiography (DSA) 7, 156

–intra-arterial 109

–three-dimensional 1 dilatation 300

dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 205

diplopia 59, 133, 209, 212, 215, 220, 261, 278, 284, 309 Dorello’s canal 41, 231

DSA, see digital subtracted angiography dual volume technique (DVT) 143, 145 duplex carotid sonography (DCS) 62, 108 dura mater 32

–anatomy 20

dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) 51

–anatomic classification 51, 52

–prevalence 76

dural carotid-cavernous fistula 258

dural cavernous sinus fistula (DCSF) 1, 73

–angiographic protocol 110

–classification 57

–drainage 85, 122

–embolization 73

–etiology 65

–late restrictive type 59

–natural history 65, 78

–neuro-ophthalmology 85

–prevalence 65, 76

–proliferative type 59

–radiological diagnosis 97

–restrictive type 59

–thrombosis 69

–trauma 72

–type A

–– etiology 66

–– pathogenesis 66

–type B 55

–– etiology 67

–– pathogenesis 67

DynaCT 144–146, 150, 163, 179 dysarthria 259

dysesthesia 86, 235

E

ECA, see external carotid artery Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 54 electrocoagulation 11 electrothrombosis 199, 253, 254 embolic

–agent 252

–plug 257

embolization 10, 228, 289 Embosphere 196–198 emissary vein 40 endocrine

–ophthalmopathy 303

–orbitopathy 209 endogenous estrogen 68 epidural shunt 54 epistaxis 86

esmolol 282 estrogen 68 ethmoidal artery 28

ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) 205, 257 exophthalmos 59, 66, 85, 87, 88, 97, 98, 104, 131, 133, 215,

220, 233, 261, 284, 304 external

–carotid artery (ECA) 29

–jugular vein 45

extracranial duplex sonography 303

extradural neural axis compartment (EDNAC) 35 extraorbital ocular symptom 86

F

facial nerve palsy 258, 267 facial vein 35, 44

familial thrombophilia 71

fan beam geometry 146

fast imaging with steady state precession (FISP) 102 fibromuscular dysplasia 54, 110

film tomography 6 fistula

–drainage 122

–occlusion 278

–steal 61

flat detector 139, 140, 143 flow velocity 297 FloWire system 295

fluorescein angiography 300 fluoroscopy 193, 198, 237 foramen

–lacerum 16, 23, 30

–– plexus 43, 171

–– recurrent artery 26

–of Henle 16

–of Hyrtl 28

–of the ophthalmomeningeal vein 18

–of Vesalius 30

–ovale 16, 38

–– direct puncture 237

–– plexus 43, 171

–rotundum 16, 30, 40, 142, 158

–spinosum 16

–transversarium 45

–venosum 16, 35, 43

–Vesalii 16

fractional flow reserve 295 frontal vein 4

G

galvanopuncture 253

gamma knife radiosurgery 284, 285 Gasserian ganglion 21, 23

genetic thrombophilic abnormality 71 Gianturco coil 198, 253

Giuglielmi detachable coil 199 glaucoma 91, 297

glubran 256

Goldmann tonometer 91 gonioplasty 91

Gruber’s ligament 21 guidewire 193

H

Hagen-Poiseuille’s law 294 head injury/trauma 66, 73 hematotachography (HTG) 108 hemianopia 265

hemiparesis 251, 265, 287 hemiplegia 260

hemodynamic

–dysregulation 85

–invasive assessment 295

–principles 294

heparin 78 heparinization 196, 254

Hertel exophthalmometer 88 high-flow fistula 62 Histoacryl 204, 256 histography 148

HydroCoil 202, 203, 242, 255, 264 hydrogel 202, 255

hydrophilic microsphere 197 HyperSoft coil 243 hypophysectomy 73 hypotension 297 hypothermia 284

– hemorrhage 235, 236, 264 intrasinus pressure 304 ischemia 70, 72, 258

J

jugular foramen 18

K

keratopathy 89

knee of the carotid 23 Kuru Kuru technique 231

microguidewire 193

–with hydrophilic coating 190 microneurosurgery 58 micropuncture 197 microtrauma 66

middle meningeal artery (MMA) 30 middle temporal vein 44 morphometer 139

MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging multiplanar

–cross sectional image 167

–reformatting (MPR) 146

N

nasal arch 44

NBCA, see N-butyl-2-cyanoacrtylate N-butyl-2-cyanoacrtylate (NBCA) 204, 256

– polymerization 204 nerve palsy 260 neuralgia 86 neuroangiography 139 neuro-ophthalmology 85 nitroglycerine 282 nitroprussiate 282

non-detachable pushable microcoil 198 non-dural arteriovenous fistula 71 non-pulsating exophthalmos 8, 67 nylon balloon catheter 11

O

obstruction 233 occlusion 51, 72 occulomotor foramen 21

Onyx 205, 246, 251, 255, 310 ophthalmic

–artery (OA) 26

–sinus 37

ophthalmoplegia 10, 59, 87, 99, 215 optic

–canal 18, 19

–disc 27

–nerve 26, 37 orbital

–bruit 90

–ecchymosis 261

–pain 86

–phlebography 36

–tumor 309

–vein 7, 36 orbitopathy 209 osseous anatomy 15, 17 osteography 142 osteophyte 142

P

palpebral silk granuloma 260 periorbital cephalgia 86 perivenous leakage 300 petroclival fissure 228 petro-occipital sinus 42 petrosal sinus 289

petrous apex 22, 32 phlebography 41, 124, 191

–three-dimensional 163, 167, 179 phlebothrombosis 69

phlegmon 309

PION, see posterior ischemic optic neuropathy pituitary

–adenoma 73, 229

–fossa 39

platinum

–coil 204, 255

–detachable coil 200

–pushable microcoil 198 pneumotonometer 91

polyglycolic-polyactic biopolymer (PGLA) 202 polymer 191

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 207 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 197 posterior

–condylar vein 42

–ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) 92

–ramus 26

pregnancy 68 PressureWire 295 propofol 282, 284

proptosis 10, 90, 97, 209, 212 prothrombin gene mutation 71

pseudoaneurysm after balloon detachment 156 pterygoid

–canal 29

–plexus 43 ptosis 59, 215 puerperium 76

pulsatility index 297

pulsating exophthalmos 4, 6, 65, 280, 304

–history 3

pulse-synchronous pulsation

–of the bulb 91

–of the eyelid 91

R

radiosurgery 58, 285, 310 radiotherapy 284

ramus

–caroticus 29

–jugularis 29

reactive wall hypertrophy 233

recanalization of thrombosed sinus compartments 309 recurrent artery of the foramen lacerum (RAFL) 26 red exe shunt syndrome 278

reflux-hold reinjection 257 Rektorzik’s plexus 171, 179 retinal

–artery occlusion 233

–hemorrhage 89

–vein occlusion 282, 286 retrobulbur puncture 236 retrograde catheterization 297 revascularization 72 Reynolds number 294 rhizotomy 72

rotating C-arm 143, 144 rotational

–osteography 142

–venography 179

S

Seldinger’s technique 109 sella turcica 15, 26, 237 septoplasty 73, 74 sigmoid sinus 36

silicon vascular loop 197 sinus

–ophthalmicus 37

–stenosis 71

–thrombosis 71, 179 SmartMap 295 SmartWire 295

sodium nitroprussiate 282 SOF, see superior orbital fissure soft coil 264

Sonic catheter 259

SOV, see superior ophthalmic vein sphenobasal sinus 39 sphenopalatine foramen 29

sphenoparietal sinus (SPPS) 31, 33, 38, 39 spin echo sequence 99

spontaneous thrombosis 277 stainless steel coil 198

steal phenomenon 293, 297 stent 206, 207, 259 sternocleidomastoid muscle 280 stretch resistant coil 201

stroke 110, 257, 264, 265 subarachnoid hemorrhage 146, 229 subtraction angiography 6

superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV) 31, 38 superior

–ophthalmic vein (SOV) 36, 196, 208, 232

–– catheterization 220

–– transcutaneous approach 235

–orbital fissure (SOF) 18, 19

–petrosal sinus (SPS) 31, 40

–ramus 25

superior orbital fissure (SOF) 237 Sylvian vein 33, 226, 251, 264

– puncture 225

T

TAE, see transarterial embolization tarsorrhaphy 90

Terumo guidewire 193, 234 Thorotrast 109 thrombogenic coil 289 thrombophlebitis 69

thrombosis 69, 78, 99, 127, 196, 229 thrombus 73

tinnitus 225 tissue hypoxia 72

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 87, 99 Tracker-18 microcatheter 229 transarterial

–balloon occlusion 254

–coil embolization 199

–embolization (TAE) 58, 252, 265, 278, 287, 289 transcranial Doppler ultrasound 303 transcutaneous puncture 236

transfemoral

–catheterization 234

–cortical vein 234

–embolization 282

–facial vein 232

–pterygoid plexus 234

–superior petrosal sinus 234

transient facial edema 265 transophthalmic ultrasound 303 transvenous

–catheterization 73, 189, 190

–embolization 122, 20,8 260, 289

–occlusion (TVO) 11, 211, 213, 217, 264

–phlebogram 124

transverse sinus 39, 42 trauma 65

traumatic carotico-cavernous fistula 7 true anatomica compartmentalization 232 Trufill 256

truncus carotico-cavernosus lateralis 26 Tungsten 266

– coil 255

TVO, see transvenous occlusion

U

UltraSoft coil 201 ultrasonography 106 uncal vein 39

uncinate vein 39 urapidil 282

V

vascular

–anatomy 21

–– of the head and neck area 5

–endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 74 vein

–of Labbé 234

–of Rosenthal 38, 39, 54

–– leptomeningeal drainage 8

–of the sphenoid foramen 43 venography 163

–three-dimensional 179

venous

–anatomy 31

–cavern 35

–congestion 261

–cortical hypertension 255

–dilatation 300

–disease 76

–drainage 53, 58, 105, 281

–flow velocity 300

–hypertension 70, 72, 309, 311

–ischemia 78

–outflow obstruction 70

–outflow restriction 311

–perforation 261

–plexus 34

–– of Rektorzik 46

–– of the hypoglossal canal 42

–pressure 280

–stenosis 51

–thrombosis 75, 85, 258 vertebral

–artery venous plexus 45

–vein 45

vidian artery 29

visual loss 91, 233, 260, 304

volume rendering technique 148, 149 VortX coil 198, 220

V-Trak system 202, 203

W

white eyed cavernous shunt 92, 93, 99, 309

X

X-ray 6, 139, 156