Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Wavefront Customized Visual Correction The Quest for Super Vision II_Krueger, Applegate, MacRae_2003

aberration correction accuracy, 177–179 estimating, 314

visual performance, 317 aberration maps

age considerations, 102 assessing optical quality, 55–60

variation in ocular aberrations, 109–112 aberrations, 320–322

aberrometers, 109 aberrometry, 85 aberroscope, 39–40 ablation diameter, 4–5 ablation efficiency, 176

ablation profilometry, 184, 190–191 accommodating IOLs, 356–357 accommodation. See also defocus; optical quality

challenges, 161

customized corrections and, 115–118 higher-order correction, 30–32 implications of pupil size, 121–124 presbyopia and, 353–354

achromatizing spectacle lenses, 98

ACS (anterior ciliary sclerotomy), 357–358 adaptive optics. See also wavefront optics adaptive corneal correction, 369–370

alternate technologies, 49 clinical applications, 49–50 future of ophthalmoscopy, 48–49 historical perspectives, 19, 43 methods, 43–45

results, 45–47 techniques, 6

age considerations, 4, 101. See also optical quality; visual performance

aggregate data analysis

for astigmatism, 320–322 outcomes, 326

spherical analysis, 319–320 studies, 322–326

Airy disk, 13

Alcon LADARwave, 162

Alcon Summit Autonomous LADARVision laser. See LADARVision laser

algorithm development, 192 aliased image, 17

aliasing errors, 20–22, 86 Allegretto Wave Analyzer

clinical results, 261–262

historical perspectives, 259 outlook, 262–263 technology, 259–260

wavefront-adjusted ablation profile, 260–261 analysis-of-variance, ocular aberrations, 110

AOSLO (Houston Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope), 45–49

arc step method, 302–303 ArF excimer laser, 176

astigmatism. See also irregular astigmatism aggregate data analysis, 320–322 Calhoun Light Adjustable Lens, 295 lenticular, 139–141

postoperative, 5–6 vector analysis, 319

wavefront-guided LASIK, 319

Badal optometer, 155 binary noise stimulus, 23

biometrical aberrations. See monochromatic aberrations Bowman’s membrane, 205

C-CAP (custom-contoured ablation pattern) method clinical applications, 332

definition, 331 future directions, 337

historical perspectives, 331–332 for irregular astigmatism, 332–333 results, 335–336

techniques, 333–334 Calhoun Light Adjustable Lens

advantages, 291–292 astigmatic corrections, 295 clinical applications, 273–278

for higher-order aberrations, 295–296 lens power adjustment, 292–293 multifocality, 293–294

spherical corrections, 293

CAP (contoured ablation pattern) method, 331, 334–335 Carl Zeiss Meditec, 255–256

Carl Zeiss Meditec CRS-Master, 248–254 caspase-inhibitor, 211

cataract surgery, 105–106, 273–278 cataracts, 101

CCD (charged coupled device) camera, 45, 59, 128, 132, 145 CCMD (CustomCornea Measurement Device). See also Custom-

Cornea; customized corneal ablation; LADARVision laser CDM (chromatic difference of magnification), 91–92

cellular hyperplasia, 203–204

central fovea, 16–17, 21

central islands, 139–141, 182–183 chromatic aberration

advantages, 97 aspects, 91–92 correcting, 28–29, 97–98

index of refraction, 15–16 magnitude, 92–94

visual impact

chromatic difference of position, 94–95 on clinical ophthalmoscopy, 97

focus, 94

longitudinal and transverse aberration, 95–97 manifestation, 94

with monochromatic aberrations, 97 visual performance, 69–70

chromatic diplopia, 96 chromatic dispersion, 15–16

closed loop tracking, 186, 200–201 CNC lathe manufacturing, 283

COAS (Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System), 109–110, 129–130, 162

collagen deposition, 203–204 compensation, 104–105, 197–200 cone photoreceptors, 16–17, 48 confocal pinhole, 45

contact lenses, 355–356

contrast sensitivity, 290. See also CSF convolution, 12, 13–14 copolymerization, 271

corneal aberrations. See also astigmatism; customized corneal ablation; refractive surgery; wave aberrations

age considerations, 103–104 compensation, 104–105 wavefront aberrations and, 41

corneal thickness, 5. See also OPL corneal topographic-guided ablation, 5–6

corneal topography. See also customized corneal ablation; optical aberrations

assisting with corneal ablation procedures, 307–308 compared to wavefront, 187

compared to wavefront sensing, 306–307 complementary technologies, 309 curvature information, 308

definition, 149, 301

guiding customized ablation, 305–306 optical role of the cornea, 301–303

corneal wound healing. See wound healing Crawford effect, 13

crossed cylinder aberroscope, 39–40 crosslinking, 271

CRS-Master, 252–253

crystalline lens, age considerations, 103–104 CSF (contrast sensitivity function). See also MTF

aberrations, 69

age considerations, 105–106 assessment, 15

definition, 22–23

Pelli-Robson large letter test, 72–73 small letter test, 73–74

visual benefit, 26, 28 visual performance, 71–72

curvature (local power), 62, 302

custom ablation, 243–244

CustomCornea. See also CCMD; customized corneal ablation; LADARVision laser; wavefront-guided corneal ablation

aberration data, 217–218 clinical data, 222–224 conversion, 220–222 FDA approval, 181 reference axis, 217 registration, 219–220

wavefront measurement, 218–219 customization, 3–4

customized aspheric IOLs, 106

customized corneal ablation. See also corneal topography; CustomCornea; eye tracking; optical aberrations; refractive surgery; VISX WaveScan; wavefront optics; wound healing

accuracy of aberration correction, 177–179 accuracy of wavefront devices, 187–190 alignment precision, 305–306

analysis, 302–304 challenges, 171, 179 definition, 301, 304 factors

anatomical, 4–5 functional, 4 interactive, 5

optical customization, 5–6 future directions, 374 historical perspectives, 243 laser physics, 174–177

laser/wavefront interface, 190–192 robust eye tracking, 184–187 scanning spot laser delivery, 181–184 topography-guided ablation, 174 types of, 4

wavefront optics, 171–174 customized corrections, 279–283 customized refractive surgery, 34 customized soft contact lens, 283 cyclotorsional motion, 229

daily aberrations, 110 decentered corrections, 305 decentration errors, 33–34 defocus

aberration map, 56 historical perspectives, 19 letter discrimination, 69 microfluctuations, 33 trombone system, 134–135

depth of focus, 31

descanned wave aberrations, 45 dichroic mirrors, 45

diffraction

diffraction-limited imaging system, 12, 13 physical optics, 12

pupil size and, 66–67 diffraction-limited imaging system, 85 diffractive contact lenses, 98 disposable contact lenses, 281–283 DNA synthesis, 211

double pass aberrometry, 149–153, 155, 188–190 dynamic accuracy, eye tracking, 198, 200

dynamic range, Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, 131–136

LCA. See longitudinal chromatic aberration

LCA (longitudinal chromatic aberration), 91–92, 102–103 lenslets, 132–133, 188

lenticular astigmatism, 139–141 Listing’s law, 196

longitudinal chromatic aberration, 61–62 low contrast visual acuity, 72–73 low-light activities, 121–122

LSF (line spread function), 55

MAR (minimum angle of resolution), 72, 78 Marechal criteria, 178

matrix metalloproteins, in corneal wound healing, 207–208 MEL80 excimer laser, 252

mesopic pupil diameter, 121–122 metrics

customization, 83–84 future directions, 82–83 image plane, 80–82 image quality, 77, 79–80 visual Strehl, 81

mini-monovision, 4

miniature movements, 196–197 mires, 302

modulation transfer function, 14–15 monochromatic aberrations

age considerations, 101–103 correcting, 16, 29 definition, 109

monovision, 4

MTF (modulation transfer function). See also CSF aberrations, 68–70

accommodation and, 116 adaptive optics, 43–44 age considerations, 105 aliasing errors, 21–22 assessment, 62–63 calculated, 117 chromatic aberration, 96 definition, 56

for monochromatic light, 112 pupil size and, 67–69

multifocal IOLs, 356–357 multivariate metrics, 82–83 myopia, 10, 15–16, 151

NAVEX (Nidek Advanced Vision Excimer Laser System), 265–268 near-diffraction-limited system, 178

neural transfer function, 69–70

Nidek OPD-Scan, 149–153, 162, 188, 265–268 night driving, 121–122

nonrotationally symmetrical aberrations, 284 normalization, 3

Nyquist sampling limit, 16–17, 21–22

ocular aberrations

age considerations, 103–104

effect of accommodation on, 122–123 effect of pupil size on, 121–122 measurement of, 6

measuring, 312–313 variability, 109–112

ocular scattering, age considerations, 105

OPD (optical path difference), 56–57, 150–153 OPD-Scan sensor array, 150

open loop (video) tracking, 186, 200–201 ophthalmometers, 302

ophthalmoscopy, with adaptive optics, 44–45 OPL (optical path length), 56–57, 303

optical aberrations. See also corneal aberrations; eye tracking; refractive surgery; spherical aberration; wave aberrations; Zernicke modes

optical path difference map, 149

optical quality. See also accommodation; visual performance age-related changes, 101

assessment measures, 55–56, 62–63 limitations

considerations, 19–20 neural, 22–23 photoreceptor mosaic, 20–22

optical refractive surface element, 301 Optical Society of America

recommendations on retinal imaging aberrometry, 145 standards, 161, 378–390

Trends in Optics and Photonics, 61 optokinetic movement, 196

OTF (optical transfer function), 15, 56, 62–63, 65–67, 96 outgoing reflection aberrometry, 127, 188

outgoing refractive aberrometry, 187. See also Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

Pelli-Robson large letter test, 73 phacomodulation, 357

phase shift, 82

phase transfer function. See PTF photodecomposition, 176 photoelectric-based (analog) system, 201 photons, 174–175

photophaco modulation, 372–373 photophaco reduction, 372 photoreceptor sampling, 68–70 Placido-ring-based devices, 174 plasticity, 83

PMMA (plastic polymethylmethacrylate), 184 point spread function, 12–13

polychromatic interferometer, 98 polychromatic metrics, 82 polymerization, 271–272

population statistics, wave aberration, 24–25, 83 presbyopia

accommodation, 353–354 correcting, 354–358 optical quality, 101

wavefront-guided customized correction, 358–359 preservation of form, 56

prism-ballasting, 284

PRK (photorefractive keratectomy). See also refractive surgery central islands, 182–183

corneal thickness considerations, 5 refractive surgery, 304

subjective spherocylindrical refraction, 171 surface ablation, 333

wound healing, 203, 208–209 pseudophakia, 290

pseudophakic spherical aberration, 286–287

PSF (point spread function), 55, 62, 65–67, 78, 81, 117, 157–158

PTF (phase transfer function), 15, 23, 56, 62–63, 67–68, 96 PTK (phototherapeutic keratectomy), 177–178, 372 pupil fraction (PF), 80

pupil plane metrics, 79–80 pupil radius, 61–62

pupil size. See also optical quality; retinal blur accommodation dynamics, 121–124

age considerations, 102 diffraction, 66–67

modulation transfer function, 67–69 PSF for increasing, 13

retinal blur, 10 pursuit, 196

Q-switching, 175, 357

quality of life, after penetrating keratoplasty, 5–6

Raleigh’s quarter wavelength rule, 178 Raman shift, 177

ray tracing, 39–40, 87–88, 127, 188–189. See also retinal imaging aberrometry; Tscherning aberrometer

receptor sampling limits, 68 refractive correction, 304

refractive surgery. See also customized corneal ablation; eye tracking; laser refractive surgery; LASIK; PRK

customized, 101, 121–124 wavefront-guided, 118, 317–319 wavefront measuring and, 41 wound healing, 210–211

retinal blur, 9–10, 20, 157

retinal image, 43–44, 174. See also adaptive optics

retinal imaging aberrometry, 127, 137–142, 145–147, 188–189 retinal ophthalmoscopy, 101

retinal sampling, 16–17

retinoscope double pass aberrometry, 149–153 reverse ray tracing, 153

RGP (rigid gas permeable) contact lenses, 279–281, 284 RMS (root mean square) aberration

accuracy of aberration correction, 178 age considerations, 102

definition, 14

higher-order aberrations and, 23–24 normal eye, 40–42

variability, 32

wave aberration metrics, 78, 80 wavefront error, 122

Rochester AO ophthalmoscope, 44–45, 47. See also ShackHartmann wavefront sensor

rods, 48

rotated corrections, 305

saccades, 196 sampling limit, 17 sampling rate, 185

scanning excimer lasers, 183

scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. See SLO scanning laser, spot size, 179

scarring (fibroblast proliferation), 203–204 Scheiner-Hartmann-Shack aberrometer, 58–59 Scheiner’s disk, 57–58, 128

Schwind aberrometer, 188 Schwind laser, 182

scleral expansion surgery, 357–358

scotopic conditions, 121–122 Seimen Star, 70 Shack-Hartmann aberrometer, 87

Shack-Hartmann lenslet array, 89–90 Shack-Hartmann principle, 23 Shack-Hartmann spot array, 35 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

accuracy, 187–188

age considerations, 102 assessment of optical quality, 58–60 clinical applications, 128–129

commercial systems available, 129–130 functions, 6

historical perspectives, 41, 43, 127–130 limitations, 129

optimizing, 131–136 repeatability, 179

types of aberrometers, 155 for wavefront analysis, 317

silicones, 272

single patient analysis, 322 sinusoidal grating, 55–56 slit skiascopy, 188–190

SLO (scanning laser ophthalmoscopy), 45. See also AOSLO; Rochester AO ophthalmoscope

slope. See longitudinal aberration; transverse ray aberration small letter test, 73–74

Smirnov’s aberrometer, 128 Snellen acuity, 29–30 Snell’s law, 172

soft contact lenses, 279–281

spatially resolved refractometer, 40, 87–88, 155–159, 189 spectacles, 19, 355–356

spectral aliasing, 86

spherical aberration. See also IOLs; wavefront aberrations after LASIK surgery, 36

effect of accommodation on, 123 historical perspectives, 279 pseudophakic, 286–287

retinal imaging aberrometry, 138–141 visual performance, 69–70

spherical analysis, 318–320, 322 spot diagram, 61

spot pattern, 35

spot size, for scanning laser, 179 static accuracy, eye tracking, 198–200

steady-state errors, in accommodation, 116–117 Stiles-Crawford effect, 13, 17, 47

Strehl ratio, 14, 62, 81–82, 178, 284 stress waves, 184

stromal wound healing, 205–208 super vision. See also presbyopia in corneal ablation, 367–369

customization, 365 definition, 65, 353 future directions, 374

in lenticular modification, 372–373 in neural processing, 373–374 optical limitations, 365–367

in refractive implants, 370–372

supranormal vision, 171. See also wave aberrations surface smoothness, 184