Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Wavefront Analysis Aberrometers and Corneal Topography_Boyd_2003
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Editor-in-Chief:
Benjamin F. Boyd, M.D., FACS
Associate Editor-in-Chief:
Amar Agarwal M.S.; F.R.C.S.; F.R.C.Ophth.
Editors
Jorge L. Alio, M.D., PhD
Ronald R. Krueger, M.D., MSE
Steven E. Wilson, M.D.
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PUBLISHING |
© Copyright, English Edition, 2003 for Highlights of |
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Ophthalmology |
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Executive Vice President |
Andres Caballero, Ph.D |
Assistant, Exec. Vice President |
Joyce Ortega |
EDITORIAL
Associate Editor |
Samuel Boyd, M.D. |
Editorial Assistant |
Kayra Mejia |
PRODUCTION
Production Director |
Kayra Mejia |
Chief, Digital Composition |
Laura Duran |
Art Director |
Eduardo Chandeck |
MARKETING
Marketing & Sales Director |
Tomas Martinez |
Marketing Manager |
Eric Pinzon |
Distribution Manager |
Miroslava Bonilla |
Customer Service Manager |
Dania Barria |
Boyd, Benjamin F.; M.D., F.A.C.S.; Agarwal, Amar, M.D.
All rights reserved and protected by Copyright. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise, nor the illustrations copied, modified or utilized for projection without the prior, written permission of the copyright owner.
Due to the fact that this book will reach ophthalmologists from different countries with different training, cultures and backgrounds, the procedures and practices described in this book should be implemented in a manner consistent with the professional standards set for the circumstances that apply in each specific situation. Every effort has been made to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to correctly relate generally accepted practices. The authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions or for the outcome of the application of the material presented herein. There is no expressed or implied warranty for this book or information imparted by it.
Any review or mention of specific companies or products is not intended as an endorsement by the authors or the publisher.
“Wavefront Analysis, Aberrometers & Corneal Topography”
ISBN Nº. 9962-613-18-3
Published for :
Highlights of Ophthalmology International
City of Knowledge
International Technopark, Bldg. 207
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Phone: (507) 317-0160 / Fax: (507) 317-0155
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Worldwide Web: www.thehighlights.com
ii
EDITOR IN CHIEF
BENJAMIN F. BOYD, M.D., D.SC. (HON), F.A.C.S.
Doctor Honoris Causa
Immediate Past President, Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis
Honorary Life Member, International Council of Ophthalmology
Designated “Illustrious Citizen of the Republic of Panama”
Editor-in-Chief and Author, HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 28 Hard Cover Volumes and 17 million copies of HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (Journal) in six major languages.
Recipient of the Duke-Elder International Gold Medal Award (International Council of Ophthalmology), the Barraquer Gold Medal (Barcelona), “for major influence of his publications worldwide”, “the First Benjamin F. Boyd Humanitarian Award and Gold Medal for the Americas (Pan American) for “Contributions to Humanity”; the Leslie Dana Gold Medal (St. Louis Society for the Blind) and the National Society for Prevention of Blindness Gold Medal (United States), Moacyr Alvaro Gold Medal (Brazil), the Jorge Malbran Gold Medal (Argentina), Colombia Ophthalmological Foundation Alvaro Rodriguez Medal, the Favaloro Gold Medal (Italy). the “You Made a Difference Award”, Singapore.
First Professor of Ophthalmology and Former Dean, University of Panama School of Medicine. Recipient of The Great Cross Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, Panama's Highest National Award.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR IN CHIEF
AMAR AGARWAL M.S.;F.R.C.S.;F.R.C.Ophth
Developer of “No Anesthesia Cataract Surgery”, “Phakonit” (cataract removal through a 0.9 mm incision)" and "Favit" a new technique to remove dropped nuclei. Co-Head, Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, Chennai (Madras), India.
(Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital at Chennai is the only eye hospital in the world built in the shape of an eye and has been included in Ripley’s Believe it or not Series).
EDITORS
JORGE L. ALIO, M.D.
Research, Development and Innovation Department, Ophthalmologic Institute of Alicante and the School of Medicine, University Miguel Hernández, Spain.
RONALD R. KRUEGER, M.D.
Medical Director, Department of Refractive Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.
STEPHEN WILSON, M.D.
Professor and Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, Grace E. Hill Chair in Vision Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
iii
CONTRIBUTING
AUTHORS
Agarwal, Amar, MD. M.S.; F.R.C.S.; F.R.C.Ophth |
Ambrósio Jr, Renato, MD |
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Eye Research Centre & Dr. Agarwal's |
Department of Ophthalmology, |
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Group of |
Eye Hospitals |
University of Washington, Seattle, WA. |
Chennai |
(India), Bangalore (India), |
Department of Ophthalmology; |
Trichy (India) And Dubai (UAE) |
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. |
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|
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Clínica e Microcirugia Oftalmológica Renato |
Agarwal, Athiya, M.D, F.R.S.H, D.O. |
Ambrósio, |
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Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
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Chennai-600 086, Tamilnadu, India |
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|
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Apple, David J., M.D. |
Agarwal, J., MD, F.I.C.S., D.O.M.S., F.O.R.C.E. |
Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology, |
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, |
David J. Apple, MD. Laboratories for |
Chennai-600 086, Tamilnadu, India |
Ophthalmic Devices Research, |
|
John A. Moran Eye Center, |
Agarwal, Sunita, MD, M.S., F.S.V.H., F.R.S.H., D.O. |
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, |
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, |
University of Utah, |
Chennai-600 086, Tamilnadu, India |
Salt Lake City, Utah |
Agarwal, T., MD, F.I.C.S., D.O, F.O.R.C.E. |
Border, Andrea D., O.D. |
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, |
Discover Vision Centers |
Chennai-600 086, Tamilnadu, India |
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. |
Alió, Jorge L., MD, PhD |
Boyd, Benjamin F., M.D., F.A.C.S. |
Research, Development and Innovation Department, |
Editor in Chief |
Ophthalmologic Institute of Alicante, Spain. |
Highlights of Ophthalmology |
School of Medicine, |
Panama, Rep. of Panama |
University Miguel Hernández, |
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Spain |
Boyd, Samuel, MD. |
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Associate Editor |
Alpins, Noel, MD. FRACO. FRCOphth. FACS. |
Highlights of Ophthalmology |
Medical Director NewVision Clinics Melbourne |
Director, Laser Section and |
Founding Member, Melbourne University |
Associate Director, Retina and |
Excimer Laser Group; Protocol and Ethics |
Vitreous Department, |
Committee. |
Clinica Boyd Ophthalmology Center |
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Panama, Rep. of Panama. |
iv
Contributing Authors
Carvalho, L. A., MD.
Instituto de Física de São Carlos (IFSC - USP), Brazil
Carvalho, L. A. V., Ph.D.
Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação de São Carlos (ICMC-USP), Brazil
Castro, J. C., MD.
Instituto de Física de São Carlos (IFSC - USP), Brazil
Centurion, Virgilio, MD
Chief of the Institute for Eye Diseases, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Cigales, Melania, M.D.
Instituto Oftalmologico Hoyos
Sabadell, Spain
Chamon, W., MD.
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
Denning, James A., B.A., B.S.
Discover Vision Centers
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.
Doane, John F., M.D.
Discover Vision Centers
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.
Doshi, Ashish, MD, M.S, F.E.R.C.
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
Doshi, Sonika, MD, M.S., F.E.R.C.
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
EuDaly, Lon S., O.D.
Discover Vision Centers
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.
Feinerman, Gregg, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Feinerman Vision Center
Newport Beach, California
Fujieda, Masanao, MA,
Nidek Ltd., Co.,
Japan
Ginis, Harilaos S, BSc,
Physicist
Department of Ophthalmology
School of Medicine
University of Crete
Heraklion, Crete
Greece
Goes, Frank Jozef, MD
Refractive Surgery-Cataract Surgery Eye Centre Antwerp Belgium. Honorary Academic Consultant University Ghent, Belgium.
International Belgian representative at ISRS “The International Society of Refractive Surgery”
Hamam, Habib, MD.
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Dept. of Electrical Ingineering
University of Moncton
Moncton, New Brunswick
Canada
Hardten, David R., MD
Director of Refractive Surgery,
Minnesota Eye Consultants,
Associate Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Director of Refractive Surgery and
Residency Programs
Regions Medical Center
St. Paul, Minnesota
Hoyos, Jairo E., M.D.
Medical Director
Instituto Oftalmologico Hoyos
Sabadell, Spain
Hoyos-Chacon, Jairo, M.D.
Instituto Oftalmologico Hoyos
Sabadell, Spain
v
Contributing Authors
Jacob, Soosan, MD, MS, DNB, FERC
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital &
Eye Research Centre,
Chennai-. Tamil Nadu, India.
Jain, Mukesh, PhD
Nidek Ltd., Co.,
Japan
Kanjani, Nilesh, MD, M.B.B.S. D.O. F.E.R.C.
Dr. Agarwal’s Eye Hospital,
Chennai-600 086, Tamilnadu, India
Katsanevaki, Vikentia J., MD,
Department of Ophthalmology
School of Medicine
University of Crete
Heraklion, Crete
Greece
Keller, Peter, PhD,
Department of Optometry &
Vision Sciences
University of Melbourne,
Australia
Krueger, Ronald R., M.D.
Medical Director,
Department of Refractive Surgery
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland, Ohio
Lindstrom, Richard L., MD
Medical Director,
Phillips Eye Center for Teaching and Research Clinical Professor,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Martiz, Jaime R., MD.
Refractive Surgery Consultant
The Laser Center, Houston, Texas;
Course Director & President
International LASIK Course
Houston, Texas
Montés-Micó, Robert, OD, MPhil
Research, Development and Innovation
Department, Ophthalmologic
Institute of Alicante and the
School of Medicine,
University Miguel Hernández,
Spain
Morris, Scot, O.D.
Discover Vision Centers
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.
Netto, Marcelo V., MD
Department of Ophthalmology,
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA
Pallikaris, Ioannis G, MD, PhD.
Professor in Ophthalmology,
Department of Ophthalmology
School of Medicine
University of Crete
Heraklion, Crete
Greece
Panagopoulou, Sophia I, BSc,
Physicist
Department of Ophthalmology
School of Medicine
University of Crete
Heraklion, Crete
Greece
Pandey, Suresh K., M.D.
Instructor,
David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research,
John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT,
vi
Contributing Authors
Plainis, Sotiris, PhD, |
Simón, Jr., José Mª , MD. |
Vision Scientist |
Anterior Segment Unit |
Department of Ophthalmology |
Simon Eye Clinic |
School of Medicine |
Barcelona, Spain |
University of Crete |
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Heraklion, Crete |
Simón, Sarabel, MD. |
Greece |
Chief Posterior Segment Unit |
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Simon Eye Clinic |
Probst, Louis E. MD |
Barcelona, Spain |
Medical Director |
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The Laser Eye Centers, |
Slade, Stephen G., MD. |
Chicago, Illinois |
The Laser Center, |
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Houston, Texas |
Schor, P., MD. |
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Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), |
Walsh, Gemma, B.Optom. |
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil |
University of Melbourne; |
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Senior Optometrist |
Sharma, Vidushi, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Edin). |
New Vision Clinics, Melbourne, Australia. |
Senior Resident, |
Postgraduate Diploma in Advanced |
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for |
Clinical Optometry. |
Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of |
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Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; |
Werner, Liliana, M.D., PhD |
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Assistant Professor, |
Simón, Cristina, MD. |
David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for |
Contact Lens Service |
Ophthalmic Devices Research, |
Simon Eye Clinic |
John A. Moran Eye Center, |
Barcelona, Spain |
University of Utah, |
|
Salt Lake City, UT |
Simón, Guillermo L., MD. |
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Chief Anterior Segment and |
Wilson, Steven E., MD |
Refractive Surgery Unit |
Professor and Chair |
Simon Eye Clinic |
Department of Ophthalmology, |
Barcelona, Spain |
Grace E. Hill Chair in Vision Research |
|
University of Washington, |
Simón, José Mª, MD. |
Seattle, WA |
Chairman |
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Glaucoma Senior Consultant |
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Simon Eye Clinic |
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Barcelona, Spain |
|
vii
CONTENTS
SECTION I
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER 1 |
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CHAPTER 2 |
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THE REFRACTIVE MEDIA OF |
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PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS |
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THE HUMAN EYE: |
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Benjamin F. Boyd, MD., FACS |
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Optical Properties, Relevant |
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Samuel Boyd, MD. |
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Anatomico-physiological |
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Important Preoperative Assessments |
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Consideration and Clinical Application |
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Vidushi Sharma, MD, FRCS (Edin) |
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Biomicroscopy |
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Detection of Corneal Problems |
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Suresh K. Pandey, MD |
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Dry Eye Patients |
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Liliana Werner, MD, PhD |
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IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF |
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David J. Apple, MD |
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COMPUTARIZED CORNEAL |
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THE REFRACTIVE MEDIA OF THE EYE |
5 |
TOPOGRAPHY |
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How Computerized Corneal |
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The Human Cornea |
5 |
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Topography |
Works |
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Applied Anatomy and Histology |
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Importance of |
the Tear Film |
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of the Human Cornea |
6 |
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During Computerized Corneal |
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The Aqueous and Vitreous Humor |
9 |
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Topography |
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The Human Crystalline Lens |
10 |
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The Role of Contact Lenses |
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Refractive Properties and Relevant |
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Types of Computerized Topography |
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Anatomy-Histology |
10 |
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Systems |
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Lens Capsule |
11 |
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The Most Important Developments |
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Lens Epithelial Cells |
11 |
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SECTION II
TOPOGRAPHY
15
15
15
16
18
19
19
19
20
21
CHAPTER 3
FUNDAMENTALS ON CORNEAL
TOPOGRAPHY
Guillermo L. Simón, MD., Sarabel Simón, MD., José Mª Simón, MD., José Mª Simón, Jr., MD., Cristina Simón, MD.
Human Optics and the Normal Cornea |
25 |
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Instruments to Measure the Corneal Surface |
26 |
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1- |
Keratometry |
26 |
2- |
Keratoscopy or Photokeratoscopy |
26 |
3- Computerized Videokeratoscopy: |
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Modern Corneal Topographers |
27 |
Causes of Artefacts of the Corneal |
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Topography Map |
30 |
Understanding and Reading Corneal |
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Topography |
31 |
Topographic Scales |
32 |
Computer Displays: Presentation of |
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Topographic Information |
32 |
Common Corneal Maps |
36 |
Special Software Applications and Displays |
39 |
viii
Contents
Topography Maps of the Normal Cornea Comparing Displays
Brief Atlas of Corneal Topography
Special Topographic Conditions
Brief Atlas of Corneal Topography Special Cases
TOPOGRAPHERS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ASTRAMAX™ 3-D Stereo Topographer (Lasersight®)
Zeiss Humphrey Systems® ATLAS™ Corneal Topography System Models 993 and Eclipse 995
Color Ellipsoid Topometer, by Technomed®
MEDMONT E-300
DICON® CT200 by Dicon Vismed Inc.- PARADIGM, USA
KERATRON™ Corneal Topographer (Optikon 2000® S.p.A, Italy -Europe)
EYE SYS® 2000
ET-800 Corneal Topography System EYE MAP EH-290 ALCON® Corneal
Topography System
TOMEY® Autotopographer TMS-3 OCULUS® Keratograph™ and
HAAG-STREIT® Keratograph CTK 922 ORBSCAN IIz™ - Bausch & Lomb®
Surgical, Inc. (USA) Nidek OPD-SCAN 10000
THE FUTURE OF CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE
The Future of Refraction
43 |
CHAPTER 4 |
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46 |
TOPOGRAPHY SYSTEMS |
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47 |
Part 1 |
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Orbscan |
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59 |
(Bausch & Lomb) |
Amar Agarwal, MD. M.S.; F.R.C.S.; F.R.C.Ophth
63Nilesh Kanjani, MD. D.O; Dip N B; F E R C Athiya Agarwal, MD. M.D.; F.R.S.H. ; D.O.
64Sunita Agarwal, MD. M.S.; F.S.V.H.; D.O.
65 |
Paraxial Optics |
98 |
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Raytrace or Geometric Optics |
98 |
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67 |
Elevation |
98 |
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ORBSCAN I AND II |
99 |
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67 |
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Specular vs Back-Scattered Reflection |
99 |
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68 |
IMAGING IN THE ORBSCAN |
100 |
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Map Colours Conventions |
101 |
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72 |
Analysis of the Normal Eye by the |
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Orbscan Map |
102 |
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74 |
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Clinical Applications |
103 |
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74 |
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75 |
Part 2 |
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The Alcon EyeMap® EH-290 Corneal |
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76 |
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Topography System (Placido Disc Pattern) |
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77 |
Samuel Boyd, MD |
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82 |
Optical Properties of the Cornea |
108 |
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90 |
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Corneal Topography – Principles |
109 |
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INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC |
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90 |
MAPS |
109 |
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Surface Curvature Measurements in |
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91 |
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Topography |
110 |
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Elevation Map |
110 |
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Relative vs. Absolute Scales |
111 |
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Other Topography Systems |
112 |
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Most Important Clinical Applications of |
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Corneal Topography |
112 |
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ix
Contents
SECTION III
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
OF TOPOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 5 |
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CHAPTER 7 |
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THE USE OF TOPOGRAPHY IN |
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ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS |
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DIAGNOSING CORNEAL DISORDERS |
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J. Agarwal, MD, FICS; DO;FORCE |
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Renato Ambrósio Jr, MD.; Marcelo V. Netto, MD |
T. Agarwal, MD, FICS;DOMS;FORCE |
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Steven E. Wilson, MD |
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Amar Agarwal, MD, M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.OPHTH. |
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Nilesh Kanjani, MD, M.B.B.S. D.O. F.E.R.C. |
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COLOR-CODED MAPS |
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Ashish Doshi, MD, M.S, F.E.R.C. |
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Sonika Doshi, MD, M.S., F.E.R.C. |
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AND THE IMPORTANCE OF |
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Sunita |
Agarwal, MD, M.S., F.S.V.H., F.R.S.H., D.O. |
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STANDARIZED COLOR SCALES |
117 |
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Athiya Agarwal, M.D, F.R.S.H, D.O. |
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Quantitative Descriptors and Artificial |
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Intelligence Programs |
119 |
Orbscan |
Topography |
139 |
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The Normal Prolate Cornea |
120 |
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ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS |
140 |
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Ectatic Diseases of The Cornea and |
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Contact Lens-Induced Warpage |
122 |
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CHAPTER 8 |
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KERATOCONUS AND PELLUCID |
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CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY IN IRREGULAR |
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MARGINAL CORNEAL DEGENERATION |
122 |
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ASTIGMATISM: DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN |
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Other Corneal Disorders |
127 |
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THE EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF |
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Terrien's Marginal Degeneration |
127 |
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VISION |
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Pterygium |
127 |
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Jorge L. Alió, MD, PhD |
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CHAPTER 6 |
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Robert Montés-Micó, OD, MPhil |
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PRIMARY POSTERIOR CORNEAL |
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ELEVATION |
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Introduction to Irregular Astigmatism |
145 |
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Amar Agarwal, M.D, M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.OPHTH |
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY PATTERNS |
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OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM |
145 |
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Nilesh Kanjani, M.D, M.B.B.S. D.O. F.E.R.C. |
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A.- Irregular Astigmatism with |
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Ashish Doshi, M.D, M.S, F.E.R.C. |
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Defined Pattern |
146 |
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Sonika Doshi, M.D, M.S., F.E.R.C. |
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Sunita Agarwal, M.D, M.S., F.S.V.H., F.R.S.H., D.O. |
B.- Irregular Astigmatism with |
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Athiya Agarwal, M.D, F.R.S.H, D.O. |
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Undefined Pattern |
146 |
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J. Agarwal, M.D, F.I.C.S., D.O.M.S., F.O.R.C.E. |
Quantitative Analysis of Irregular |
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T. Agarwal, M.D, F.I.C.S., D.O, F.O.R.C.E. |
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Astigmatism from Topography |
149 |
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Orbscan Corneal Topography System |
131 |
Fourier Analysis applied to |
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Corneal Topography |
150 |
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PRIMARY POSTERIOR CORNEAL |
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Corneal Aberration Identification |
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ELEVATION |
132 |
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from Topography |
152 |
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x