Author Index

Alveolar theory, vitreous structure 5, 6 Autologous blood, intravitreous application

38, 39

Benzopurpine 4B, history of use 31 Biomicroscopy, vitreous imaging 13–15 Brilliant blue G (BBG)

animal studies 111

characteristics 33, 102, 103, 116, 118 internal limiting membrane staining

toxicity studies clinical studies

pharmacological effects 121–123 pilot study of membrane peeling 120,

121

primate eye studies 119 rat eyes

intravitreous injection 118, 119 subretinal injection 119

osmolarity of solutions 116, 118 retinal pigment epithelium effects

transepithelial resistance studies 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111

transmission electron microscopy studies 104, 108

Bromophenol blue (BPB) cell toxicity studies

life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

characteristics 33

clinical staining of epiretinal membrane, vitreous, and lens capsule 147–150

light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Chicago blue (CB) cell toxicity studies

life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

clinical staining of epiretinal membrane and lens capsule 150, 151

history of use 31 light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Chromovitrectomy historical perspective 32

stain characteristics 32, 33 Collagen, vitreous composition 7, 8 Color contrast, dyes 134, 136

Dynamic light scattering (DLS), vitreous studies 23–25

E68 dye

cell toxicity studies life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Electroretinography (ERG) brilliant blue G studies 118

indocyanine green toxicity studies 72, 73 patent blue studies 110

Embryology

internal limiting lamina 8, 9 vitreous body 9–11

Enzyme-assisted vitrectomy, see Microplasminassisted vitrectomy

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) bromophenol blue staining 147–150 Chicago blue staining 150, 151 holes 115

trypan blue staining 91, 93, 142 Evans blue, history of use 31

Fibrillar theory, vitreous structure 6 Fluorescein

characteristics 32 history of use 30, 31

preoperative fluorescein angiography and vitreous cortex visualization during vitreoretinal surgery 40

Fluorometholone, characteristics 33 Hyaluronan, vitreous composition 7, 8

India ink, history of use 30, 31 Indocyanine green (ICG)

characteristics 32, 44, 69 history of use 2, 44, 70

internal limiting membrane changes after staining

biomechanical effects measurements 84 statistical evaluation 84 ultimate elongation 85, 86 ultimate force 85, 86

illumination and spectroscopy 84, 85, 87

overview 82, 83 specimen preparation 83 staining protocol 83

thickness measurements 84, 85 treatment groups 83

osmolarity of solutions 116 photooxidative damage 87 retinal toxicity

adverse events in internal limiting membrane peeling 77, 78

animal studies of intravitreal injection rabbit 73

rat 72, 73

ex vivo models 74–76 in vitro studies 71, 72 overview 45, 59

postmortem findings 70, 71 subretinal injection in rabbit 75

vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane staining in cat 74

safety parameters in vitreoretinal surgery clinical experience 46–51

dye persistence effects 51–54 exposure time 50, 51 osmolarity effects 58–60

phototoxicity and illumination time 54–57, 60

preclinical data interpretation 46 protocol establishment 45

solution preparation 69 structure 44, 70

Internal limiting lamina (ILL) embryology 8, 9 neovascularization 9

Internal limiting membrane (ILM) anatomy 82

brilliant blue G staining 111, 116, 118 cross-linking 89

function 115

peeling in macular surgery 37, 77, 120, 121, 141

triamcinolone in visualization 40 trypan blue staining 91, 93, 94

Interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), vital staining 131, 132

Kiton fast green V, history of use 30 Kroll, Peter (vitreoretinal surgeon) 1–3

Lamellar theory, vitreous structure 6 Lens capsule

bromophenol blue staining 147–150 Chicago blue staining 150, 151

Light green SF yellowish (LG SF) cell toxicity studies

life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Methylene blue, history of use 31 Microplasmin-assisted vitrectomy

development 155–157 prospects 157 rationale 153–155

MTT assay, dye toxicity evaluation 144, 145

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), vitreous studies 22

Ophthalmoscopy

conventional imaging 12, 13 scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 15, 16

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined optical coherence tomography-

scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 18–22 vitreous imaging 17

Patent blue (PB)

animal studies 109, 110 characteristics 33, 102 history of use 33

retinal pigment epithelium effects transepithelial resistance studies

103–105, 108, 109 transmission electron microscopy

studies 104, 108

Plasmin, see Microplasmin-assisted vitrectomy Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)

imaging 13, 16, 20, 21

induction of complete detachment, see Microplasmin-assisted vitrectomy

Proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy, histology 11, 12

Purinergic receptor, brilliant blue G antagonism 121–123

PVD, see Posterior vitreous detachment

Radial sector theory, vitreous structure 6 Raman spectroscopy, vitreous studies 22, 23 Retina

brilliant blue G effects

transepithelial resistance studies 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111

transmission electron microscopy studies 104, 108

indocyanine green toxicity, see Indocyanine green

patent blue effects

transepithelial resistance studies 103–105, 108, 109

transmission electron microscopy studies 104, 108

retinal pigment epithelium structure 102 tearing point 88

trypan blue

staining of breaks 94 toxicity, see Trypan blue

Retinal detachment surgery outcomes 126, 127 vital staining

chromophore stains 128, 129 color contrast 134, 136 fluorophore stains 129, 130 historical perspective 127, 128 targets

dead cells 132, 133 interphotoreceptor matrix 131, 132 intracellular constituents 133, 134 retinal pigment epithelium 131

trypan blue 136–139 Rhodamine 6G

cell toxicity studies life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Rhodulirein blue 3G cell toxicity studies

life-dead assay 145 MTT assay 144, 145

light-absorbing properties 144 long-term toxicity studies

histology 146, 147

retinal ganglion cell count 147 staining specificity evaluation 143, 144

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) combined optical coherence tomography-

scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 18–22 vitreous imaging 15, 16

Transepithelial resistance (TER)

brilliant blue G effects on retinal pigment epithelium 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111

patent blue effects on retinal pigment epithelium 103–105, 108, 109 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

brilliant blue G effects on retinal pigment epithelium 104, 108

patent blue effects on retinal pigment epithelium 104, 108

Triamcinolone characteristics 33 history of use 39

Triamcinolone (continued)

vitreous cortex visualization during vitreoretinal surgery 39, 40

Trypan blue (TB) applications 92, 93 characteristics 32, 92

chromovitrectomy use 93–95 dilution in glucose 98

epiretinal membrane staining 91, 93, 142 history of use 31, 33, 91

osmolarity of solutions 116

retinal detachment surgery 136–139 retinal toxicity

animal studies 96, 97 in vitro studies 95, 96

staining specificity 91, 93, 94 structure 92

Trypan red, history of use 31 Tyndall effect, biomicroscopy 13–15

Ultrasonography, vitreous imaging 16

Vitreous

bromophenol blue staining 147–150 collagen 7, 8

dynamic light scattering 23–25 embryology

internal limiting lamina 8, 9

vitreous body 9–11 function 142

history of study 5–7 hyaluronan 7, 8 imaging

biomicroscopy 13–15 combined optical coherence

tomography-scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 18–22

in vitro 11, 12

nuclear magnetic resonance 22 ophthalmoscopy 12, 13

optical coherence tomography 17 Raman spectroscopy 22, 23

scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 15, 16 ultrasonography 16

staining rationale 142 structure 5, 6

supramolecular organization 8 trypan blue staining 94

Vitreous cortex

visualization during vitreoretinal surgery autologous blood intravitreous

application 38, 39

preoperative fluorescein angiography 40

triamcinolone acetonide 39, 40 vitrectomy indications 35, 36, 41