Contributors

Michael P. Barry

Lions Vision Research & Rehabilitation Center,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2020, USA mbarry11@jhu.edu

Ava K. Bittner

Lions Vision Research & Rehabilitation Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA abittne1@jhmi.edu

Alex Butterwick

Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA abutterwick@gmail.com

Carlos J. Cela

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah,

50 S. Central Campus Drive, Room 3280, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-9206, USA carlos.cela@utah.edu

Gislin Dagnelie

Lions Vision Research & Rehabilitation Center,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205-2020 USA gdagnelie@jhmi.edu

James Deremeik

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA jderemeik@jhmi.edu

Barbara R. Evans

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA evansb@ornl.gov

Eduardo Fernández

Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain e.fernandez@umh.es

Ione Fine

University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ionefine@u.washington.edu

Paul G. Finlayson

Departments of Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, 550 E. Canfield pfinlays@med.wayne.edu

Shelley I. Fried

VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA

and

Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 429 Their, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA fried.shelley@mgh.harvard.edu

Duane R. Geruschat

Lions Vision Research & Rehabilitation Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 N, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA dgeruschat@jhmi.edu

Elias Greenbaum

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA greenbaum@ornl.gov

Luke E. Hallum

Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, ANZAC Parade, Sydney 2052, Australia

and

Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA hallum@cns.nyu.edu

Alan Horsager

Eos Neuroscience, Inc., 2100 3rd Street, 3rd floor, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA

and

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA

horsager@usc.edu

Philip Huie

Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

philhuie@stanford.edu

Raymond Iezzi

Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA

iezzi.raymond@mayo.edu

Ralph J. Jensen

VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

Ralph.Jensen@va.gov

Bryan W. Jones

Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA

bryan.jones@m.cc.utah.edu

Gianluca Lazzi

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA lazzi@utah.edu

James Loudin

Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

loudin@stanford.edu

Nigel H. Lovell

University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

N.Lovell@unsw.edu.au

Stephen L. Macknik

Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA macknik@neuralcorrelate.com

Susana Martinez-Conde

Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA smart@neuralcorrelate.com

Robert E. Marc

Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA robert.marc@hsc.utah.edu

Lotfi B. Merabet

Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Lotfi_Merabet@meei.harvard.edu

Daniel Palanker

Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA palanker@stanford.edu

Aditi Ray

Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way,

Denney Research Building (DRB) 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Aditi.Ray@AlconLabs.com

Gernot Roessler

Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany groessler@ukaachen.de

Edward M. Schmidt

National Institutes of Health (retired) emschmidt@atlanticbb.net

Marilyn E. Schneck

Rehabilitation Engineering and Research Center, The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA and

Vision Sciences Program School of Optometry-2020, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA

mes@ski.org

Nishant R. Srivastava

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S. Dearborn, WH 314, Chicago, IL 60616, USA

srivnis@gmail.com

H. Christiaan Stronks

Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation Center, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 N. Broadway, 6th floor, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

hstronk1@jhmi.edu

Janet S. Sunness

Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA jsunness@gbmc.org

Xoana G. Troncoso

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA x.troncoso@neuralcorrelate.com

Philip R. Troyk

Department of Biomedical Engineering,

Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S. Dearborn, WH 314, Chicago, IL 60616, USA troyk@iit.edu

Peter Walter

Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany

pwalter@ukaachen.de

Carl B. Watt

Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA carl.watt@hsc.utah.edu

James D. Weiland

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

jweiland@doheny.org

Part I

Structure and Function

of the Visual System

Chapter 1

The Human Visual System:

An Engineering Perspective

Gislin Dagnelie

Abstract  This chapter provides a brief introduction to the architecture and function of the healthy visual system. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse capabilities of the visual system that visual prosthesis researchers may want to emulate, to provide the reader with a realistic sense of the daunting challenges facing workers in this field.

Abbreviations

G. Dagnelie (*)

Lions Vision Research & Rehabilitation Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 N. Broadway, 6th floor, Baltimore, MD 21205-2020, USA

e-mail: gdagnelie@jhmi.edu