Subject Index

A

Absolute phosphene map, 368–372, 375, 381 Access resistance, 217–220

Access voltage, 123, 219, 222 Acetylcholine, 174, 177–179, 181, 186 Acoustic modeling, 345, 352

Activated iridium oxide film (AIROF), 124, 212, 215, 216, 219–223

Activation function, 167–179 Activation overpotentials, 117, 219

Activities of daily living (ADLs), 106, 107, 389, 396, 404, 405, 407, 413–423

Acute stimulation, 259–268, 290, 374 Admittance method, 161–167 Adventitious loss of vision, 417 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),

60–62, 68, 82, 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 160, 174, 254, 265, 272, 397

Aliasing, 399

Amacrine cells, 7, 26–28, 64–68, 177–181, 184, 232, 233, 243, 288, 312

1-amino-4-guanidobutane (AGB), 180 Amplitude-intensity, 128

Amsler grid, 103, 104

Animal models, 13, 174, 178, 309, 312 Artificial preferred retinal locus (APRL),

347–349, 351, 352 Artificial sight, 195, 204, 422

Artificial silicon retina (ASR), 142, 398, 403

B

Background noise, 15, 322, 327, 337 Bailey-Lovie acuity chart, 399 BaLM test, 404

Bandwidth, 4, 5, 140, 141 Barraga, N.C., 419

Berkeley rudimentary vision test, 404 Binocular, 5, 10, 36, 47, 102, 377, 398, 401, 403

Biopotential electrode, 116 Biphasic-balanced-constant-current, 213 Bipolar cells, 8, 26–28, 64–68, 146, 175,

177–181, 183, 185, 231–233, 242, 243, 246, 251, 288, 312, 386

Bipolar stimulation, 115

Blindness, 16, 61, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 101, 146, 254, 272, 388, 389, 417, 419

Blood vessels, 5, 7, 67, 99, 210 Bode plot, 120

Braille reading, 79–81

Brightness, 4, 24, 35, 42, 43, 47, 142, 274, 275, 278, 282–285, 287, 289–291, 294–296, 303, 306–308, 325, 374, 391

C

Caging, 186

Calcarine fissure, 12, 356, 357, 359, 360, 371, 373

Camera, 4, 16, 46, 141, 145, 265, 276, 277, 293, 303, 304, 307–312, 321–323, 327, 330, 336, 344, 347, 356, 362, 363, 372, 378, 397

Capacitive electrodes, 124, 125, 142, 162, 211, 212

Capacitive-type electrodes, 211, 212 Capillaries, 6, 7, 151

Carbon nanotube coatings, 223 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 125, 223 Cataract formation, 144

Cellular proximity, 138, 150 Chamber implants, 148–150

Charge balancing, 116, 130, 151, 160, 285, 290 Charge density, 122, 130, 131, 144, 151, 153,

211, 214, 216, 220, 236, 254, 264, 272, 279, 281, 283, 294, 295

Charge-storage capacity (CSC), 122, 124, 125, 211, 217

448

Charles Bonnet Syndrome, 101–103 Choroid, 6, 63, 64, 162, 274 Choroidal neovascularization, 99, 107

Chronaxie, 128, 129, 154, 261, 262, 265, 267, 294

Chronic, 86, 87, 124, 125, 132, 137–155, 181, 213, 214, 223, 224, 267, 268, 271–297, 301–313, 369, 381

Circuitry, 62, 63, 65–70, 139–144, 146, 148, 182, 198, 210, 211, 221, 242, 403

Cochlear implant, 85, 86, 115, 141, 145, 213, 283, 297, 343–345, 352, 386, 422

Cochlear prosthesis, 16 Coil placement, 141

Color, 4, 5, 7, 24, 26, 28, 35, 37, 42, 97–98, 101, 230, 261, 266, 285, 295, 306, 308, 323, 326, 358, 372, 374, 387, 391, 395, 401, 403, 414, 415, 418

Color vision, 26, 97–98, 395, 403 Columnar organization, 34, 36 Communication channel, 349 Complex cells, 31–33

Computational molecular phenotyping (CMP), 148, 150

Concentration, 115–118, 126, 183, 185, 196, 219

Conductive polymers, 125, 223

Cones, 4, 5, 7–9, 15, 26, 27, 29, 64–67, 97, 175, 177, 179, 180, 193, 209, 272

Congenital loss of vision, 417 Constant phase element (CPE), 119 Contrast discrimination, 400–401

Contrast sensitivity, 98, 100, 333, 391, 394, 395, 399–400, 404, 416, 419

Convective delivery, 184

Coordination, 310, 320, 335–336, 362, 405, 406, 420

Cortical map, 84, 369

Cortical prosthesis, 224, 334, 336, 355–364, 368–370

Cortical prosthesis simulation, 334, 336 Cortical response, 238, 251–254, 391 Cortical simulation, 355–364, 368 Cortical stimulation, 85, 151, 210, 214,

301–313, 356–358

Cortical surface, 34, 302–304, 309–310, 359, 369, 371

Counter, 16, 115, 212, 217–219, 222 Current density, 118, 124, 127, 151–153,

165–168, 171, 236

Cyclic voltammetry (CV), 120–122, 216–217

Subject Index

D

Dark-adapted, 15–16, 94, 203 Data capacity, 140

Data transmission, 139–145 De-afferented, 82, 102, 183, 184

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes, 338, 339

Degenerate retina, 70, 231, 248–251, 255 Dendrite, 25, 28, 30, 64, 66, 84, 174, 179,

183–185, 231

Depth, 5, 14, 42, 209, 401, 403 Depth perception, 14, 403 Diffusion rate, glutamate, 183 Direct activation, 231, 235, 251 Dobelle eye, 371

Dopamine, 174, 177–179 Dorsal, 23, 29, 36, 37,

356, 359

Double blind design, 391

Double layer capacitance, 115, 116, 121, 212, 223

Drawings, 25, 45, 86, 369, 373–375, 381, 390

Drifts, 45–48, 371

Dry AMD, 99–101, 105

E

Eccentricity, 8, 9, 11, 26–28, 43, 185, 323, 331, 332, 356–358, 360, 361, 364, 373, 374, 376, 377, 379

Eccentricity and effects on prosthetic vision, 323, 331, 357, 358, 360, 361, 364

Edge detection, 44, 304, 308, 334, 335, 351 Electrical double layer, 114, 115

Electrical stimulation, 11, 86, 87, 98, 114, 127, 128, 138, 139, 145, 146, 151–154, 160, 170, 180–182, 208, 211, 229–255, 260, 261, 264, 266–268, 272–274, 278, 279, 283, 284, 288, 289, 292, 294–296, 302, 306, 324, 367, 368, 389

Electrical stimulation damage, 151–154 Electrochemical, 114–121, 125, 130,

143, 146, 151, 161, 211, 213–215, 217, 278

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), 118, 119

Electrode array, 137–155, 160, 161, 163, 171, 209, 210, 260, 261, 263, 265, 272, 273, 276–279, 281, 293, 296, 303, 304, 307, 308, 310, 311, 337, 343, 346, 369, 371, 398

Electrode count, 362

Electrode diameter, 146, 151, 235–236, 280

Subject Index

Electrode dropout, 337

Electrode-electrolyte interface, 213, 216–219 Electrode polarization, 212, 214, 216,

218–221

Electron microscopy, 162 Electroosmotic, 184, 186 Electroporation, 130, 152, 153 End-stopped cells, 33–34

Epiretinal stimulation, 231–243, 247–248, 250, 265–267, 295

Equilibrium potential, 117, 126, 219 Excitatory amino acid, 183

Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT), 181, 182

Excitotoxic, 130 Experimental design, 388, 389 Extraocular muscles, 6 Eye-drift, 371

Eye movements, 5, 13, 14, 16, 23, 44–48, 107, 138, 141, 145, 262, 303, 305, 308, 311, 312, 321, 322, 330–332, 338, 372, 377–381, 397

Eye-tracking, 145, 322, 331, 362

F

Face recognition, 14, 334, 389, 400, 405 Fading, 23, 45–48, 303

Faradaic, 116, 119, 120, 125, 211–213, 215, 216, 223

Faradaic reactions, 125, 211–213, 216 Faradaic-type electrodes, 212 Fibrosis, 146–148

Filling-in, 40, 47, 94, 103–105

Fixation, 13, 23, 44–48, 95, 104–106, 323, 338, 344, 346, 347, 350–352, 372, 374, 377, 378, 397, 398

Fixational eye movements, 44–48 Fixation point, 372, 374, 377, 378 Flashes, 106, 184, 197, 198, 289, 371, 402 Flat implants, 147–148

fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Forced-choice procedures, 283, 290

Fovea, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 26, 27, 100, 104, 105, 246, 275, 302, 323, 331, 338, 347, 373, 377, 397, 398

Foveola, 4, 8

FrAcT, 404 Free radical, 181

Functionalized surfaces, 184 Functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI), 102, 104, 356, 358, 360, 361 Functional vision assessment, 418

449

G

GABAergic, 64, 65, 175 Gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), 39, 174, 175,

177–179, 181, 182, 184, 186 Ganglion cell, See Retinal ganglion cell,

Ganglion cell layer

Ganglion cell layer (GCL), 26–27, 64, 147, 160, 166–170, 174, 178, 181, 231, 266

Gaze fixation, 44, 46, 371, 372, 375 Gaze tracking, 321–322, 420 Geographic atrophy, 62, 99–101, 105 Glare, 97–98, 101

Glaucoma, 15, 17, 62, 101 Glia, 69, 148, 181 Gliosis, 146–148

Glutamate, 28, 38, 62, 174, 175, 177–186, 198, 199, 243

Glutamatergic, 232, 233

Glycine, 174, 177–179, 181, 182, 186 Goldman equation, 126

Gray levels, 331–335

Guide dog, 255, 415, 417, 418, 420 Gyri, 368

H

Half-cell potential, 116, 117 Hallucination, 82, 94, 101–103 Hand-eye coordination, 320, 335–336 H-atom plating, 124, 212

Head movement, 6, 46, 303, 308, 329, 330, 347, 397

Helmholtz, 45, 115

Horizontal cells, 26, 28, 64, 65, 67, 68, 175, 179

Human implants, 310–12 Hyperacuity, 14

I

Illusory contours, 402 Image analysis, 343–352

Image filtering, 322, 327, 345

Image processing, 65, 66, 68, 308, 311, 312, 334, 335, 352, 362, 398

Image stabilization, 5, 321–322, 332 Impedance method, 162, 170

Implant, See Retinal prosthesis, Optic nerve prosthesis, Cortical prosthesis

Indirect activation, 245, 250, 251 Inductive coils, 139–142, 145 Information theory, 343–352 Injectable charge density, 214

450

Inner nuclear layer (INL), 8, 26, 28, 63, 64, 146–148, 177, 180, 231, 266, 386

Inner plexiform layer (IPL), 64, 65, 174, 175, 177–179, 181, 185

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 389, 404–407

Integration, 14–16, 137–155, 217, 274, 282–289, 312, 344, 362

Interfacial potential, 117

Interneuronal communication, 174–178 Interphase region, 220

Intervention, 60–63, 68–70, 84, 88, 106, 263, 388, 390, 392, 394, 396, 399, 406, 418–420, 423

Intracortical electrodes, 208–224, 305, 358, 360, 362

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), 304–306

Intracortical stimulation, 210, 302, 309, 310, 312, 371

In vivo voltage excursions, 221 Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR),

180, 199

iR drop, 123, 218, 220

Iridium oxide, 122, 124, 142, 143, 147, 148, 212, 215, 216, 222, 310

K

Kainate, 177, 179, 180, 243

Koniocellular pathway, 29

L

Lapicque law, 128

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 3, 9–11, 13, 16, 17, 23–48, 274, 311, 323, 338, 339, 364

Lateral geniculate stimulation, 311 Lateral inhibition, 26, 39, 40, 177 Layered retinal model, 162–164 Learning (perceptual), 393–394 Legal blindness, 146

Letter recognition, 18

LGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleus Lifestyle, 416–417, 423 Light-activated, 198, 199, 204, 299 Light micrograph, 25

Light perception, 82, 101, 371, 397, 414, 416, 420

Light projection, 397, 398, 414, 418, 420 Localizing, 350, 419

Long cane, 415, 417, 418, 420 Loss of sight, 78–80, 82

Subject Index

Low vision mobility, 416

Luminance, 28, 40, 42, 43, 277, 387, 394, 395, 398, 400, 401

M

Magnocellular pathway, 28, 30, 36 Managing illumination, 416 Maze-tracing, 18, 406 Mechanisms of neural injury, 130

Metabotropic glutamate receptor, 62, 175, 177, 180

Microelectrode arrays, 309–312 Microelectronic, 182, 343–346, 351, 352 Microfluidics, 183, 184

Microneedles, 184, 185 Microneuroma., 64–68, 106

Microphotodiode array (MPDA), 142, 274, 275, 322

Microsaccades, 5, 16, 45–48 Miniature cameras, 277, 304, 308, 309,

311–312

Mobility, 94, 95, 101, 106, 222, 274, 304, 362, 363, 389, 394, 398, 400, 402, 405, 406, 414–416, 418, 420, 421, 423

Modeling, 43, 66, 69, 161, 165, 170, 233, 235, 288, 345–347, 351, 352

Monopolar, 115

Motion, 15, 23, 36, 44–47, 194, 275, 328–330, 347, 348, 372, 374, 387, 399, 401–404, 420

Motion perception, 401–402

Mouse, 66, 67, 179, 236, 245, 247–251, 272, 332

Movement, 5, 13, 14, 16, 42, 44–48, 105, 107, 126, 138, 141, 145, 148, 171, 202, 209, 258, 262, 263, 276, 292, 293, 303, 305, 308, 311, 312, 321, 322, 329–332, 338, 347, 362, 372, 377–381, 397, 401, 414

Müller cell, 63, 64, 66, 67 Multiresolution, 162, 163 Muscimol, 184

N

Nernst equation, 117

Nerve fiber layer (NFL), 146, 160, 231 Neural adaptation, 45–46

Neural cells, 154, 160, 168, 170, 194, 294 Neurite, 63, 64, 66, 67, 70

Neuroprosthesis, 78, 81, 85–88, 114, 118, 125 Neurotransmitter, 28, 39, 84, 85, 130,

173–186, 197–198, 243 Night vision, 8, 94, 95

Subject Index

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), 177, 179 Non-Faradaic, 116, 120 Non-polarizable electrodes, 118 Nyquist plot, 120

O

Object recognition, 38, 88, 320, 333–335, 400 Occipital cortex, 10–12, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86,

358–359, 371, 374, 375

Occipital lobe, 101, 303, 357, 369–371, 373 OFF retinal ganglion cell, 180, 181, 240,

243–245, 248, 249 Ohmic, 117, 123

ON retinal ganglion cell, 180, 181, 240, 243–245, 249

Open-circuit potential, 116 Optical stimulation, 194, 195 Optic flow, 401, 402

Optic-nerve prosthesis, 145, 306, 307, 309, 311, 371

Optic nerve stimulation, 306–307, 309, 373 Optotype, 327–333, 399, 400

Orientation and mobility (O&M), 95, 389, 402, 405, 406, 414–415, 417, 421

Overpotential, 117, 118, 219 Oxidation-reduction reactions, 116, 117

P

Parvocellular pathway, 28, 30, 36, 37 Percept, 240, 247, 263, 264, 266, 273, 274,

279, 285, 292–294, 305, 321, 326, 356, 360, 368, 370, 389

Perceptual, 40, 47, 66, 79, 80, 93–108, 271–297, 393, 418, 419

Perceptual completion, 103–104 Percutaneous connections, 139, 145 Perimetry, 94, 95, 398, 403 Personal care, 415, 418, 420 Personal management, 415, 418 Phosphene count, 332, 338 Phosphene image, 344–352

Phosphene map, 304, 323, 357, 359–363, 368, 370–372, 377, 381

Phosphene mapping, 308, 312, 367–381 Phosphenes, 18, 83, 86, 106, 140, 160, 208, 221,

230, 253, 260, 261, 264–267, 273ff, 302–309, 311, 312, 320ff, 344–352, 356–363, 367–381, 386ff

Photodiode array, 142–143, 145 Photodiodes, 141–145 Photolysis, 184, 198

Photopsia, 64, 101, 103, 106–107, 327

451

Photoreceptor, 4–9, 13–15, 17, 24, 26–28, 45, 46, 60–67, 69, 94ff, 147, 160, 174, 175, 178–183, 185, 194, 195, 201, 231ff, 243, 246–251, 272, 312, 386, 387

Pillar arrays, 149–151

Pixel(s), 6, 35, 140–143, 145, 146, 234, 271, 273, 312, 314, 323, 337, 341, 346, 352, 372, 380, 403

Pixelized, 18, 320, 321, 327, 333, 335, 337, 346, 403, 406

Plasticity, 77–88, 102, 105, 151, 155, 268, 368

Platinum, 118–122, 124, 125, 140, 151, 208, 212, 214, 264–266, 276, 302, 303, 357

Pointing techniques, 369–372 Polar angle, 357, 358, 374

Polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), 125, 223

Power efficient, 311

Power transmission, 139–145, 155 Preferred retinal locus (PRL), 104–106 Primary visual cortex (area V1), 30

Primary visual cortex (V1), 10–14, 16, 29–36, 38, 47, 104–105, 208, 266, 274, 323, 357–360, 371, 377, 386, 391

Propidium iodide (PI), 151

Prosthesis, See Retinal prosthesis, Optic nerve prosthesis, Cortical prosthesis

Proximity requirement, 183–184 Pseudocapacitance, 217 Pseudocapacity, 124

Psychophysical, 43, 274, 276, 281, 289, 292, 345, 351, 352, 357, 359, 362–364, 389, 391–393

Psychophysics, 43, 310, 390, 391 Pulsatile, 158, 181, 300

Pulse train, 273, 276, 277, 279, 282–289, 291, 294–296, 305, 372, 375

Pursuit, 338, 344, 346, 347, 350–352

Q

Q-value, 140

R

Rabbit, 152–154, 177, 221, 235, 238, 240, 242–246, 248, 266

Randles model, 119, 120

Rats, 67, 125, 142, 147–150, 178–181, 185, 239, 248, 249, 260, 309

RCS rat. See Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat

Rd1 mouse. See Retinal degeneration 1 mouse

452

Reaction time, 308, 338, 393

Read(ing), 14, 44, 79–81, 99, 100, 105, 106, 142, 145, 245, 292, 303, 304, 308, 311, 320, 327–333, 336, 339, 344, 349, 352, 356, 389, 400, 405, 415, 416, 423

Receptive field, 11, 24, 25, 27, 29–34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 180

Recognition, 4, 14, 18, 37, 38, 88, 265, 292, 293, 305, 307, 312, 320, 333–335, 364, 379, 389, 399, 400, 405, 415, 418

Recovery of vision, 388 Redundancy-reducing hypothesis, 44 Reference electrodes, 115–118, 213, 216,

267, 291

Rehabilitation, 18, 78–80, 84–88, 107, 385, 388, 394, 396, 405, 407, 413–423

Rehabilitation process, 18

Relative phosphene map, 368–371, 377 Remapping, 104–105

Remodeling, 59–70, 106, 179, 180, 386 Resolution, 4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 66, 138, 146, 155,

160, 163, 181, 183, 198, 204, 235, 246, 252–254, 265, 266, 293, 294, 296, 297, 320, 323, 326–333, 335, 344–352, 371–374, 377, 386, 399, 404, 415, 418, 420, 423

Retina-implant integration, 137–155 Retinal damage threshold

current density, 152 duration dependence, 152 electrode size, 153–154

Retinal degeneration, 17, 60, 62–66, 68–70, 94, 98, 101, 106, 147, 148, 174, 178–184, 186, 249, 255, 296, 325, 327, 401

Retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mouse, 179, 181, 248–251

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC), 7, 8, 11, 13, 17, 29, 154, 174, 177–185, 203, 230–251, 253–255, 283, 311

Retinal migration, 150

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 7, 62, 99, 147, 281

Retinal prosthesis, 17, 98, 105, 114, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147, 154, 166, 168, 173–186, 204, 241, 246, 247, 266, 273, 277, 278, 283, 289, 290, 293, 294, 323, 328, 331, 338, 344–346, 351, 352, 368, 397

Retinal prosthesis simulation, 166, 323 Retinal stimulation, 144, 153, 162, 183,

231–248, 250–253, 255, 259–268, 271–297, 374, 401

Retinitis pigmentosa, 15, 60, 61, 95–97, 160, 174, 178, 194, 248, 260, 267, 272, 306, 371, 374, 387, 389

Retino-cortical pathway, 8–12, 16

Subject Index

Retinotopic map, 104, 358, 374 Retinotopic organization, 29, 356 Reversible or irreversible, 15, 18, 81, 116,

117, 121–124, 197, 211–214, 216, 217 Rheobase, 128, 129, 261, 262, 265, 267 Rods, 4, 7–9, 15, 16, 26, 62, 64, 65, 67,

94, 97, 175, 177, 179–181, 193, 194, 201, 248

Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, 67, 142, 147–150, 178–180, 185, 248, 249, 260

RPE. See Retinal pigment epithelium

S

Saccades, 13, 44–46, 311, 338, 344, 346–348, 377

Safe charge injection limit of platinum, 124 Safe dynamic range, 153–155

Safe stimulation, 129–133

Scanning, 95, 104, 105, 329–331, 347–352, 362, 405, 418, 419

Scotoma, 14, 47, 66, 94, 95, 99–105, 107, 347, 375, 397, 398

Scotoma, absolute, 104, 397, 398 Scotoma, relative, 398

Scotopic vision, 26

Secondary visual cortex (V2), 11, 12, 30, 35–38, 102, 105, 357, 359, 360

Selective activation, 240–241, 255 Sensitivity, 15, 16, 26, 97–98, 100, 178, 198,

214, 272, 282–289, 294, 297, 333, 338, 389, 391, 394, 395, 398–400, 404, 405, 416, 419

Serial optical telemetry, 138, 141–142, 145 Series photodiodes, 143

Serotonin, 174

SIDNE. See Stimulation induced depression in neuronal excitability

Signal processing, 146, 155, 177, 326, 346, 390, 391

Simple cells, 31–33, 289

Simulated prosthetic vision, 330, 332, 336, 338, 406

Simulation, 18, 43, 69, 161–163, 166, 170, 265, 311, 319–339, 345, 351, 355–364, 368, 375–380, 403

Span of visual field, 327, 328, 330, 331 Spatial, 14, 16, 25ff, 78, 146, 162, 163, 173ff,

177, 183, 186, 198, 204, 233ff, 235ff, 265, 266, 291–294, 297, 312, 322–327, 346, 347, 349, 357, 362, 368ff, 392, 397, 399–402

Spatial resolution, 16, 198, 204, 235, 253, 254, 265, 297, 373

Subject Index

Spatiotemporal, 23, 38–41, 69, 208, 296, 352

Spatiotemporal edges, 38–41

Sputtered iridium oxide film (SIROF), 124, 143, 215, 221, 222

Stereopsis, 10, 14, 403 Stern layer, 115

Stimulation induced depression in neuronal excitability (SIDNE), 132

Stimulation-induced tissue depression, 214 Stimulation probes, 264, 311 Strength-duration, 152

Subcortical pathways, 9, 13 Subdural electrodes, 371, 374, 375 Subretinal stimulation, 231, 243–248,

250–251, 255, 266, 267, 295 Sulci, 11, 368, 371

Surgical/surgery, 7, 18, 62, 69, 78, 86, 88, 123, 141, 143, 147, 171, 209, 254, 260, 262–264, 267, 278, 279, 305, 307, 309, 312, 358, 360, 362, 364, 369, 390

Synapse, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 38, 67, 68, 84, 102, 127, 173–186, 243, 253

Synaptic, 60, 63, 65–68, 84, 88, 183–185, 198, 200, 231, 232, 243, 244, 249, 252, 253, 255, 288

Synthetic chromophores, 193–204

T

Tactile feedback, 355, 371, 375, 376 Temporal, 9, 11, 28, 37–40, 47, 78, 95, 175,

183, 184, 200, 241–243, 246–247, 253–254, 261, 266, 277, 282–289, 296, 312, 322, 326–327, 349, 352, 362, 392, 397, 401, 404

Temporal resolution, 183, 253, 266, 404 Tethering molecule, 186

Thalamic prosthesis simulation, 338 Thalamus, 9, 29, 253, 338

Thermal safety, 143–145 Three-electrode system, 115

Threshold, 102, 107, 118ff, 127, 133, 139ff, 169, 170, 178, 179, 183, 186, 211, 214, 215, 220, 223, 233ff, 261, 262, 264–266, 272, 277ff, 303–308, 335, 369, 391–393, 397, 400–402

Tissue heating, 144

Tracking, 145, 320–322, 331, 337–338, 344, 346–352, 362, 377, 378, 419, 420

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 81–83, 85, 370, 373–375

Transmitter receptors, 178

453

Tremor, 45–48

Two-point discrimination, 260, 265, 268, 303

U

Ultra-low vision, 414, 415, 417

Uncage, 184

Uncage and release, 184

Usher’s syndrome, 394

V

V1. See Primary visual cortex

V2. See Secondary visual cortex Ventral, 23, 29, 36–38, 356, 357, 359 Verbal mapping, 373–374, 381 Vestibular-ocular reflex, 13

Virtual reality, 335

Vision function questionnaire (VFQ), 394, 407 Visual acuity, 8, 97–100, 102, 105, 106, 142,

146, 246, 261, 265, 276, 292, 293, 320, 327–331, 333, 335, 336, 344, 356, 388, 391, 394, 395, 398–401, 403, 414–417, 419, 421, 422

Visual angle, 246, 252, 277, 285, 330, 336, 337, 372, 374, 399

Visual development, 16 Visual electrophysiology, 391

Visual field, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 24, 34, 38, 45, 82, 94–98, 101, 102, 104, 145, 265, 303, 320, 323, 327, 328, 330, 331, 334, 338, 339, 345, 347, 350, 356, 357, 360, 364, 367–376, 381, 391, 395, 397, 398, 400, 402–404, 416, 417, 419, 421

Visual impairment, 16, 98, 272, 368, 405, 414 Visually evoked cortical potentials (VEPs), 391 Visual memory, 417, 419

Visual model, 345, 346, 351, 352 Visual perceptual instruction, 419

Visual performance, 101, 326, 327, 387, 390, 394–396, 404–407

Visual rehabilitation, 78–80, 85 Visual tracking, 320, 337–338 Visuomotor integration, 14 Vitrectomy, 262, 263

W

Water window, 121–125, 130, 143, 213–216, 218–222

Wayfinding, 18, 320, 336–337, 405, 406 Wet AMD, 99, 100, 104

Working electrode, 115, 117